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Radiographic Procedures and Positioning > Lower GI Tract > Flashcards

Lower GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
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A
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3
Q

Bowel is another word for…

A

Intestine

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4
Q

The right colic flexure is also known as the…

A

Liver/hepatic

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5
Q

The left colic flexure is also known as the…

A

spleen

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6
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7
Q

The small intestine extends from the ____ of the ___ to the ____ where it joins the ____ at a _____

A

The small intestine extends from the PYLORIC SPHINCTER of the STOMACH to the ILEOCECAL VALVE where it joins the LARGE INTESTINE at a RIGHT ANGLE

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8
Q

What occurs in this portion of the alimentary canal (small intestine)?

A

Digestion and absorption of food

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9
Q

How long is the the length of the adult small intestine?

A

22 feet

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10
Q

The mucosa of the small intestine contains a series of ______projections called ____ which assist the process of ____ and ____.

A

The mucosa of the small intestine contains a series of FINGERLIKE projections called VILLI which assist the process of DIGESTION and ABSORPTION.

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11
Q

What 3 portions is the small intestine divided into?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
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12
Q

Describe the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

A
  • Duodenum - widest portion, C-shaped, ~8-10inches
  • Jejunum - middle portion, 2/5 of remainder of bowel
  • Ileum - longest portion 3/5 of remainder of bowel
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13
Q

What is the purpose of a small bowel series?

A

To evaluate the motility and function of the small bowel using fluoroscopy and barium sulfate

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14
Q

What are the routine projections for a small bowel series?

A
  • PA/AP scout
  • PA/AP (to follow through)
  • Ileocecal spots
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15
Q

Patient must be ___ to ensure that the ___ and ___ are ___ before the exam

A

Patient must be NPO to ensure that the STOMACH and BOWELS are EMPTY before the exam

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16
Q

What is taken before giving any barium to patient and why?

A

preliminary AP or PA scout film to serve as a baseline

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17
Q

When are films taken for a small bowel series and why?

A
  • Films are taken at 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after consumption of barium
  • done to follow barium through small bowel
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18
Q

When is a small bowel series complete?

A

When the barium passes through the terminal ileum or ileocecal valve (end of small bowel) to the cecum (start of large bowel)

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19
Q

Upon the barium reaching the cecum, what is taken, how, and why?

A

spot films are taken - using compression - to better evaluate the anatomy

20
Q

The large intestine begins in the ___ with the ___, forms an arch around the ___ of the ______, and ends at the ____

A

The large intestine begins in the RLQ with the CECUM, forms an arch around the LOOPS of the SMALL BOWEL, and ends at the ANUS

21
Q

What is the length and function of the large intestine?

A
  • Length = 5 ft long with greater diameter than small bowel
  • functions to reabsorb fluids and eliminates waste products (egestion)
22
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the large intestine?

A
  1. ​​Cecum
  2. Rectum
  3. Anal canal
  4. Colon
23
Q

What are the folds of the colon called?

A

Haustra

24
Q

What is the longest and most movable part of the colon?

A

Transverse colon

25
Q

The rectum extends from ____ to ___.

A

The rectum extends from SIGMOID COLON to ANAL CANAL.

26
Q

What are the methods to examine the large intestine with an enema?

A
  • Single contrast method= barium sulfate or water-soluable contrast only - fills bowel
  • Double contrast method = barium sulfate and air - either both together or with barium sulfate first to coat bowel walls, followed by an air enema
27
Q

With a double contrast method, what will the barium and air demonstrate?

A
  • Barium will demonstrate anatomy and any abnormalities
  • Air contrast will distends the lumen of bowel to show tiny lesions such as polypoid tumors
28
Q

Retained fecal masses during a barium enema can stimulate the appearance of…

A

Polyps or tumors

29
Q

Why is the enema tip inserted on exhalation?

A

Due to relaxation of abdominal muscles and anal sphincter

30
Q

How far into the rectum is an enema tip inserted? What position is the patient in for insertion and why?

A

4 inches in Sims position to relax abdominal muscles

31
Q

Describe the Sims position?

A

Patient lying on their left side, leaning forward about 35-40° with right knee flexed on table in front of the left knee

32
Q

A disposable rectal tension tip is used that contains a ____ which is ___ once tip is inserted to ensure tip is ___ for length of exam.

A

A disposable rectal tension tip is used that contains a BALLOON which is INFLATED once tip is inserted to ensure tip is SECURE for length of exam.

33
Q

High density barium sulfate is used for a retrograde exam and is administered via rectal tip.

Define retrograde. Who controls the flow of barium?

A

Retrograde= against normal direction of flow

Radiologist or technologist controls flow

34
Q

How is the barium emptied from the colon when doing a double contrast study? What happens after barium emptied from colon?

A
  • The bag is lowered to the floor to drain
  • Then air is administered via a handheld inflator
35
Q

After the colon is filled with barium, the radiologist may want overhead films including…

A

PA or AP

LPO and RPO

RAO and LAO

Left lateral rectum

Left lateral decubitus

Right lateral decubitus

AP/PA angled sigmoid

36
Q

How is the tube angled for an AP angled sigmoid film?

A

Tube is 45° cephalad

37
Q

In what projection are post-evacuation films taken?

A

AP or PA

38
Q

Define colitis

A

Inflammation of the colon

39
Q

Define Crohn’s disease

A

A chronic inflammatory disease usually of the distal ileum

40
Q

Define polyp

A

A spontaneous new growth of tissue forming an abnormal mass or tumor, which bleed easily and can become malignant, so should be removed surgically when found

41
Q

Define diverticulum

A

A pouch created by the herniation of the mucous membrane through muscle

42
Q

Define diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of the diverticula in the alimentary canal

43
Q

Define diverticulosis

A

Diverticula in colon without inflammation or symptoms

44
Q

Define ulcer

A

A depressed lesion on the surface of the alimentary canal

45
Q

A bowel obstruction can be either ___ or ___.

A

A bowel obstruction can be either MECHANICAL or NONMECHANICAL.

46
Q

A mechanical bowel obstruction is when the bowel is…

  • volvulus -
  • intussesception -
  • fecal impaction -
A

A mechanical bowel obstruction is when the bowel is… PHYSICALLY BLOCKED

  • volvulus - TWISTING OF A BOWEL LOOP ON ITSELF
  • intussesception - “TELESCOPING” OR PROLAPSE OF A PORTION OF THE BOWEL INTO ITSELF
  • fecal impaction - A LARGE MASS OF STOOL STUCK IN THE RECTUM
47
Q

A non mechanical bowel obstruction is when…

  • ileus -
A

A non mechanical bowel obstruction is when THE NERVES AND MUSCLES WITHIN THE BOWEL FUNCTION POORLY; CAN BE CAUSED BY CERTAIN MEDICATIONS, INFECTIONS, OR SURGERY

  • ileus - FAILURE OF BOWEL PERISTALSIS

Radiographic Procedures and Positioning (22 decks)

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