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Radiographic Procedures and Positioning > Lower GI Tract > Flashcards

Lower GI Tract Flashcards

1
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A
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2
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3
Q

Bowel is another word for…

A

Intestine

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4
Q

The right colic flexure is also known as the…

A

Liver/hepatic

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5
Q

The left colic flexure is also known as the…

A

spleen

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6
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7
Q

The small intestine extends from the ____ of the ___ to the ____ where it joins the ____ at a _____

A

The small intestine extends from the PYLORIC SPHINCTER of the STOMACH to the ILEOCECAL VALVE where it joins the LARGE INTESTINE at a RIGHT ANGLE

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8
Q

What occurs in this portion of the alimentary canal (small intestine)?

A

Digestion and absorption of food

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9
Q

How long is the the length of the adult small intestine?

A

22 feet

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10
Q

The mucosa of the small intestine contains a series of ______projections called ____ which assist the process of ____ and ____.

A

The mucosa of the small intestine contains a series of FINGERLIKE projections called VILLI which assist the process of DIGESTION and ABSORPTION.

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11
Q

What 3 portions is the small intestine divided into?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
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12
Q

Describe the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

A
  • Duodenum - widest portion, C-shaped, ~8-10inches
  • Jejunum - middle portion, 2/5 of remainder of bowel
  • Ileum - longest portion 3/5 of remainder of bowel
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13
Q

What is the purpose of a small bowel series?

A

To evaluate the motility and function of the small bowel using fluoroscopy and barium sulfate

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14
Q

What are the routine projections for a small bowel series?

A
  • PA/AP scout
  • PA/AP (to follow through)
  • Ileocecal spots
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15
Q

Patient must be ___ to ensure that the ___ and ___ are ___ before the exam

A

Patient must be NPO to ensure that the STOMACH and BOWELS are EMPTY before the exam

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16
Q

What is taken before giving any barium to patient and why?

A

preliminary AP or PA scout film to serve as a baseline

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17
Q

When are films taken for a small bowel series and why?

A
  • Films are taken at 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after consumption of barium
  • done to follow barium through small bowel
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18
Q

When is a small bowel series complete?

A

When the barium passes through the terminal ileum or ileocecal valve (end of small bowel) to the cecum (start of large bowel)

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19
Q

Upon the barium reaching the cecum, what is taken, how, and why?

A

spot films are taken - using compression - to better evaluate the anatomy

20
Q

The large intestine begins in the ___ with the ___, forms an arch around the ___ of the ______, and ends at the ____

A

The large intestine begins in the RLQ with the CECUM, forms an arch around the LOOPS of the SMALL BOWEL, and ends at the ANUS

21
Q

What is the length and function of the large intestine?

A
  • Length = 5 ft long with greater diameter than small bowel
  • functions to reabsorb fluids and eliminates waste products (egestion)
22
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the large intestine?

A
  1. ​​Cecum
  2. Rectum
  3. Anal canal
  4. Colon
23
Q

What are the folds of the colon called?

24
Q

What is the longest and most movable part of the colon?

A

Transverse colon

25
The rectum extends from ____ to \_\_\_.
The rectum extends from **SIGMOID COLON** to **ANAL CANAL**.
26
What are the methods to examine the large intestine with an enema?
* Single contrast method= barium sulfate or water-soluable contrast only - fills bowel * Double contrast method = barium sulfate and air - either both together or with barium sulfate first to coat bowel walls, followed by an air enema
27
With a double contrast method, what will the barium and air demonstrate?
* Barium will demonstrate anatomy and any abnormalities * Air contrast will distends the lumen of bowel to show tiny lesions such as polypoid tumors
28
Retained fecal masses during a barium enema can stimulate the appearance of...
Polyps or tumors
29
Why is the enema tip inserted on exhalation?
Due to relaxation of abdominal muscles and anal sphincter
30
How far into the rectum is an enema tip inserted? What position is the patient in for insertion and why?
4 inches in Sims position to relax abdominal muscles
31
Describe the Sims position?
Patient lying on their left side, leaning forward about 35-40° with right knee flexed on table in front of the left knee
32
A disposable rectal tension tip is used that contains a ____ which is ___ once tip is inserted to ensure tip is ___ for length of exam.
A disposable rectal tension tip is used that contains a **BALLOON** which is **INFLATED** once tip is inserted to ensure tip is **SECURE** for length of exam.
33
High density barium sulfate is used for a retrograde exam and is administered via rectal tip. Define retrograde. Who controls the flow of barium?
Retrograde= against normal direction of flow Radiologist or technologist controls flow
34
How is the barium emptied from the colon when doing a double contrast study? What happens after barium emptied from colon?
* The bag is lowered to the floor to drain * Then air is administered via a handheld inflator
35
After the colon is filled with barium, the radiologist may want overhead films including...
PA or AP LPO and RPO RAO and LAO Left lateral rectum Left lateral decubitus Right lateral decubitus AP/PA angled sigmoid
36
How is the tube angled for an AP angled sigmoid film?
Tube is 45° cephalad
37
In what projection are post-evacuation films taken?
AP or PA
38
Define colitis
Inflammation of the colon
39
Define Crohn's disease
A chronic inflammatory disease usually of the distal ileum
40
Define polyp
A spontaneous new growth of tissue forming an abnormal mass or tumor, which bleed easily and can become malignant, so should be removed surgically when found
41
Define diverticulum
A pouch created by the herniation of the mucous membrane through muscle
42
Define diverticulitis
Inflammation of the diverticula in the alimentary canal
43
Define diverticulosis
Diverticula in colon without inflammation or symptoms
44
Define ulcer
A depressed lesion on the surface of the alimentary canal
45
A bowel obstruction can be either ___ or \_\_\_.
A bowel obstruction can be either **MECHANICAL** or **NONMECHANICAL**.
46
A mechanical bowel obstruction is when the bowel is... * volvulus - * intussesception - * fecal impaction -
A mechanical bowel obstruction is when the bowel is... **PHYSICALLY BLOCKED** * volvulus - **TWISTING OF A BOWEL LOOP ON ITSELF** * intussesception - **"TELESCOPING" OR PROLAPSE OF A PORTION OF THE BOWEL INTO ITSELF** * fecal impaction - **A LARGE MASS OF STOOL STUCK IN THE RECTUM**
47
A non mechanical bowel obstruction is when... * ileus -
A non mechanical bowel obstruction is when **THE NERVES AND MUSCLES WITHIN THE BOWEL FUNCTION POORLY; CAN BE CAUSED BY CERTAIN MEDICATIONS, INFECTIONS, OR SURGERY** * ileus - **FAILURE OF BOWEL PERISTALSIS**

Radiographic Procedures and Positioning (22 decks)

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