Toes, Foot, Calcaneus Flashcards
Anatomy of the foot
Anatomy of the foot x-ray
The lower limbs, or extremity, and its girdle are studied in four parts.
- ___
- ___
- ___
- ___
The lower limbs, or extremity, and its girdle are studied in four parts.
- FOOT
- LEG
- THIGH
- HIP
The foot consists of ___ bones.
___ phalanges (bones of the ___)
___ metatarsals (bones of the ___)
___ tarsals (bones of the ___)
The toes are numbered ___ to ___.
The foot consists of 26 bones.
14 phalanges (bones of the TOES)
5 metatarsals (bones of the INSTEP)
7 tarsals (bones of the ANKLE)
The toes are numbered MEDIAL to LATERAL.
The foot is sometimes divided into the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot.
- the forefoot includes the ___ and ___.
- the midfoot includes the ___.
- the hindfoot includes the ___ and ___.
The foot is sometimes divided into the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot.
- the forefoot includes the METATARSALS and TOES.
- the midfoot includes the TARSALS 5).
- the hindfoot includes the TALUS and CALCANEUS.
What are the 7 tarsal bones?
What are the 7 tarsal bones?
- Talus
- Calcaneus
- Cuboid
- Lateral Cuneiform
- Intermediate Cuneiform
- Medial Cuneiform
- Navicular
The bones of the foot are shaped and joined together to form a series of longitudinal and transverse arches.
The longitudinal arch functions as a ___ to distribute ___ in all directions, which permits smooth ___.
The transverse arch runs from side to side and assists in supporting ___.
The bones of the foot are shaped and joined together to form a series of longitudinal and transverse arches.
The longitudinal arch functions as a SHOCK ABSORBER to distribute THE WEIGHT OF THE BODY in all directions, which permits smooth WALKING.
The transverse arch runs from side to side and assists in supporting THE LONGITUDINAL ARCH.
The superior surface of the foot is called the ___ or the ___ surface.
The inferior or posterior aspect of the foot is termed the ___ surface.
The superior surface of the foot is called the DORSUM or the DORSAL surface.
The inferior or posterior aspect of the foot is termed the PLANTAR surface.
Each foot has ___ phalanges - ___ in the great toe and ___ in each of the other toes.
The phalanges of the great toe are termed ___ and ___ phalanges.
The phalanges of the other terms are termed ___, ___, ___ phalanges.
Each phalanx is composed of a ___ and two expanded articular ends — the proximal ___ and the distal ___.
Each foot has 14 phalanges - 2 in the great toe and 3 in each of the other toes.
The phalanges of the great toe are termed DISTAL and PROXIMAL phalanges.
The phalanges of the other terms are termed PROXIMAL, MIDDLE, DISTAL phalanges.
Each phalanx is composed of a BODY and two expanded articular ends — the proximal BASE and the distal HEAD.
Toes
What are the routine projections, SID, and KVP of toes?
Toes
What are the routine projections, SID, and kVp of toes?
Projections = AP, AP oblique, Lateral
SID = 40”
kVp= 60 tabletop
AP Toes
Knees are ___ to place ___ surface of the foot on tabletop.
___ are in center of IR.
CR through ___ joint.
Cone down to the forefoot or the affected toe, depending on hospital protocol. (Some may prefer entire forefoot, others may want only toe of interest).
This projection demonstrates the ___ phalanges of the toes and ___ of the metatarsals.
AP Toes
Knees are FLEXED to place PLANTAR surface of the foot on tabletop.
TOES are in center of IR.
CR through 3RD METATARSOPHALANGEAL joint.
Cone down to the forefoot or the affected toe, depending on hospital protocol. (Some may prefer entire forefoot, others may want only toe of interest).
This projection demonstrates the 14 phalanges of the toes and DISTAL ENDS of the metatarsals.
Toes AP Oblique
___ rotate the foot from the ___ position so that the ___ surface forms an angle of ___° to the plane of the IR.
Direct CR through the ___ joint.
This projection demonstrates the toes and the ____of the metatarsals rotated ___.
Toes AP Oblique
MEDIALLY rotate the foot from the AP position so that the PLANTAR surface forms an angle of 45° to the plane of the IR.
Direct CR through the 3RD METATARSOPHALANGEAL joint.
This projection demonstrates the toes and the DISTAL ENDS of the metatarsals rotated MEDIALLY.
Lateral Toes
Position the foot for a ___ projection by turning patient’s foot toward ___ side.
To prevent ___ of the toes, use tape or another immobilization device to ___ the affected toe as much as possible.
Direct the CR through the ___ joints.
This projection should demonstrate a lateral projection of the ___ of the affected toe and open ___ joints.
Lateral Toes
Position the foot for a MEDIOLATERAL projection by turning patient’s foot toward AFFECTED side.
To prevent SUPERIMPOSITION of the toes, use tape or another immobilization device to ISOLATE the affected toe as much as possible.
Direct the CR through the METATARSOPHALANGEAL joints.
This projection should demonstrate a lateral projection of the PHALANGES of the affected toe and open INTERPHALANGEAL joints.
Foot
What are the routine projections, SID, and KVP of the feet?
Foot
What are the routine projections, SID, and KVP of the feet?
Projections = AP axial, AP oblique, Lateral
SID = 40”
kVp= 60 tabletop
AP Axial Foot
Flex ___ enough to place ___ of the foot ___ on the radiographic table.
Place foot at center of IR.
Cirect CR ___° toward the ___ entering the base of the ___.
Cone to foot and use markers.
This projection demonstrates a ___ projection of the tarsals ___ to the talus, metatarsals, and phalanges. This is used for localizing ___, locating ___, and general surveys of the foot bones.
AP Axial Foot
Flex KNEE enough to place SOLE of the foot FLAT on the radiographic table.
Place foot at center of IR.
Cirect CR 10° toward the HEEL entering the base of the THIRD METATARSAL.
Cone to foot and use markers.
This projection demonstrates a DORSOPLANTAR projection of the tarsals ANTERIOR to the talus, metatarsals, and phalanges. This is used for localizing FOREIGN BODIES, locating FRACTURES, and general surveys of the foot bones.
AP Oblique Foot
Rotate patient’s leg ___ until the ___ surface of the foot forms an angle of ___° to the plane of the IR.
Direct the CR ___ to the base of the ____.
This projection demonstrates the interspaces between the ___ with less ___than in the ___ projection. The ___ should be shown in profile.
AP Oblique Foot
Rotate patient’s leg MEDIALLY until the PLANTAR surface of the foot forms an angle of 30° to the plane of the IR.
Direct the CR PERPENDICULAR to the base of the THIRD METATARSAL.
This projection demonstrates the interspaces between the TARSALS with less SUPERIMPOSITION than in the AP projection. The CUBOID should be shown in profile.
Lateral Foot
Have patient turn the lower leg toward the affected side until the ___ and ___ are both in a lateral position.
Place the affected foot in the center of the IR.
___ the foot to form a ___° angle with the ___.
Direct the CR to the ___ of the foot, about the base of the ___.
This projection demonstrates the entire foot in profile as well as the ___ joint and the ___ of the tibia and fibula.
Lateral Foot
Have patient turn the lower leg toward the affected side until the LEG and FOOT are both in a lateral position.
Place the affected foot in the center of the IR.
DORSIFLEX the foot to form a 90° angle with the LOWER LEG.
Direct the CR to the MIDDLE of the foot, about the base of the THIRD METATARSAL.
This projection demonstrates the entire foot in profile as well as the ANKLE joint and the DISTAL ENDS of the tibia and fibula.
What are the special requests for foot positions?
What are the special requests for foot positions?
- AP oblique with lateral rotation
- Standing feet: weight-bearing method
Special Request Foot - AP oblique with lateral rotation
From the AP position, rotate the foot laterally so that ___ surface of the foot forms an angle of ___° to the IR.
The central ray is directed to the base of the ____.
This position will better visualize the interspace between the ___ and intermediate ___.
Special Request Foot - AP oblique with lateral rotation
From the AP position, rotate the foot laterally so that PLANTAR surface of the foot forms an angle of 30° to the IR.
The central ray is directed to the base of the THIRD METATARSAL.
This position will better visualize the interspace between the MEDIAL and intermediate CUNEIFORMS.
Special Request Foot - Standing feet: weight-bearing method
The IR is placed on the ___ and an ___ film is taken as normal with the patient ___ on top of the IR. The patient may hold on to the X-ray tube for ___.
The central ray is directed with an angle of at least ___° at the base of the ___.
Weight baring AP axial projections of both feet permit an accurate comparison of the ___.
For the lateral projections, use a cassette holder or specially-created apparatus to stand the IR upright and have the patient stand beside it.
The central ray is directed ___ to the level of the bases of the ___.
A weight-bearing lateral projection is used to demonstrate the the structural status of the ____. TRhe right and left side are usually both examined for comparison.
Both films should be marked “weight-bearing” as well as the ____ for the radiologist.
Special Request Foot - Standing feet: weight-bearing method
The IR is placed on the FLOOR and an AP AXIAL film is taken as normal with the patient STANDING on top of the IR. The patient may hold on to the X-ray tube for STABILITY.
The central ray is directed with an angle of at least 10° at the base of the THIRD METATARSAL.
Weight baring AP axial projections of both feet permit an accurate comparison of the TARSALS.
For the lateral projections, use a cassette holder or specially-created apparatus to stand the IR upright and have the patient stand beside it.
The central ray is directed PERPENDICULAR to the level of the bases of the METATARSALS.
A weight-bearing lateral projection is used to demonstrate the the structural status of the LONGITUDINAL ARCH. TRhe right and left side are usually both examined for comparison.
Both films should be marked “weight-bearing” as well as the LATERALITY for the radiologist.
Calcaneus
What are the routine projections, SID, and KVP of calcaneus?
Calcaneus
What are the routine projections, SID, and kVp of calcaneus?
Projections = Axial plantodorsal and lateral
SID = 40”
kVp = 60 tabletop
Calcaneus - Axial Plantodorsal
Have the patient positioned ___ with legs fully ___.
Place the IR under the ___ so that the ___ joint is centered to the IR.
Position the foot so that the plantar surface is ___ to the IR.
Direct the CR at the ___ angle of ___° to the midpoint of the IR. The CR will enter at the level of the base of the ___.
This projection demonstrates an ___ projection of the calcaneus.
Calcaneus - Axial Plantodorsal
Have the patient positioned SUPINE with legs fully EXTENDED.
Place the IR under the ANKLE so that the ANKLE joint is centered to the IR.
Position the foot so that the plantar surface is PERPENDICULAR to the IR.
Direct the CR at the CEPHALIC angle of 40° to the midpoint of the IR. The CR will enter at the level of the base of the THIRD METATARSAL.
This projection demonstrates an AXIAL projection of the calcaneus.
Calcaneus - Lateral
Have the patient turn toward the affected side until the ___ is in a lateral position.
Have the IR under the ___ so that the calcaneus is centered to the IR.
Direct the CR __ inch ___ to the medial ____. This will place the CR at the ___ joint.
This projection demonstrates the calcaneus and the ___ joint in lateral profile, as well as adjacent ___.
Calcaneus - Lateral
Have the patient turn toward the affected side until the LOWER LEG is in a lateral position.
Have the IR under the FOOT so that the calcaneus is centered to the IR.
Direct the CR 1 inch DISTAL to the medial MALLEOLUS. This will place the CR at the SUBTALAR joint.
This projection demonstrates the calcaneus and the ANKLE joint in lateral profile, as well as adjacent TARSALS.
