Skull Flashcards
The skull is composed of ___ separate bones divided into two distinct groups: ___ cranial bones and ___ facial bones.
The cranial bones form a ___ ___ for the brain. The facial bones provide ___, ___, and ___ for the face. They also form a protective housing for the upper ends of the ___ and ___ tracts and with several of the cranial bones, form the ___ ___for protection of the organs of sights.
Except for the mandible, the bones of the cranium and face are joined by fibrous joints called ___.
The most superior part of the skull is the ___.
The skull is composed of 22 separate bones divided into two distinct groups: 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones.
The cranial bones form a protective housing for the brain. The facial bones provide structure, shape, and support for the face. They also form a protective housing for the upper ends of the respiratory and digestive tracts and with several of the cranial bones, form the orbital sockets for protection of the organs of sights.
Except for the mandible, the bones of the cranium and face are joined by fibrous joints called sutures.
The most superior part of the skull is the vertex.
Cranial Skeleton
The cranial skeleton is composed of ___ cranial bones, ___ sutures, and ___ suture junctions that provide protective housing for the brain.
What are the names of the cranial bones?
What are the names of the sutures?
What are the names of the suture junctions?
Cranial Skeleton
The cranial skeleton is composed of 8 cranial bones, 4 sutures, and 2 suture junctions that provide protective housing for the brain.
What are the names of the cranial bones?
Parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
What are the names of the sutures?
Coronal, sagittal, squamosal, lambdoidal
What are the names of the suture junctions?
Bregma, lambda
Anatomy of the skull
Anatomy of the skull
Sutures and Suture Junctions
Sutures and Suture Junctions
Cranial Bones
Parietal (2) - forms the ___ of the cranium and the ___ portion of its ___
Temporal (2) - situated on each side of the ___of the cranium; articulates with the ___ bone and ___; contains the ___ ridges, ___, and the organs of ___ and ___
Ethmoid - situated between the ___and forms part of the ___ and ___ walls
Sphenoid - situated at the ___ of the cranium - the ___ surface presents a deep depression called the ___ ___
Occipital - forms the ___ half of the base of the cranium, contains the ___ ___
Frontal - forms the ___
Cranial Bones
Parietal (2) - forms the sides of the cranium and the posterior portion of its roof
Temporal (2) - situated on each side of the base of the cranium; articulates with the zygomatic bone and mandible; contains the petrous ridges, mastoids, and the organs of hearing and balance
Ethmoid - situated between the orbits and forms part of the nasal and orbital walls
Sphenoid - situated at the base of the cranium - the superior surface presents a deep depression called the sella turcica
Occipital - forms the posterior half of the base of the cranium, contains the foramen magnum
Frontal - forms the forehead
Sutures
Coronal suture - between the ___ and ___ bones
Sagittal suture - between the two ___ bones (the midline)
Squamosal suture - between the ___ and ___ bones
Lambdoidal suture - between the ___ and ___ bones
Sutures
Coronal suture - between the frontal and parietal bones
Sagittal suture - between the two parietal bones (the midline)
Squamosal suture - between the temporal and parietal bones
Lambdoidal suture - between the occipital and parietal bones
Suture Junctions
Bregma - junction of the ___ and ___ sutures
Lambda - junction of the ___ and ___ sutures
Suture Junctions
Bregma - junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures
Lambda - junction of the lambdoidal and sagittal sutures
Facial Skeleton
What are the 14 facial bones that provide structure, shape, and support of the face?
Facial Skeleton
What are the 14 facial bones that provide structure, shape, and support of the face?
(Mom loves zoos, parks, naps, Netflix, money, vacations)
Maxillary (2), Zygomatic (2), Lacrimal (2), Nasal (2), Nasal Conchae (2), Palatine 2), Mandible (1), Vomer (1)
14 Facial Bones
14 Facial Bones
Facial Bones
Maxillary Bones (2) - contains maxillary ___ - forms ___ walls of the ___ cavity
Zygomatic Bones (2) - forms the prominence of the ___ - articulates with the ___ bone to form the ___ arch
Lacrimals (2) - ___ facial bones - situated at the ___ part of the ___ wall of the ___ through which a ___ duct passes
Nasal Bones (2) - forms the ___ of the nose
Nasal Conchae (2) - extend ___ along the ___ walls of the ___ cavity
Palatine Bones (2) - forms the ___ ¼ of the ___ of the mouth
Mandible (1) - the ___ and ___ bone of the face
Vomer (1) - ___ plate of bone situated in the ___ plane of the floor of the ___ cavity
Facial Bones
Maxillary Bones (2) - contains maxillary sinuses - forms lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Zygomatic Bones (2) - forms the prominence of the cheeks- articulates with the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch
Lacrimals (2) - smallest facial bones - situated at the anterior part of the medial wall of the orbit through which a tear duct passes
Nasal Bones (2) - forms the bridge of the nose
Nasal Conchae (2) - extend horizontally along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Palatine Bones (2) - forms the posterior ¼ of the roof of the mouth
Mandible (1) - the largest and densest bone of the face
Vomer (1) - thin plate of bone situated in the midsagittal plane of the floor of the nasal cavity
Skull Positioning
The ___ ___ (MSP) divides the body into equal ___ and ___ halves. The MSP is used extensively in radiography of the skull. The MSP is ___ to the plane of the IR for all ___ and ___ projections. The MSP is ___ to the plane of the IR for all ___ projections.
Skull Positioning
The midsagittal plane (MSP) divides the body into equal left and right halves. The MSP is used extensively in radiography of the skull. The MSP is perpendicular to the plane of the IR for all PA and AP projections. The MSP is parallel to the plane of the IR for all lateral projections.
What are the positioning points for skull positioning? (NEGATE MOV)
What are the positioning points for skull positioning? (NEGATE MOV)
Nasion, External Auditory Meatus (EAM), Gabella, Acanthion, TEA, External Occipital Protuberance, Mental Point, Outer Canthus, Vertex
Positioning Points Descriptions
Nasion - ___ at the bridge of the nose - junction of ___ and ___ bones
Acanthion - junction of ___ ___ and ___
Outer Canthus - junction of ___at lateral aspect of ___
External Auditory Meatus (EAM) - ___ to the external ___
Glabella - ___ prominence between the ___
Vertex - the most ___ portion of the skull
Exteral Occipital Protuberance - prominence on ___ back of the head
TEA - top of ___ attachment
Mental Point - ___
Positioning Points Descriptions
Nasion - depression at the bridge of the nose - junction of nasal and frontal bones
Acanthion - junction of upper lip and nose
Outer Canthus - junction of eyelids at lateral aspect of eye
External Auditory Meatus (EAM) - opening to the external ear
Glabella - smooth prominence between the eyebrows
Vertex - the most superior portion of the skull
Exteral Occipital Protuberance - prominence on lower back of the head
TEA - top of ear attachment
Mental Point - chin
Positioning Lines
What are the positioning lines for skull positioning? (I AM IO)
Positioning Lines
What are the positioning lines for skull positioning? (I AM IO)
Interpupillary lines, Orbitomeatal line, Infraorbitomeatal line, Acanthiomeatal line, Mentomeatal line
Positioning Lines Descriptions
Interpupillary line - a line drawn between the two ___ - used for ___ projections
Orbitomeatal line (OML) - a line from the ___ ___to the ___
Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) - a line from the ___ margin to the ___ (a ___° angle difference exists between the OML and IOML)
Acanthiomeatal line (AML) - this line extends from the ___ to the ___
Mentomeatal line (MML) - a line from the tip of the ___ to the ___
Positioning Lines Descriptions
Interpupillary line - a line drawn between the two pupils - used for lateral projections
Orbitomeatal line (OML) - a line from the outer canthus to the EAM
Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) - a line from the infraorbital margin to the EAM (a 7° angle difference exists between the OML and IOML)
Acanthiomeatal line (AML) - this line extends from the acanthion to the EAM
Mentomeatal line (MML) - a line from the tip of the chin to the EAM
Identifying positioning points and lines
Identifying positioning points and lines
What are the routine projections, SID, and kVp of the skull?
What are the routine projections, SID, and kVp of the skull?
Routine Projections = AP axial Towne Method, PA, Laterals
SID = 40”
kVp = 80
AP Axial - Towne Method
The patient is in the ___ position (or sitting on chair).
Adjust the patient’s head so that the ___ ___ is ___ to the IR.
Flex the ___ enough to place the ___ perpendicular to the IR.
Direct the CR though the ___ ___ at a ___ angle of ___° to the ___ or ___° to the ___, so the CR enters approximately ___ inches above the ___.
Position the IR so that its ___ edge is at the level of the ___.
This projection is taken to demonstrate the ___ bone. The entire ___ ___ must be included.
AP Axial - Towne Method
The patient is in the supine position (or sitting on chair).
Adjust the patient’s head so that the midsagittal plane is perpendicular to the IR.
Flex the neck enough to place the OML perpendicular to the IR.
Direct the CR though the foramen magnum at a caudal angle of 30° to the OML or 37° to the IOML, so the CR enters approximately 2.5 inches above the glabella.
Position the IR so that its upper edge is at the level of the vertex.
This projection is taken to demonstrate the occipital bone. The entire foramen magnum must be included.
PA Skull
The patient is in the ___ position (or standing facing the bucky).
Instruct the patient to rest ___ and ___ on the table and adjust the head so that the ___and ___ ___ are ___ to the plane of the IR.
Direct the CR ___ to exit the ___ (bridge of nose).
The ___ ___ should fill the orbits. The distance from the lateral border of the ___ to the lateral border of the ___ should be equal on both sides.
PA Skull
The patient is in the prone position (or standing facing the bucky).
Instruct the patient to rest nose and forehead on the table and adjust the head so that the OML and midsagittal plane are perpendicular to the plane of the IR.
Direct the CR perpendicular to exit the Nasion (bridge of nose).
The petrous ridges should fill the orbits. The distance from the lateral border of the skull to the lateral border of the orbit should be equal on both sides.
Lateral Skull
Place the patient in a ___ ___ position so that the head is lateral against IR.
Adjust the patient’s head so that the ___ ___ is ___ to the plane of the IR and the ___ line is ___ to the plane of the IR.
Direct CR ___ inches ___ to the ___.
The ___ ___ should be seen in profile and not ___. The ___ ___ should be superimposed.
Both sides are taken for ___. Use markers to show ___.
Side ___ is side demonstrated.
Lateral Skull
Place the patient in a modified swimmer’s position so that the head is lateral against IR.
Adjust the patient’s head so that the midsagittal plane is parallel to the plane of the IR and the interpupillary line is perpendicular to the plane of the IR.
Direct CR 2 inches superior to the EAM.
The sella turcica should be seen in profile and not rotated. The mandibular condyles should be superimposed.
Both sides are taken for comparison. Use markers to show laterality.
Side down is side demonstrated.
Cranial Base - SMV or VSM Projection
Place the patient in the ___ or ___ position.
Adjust the head to place the ___ parallel with the IR, and the ___ plane ___ with the plane of the IR.
Direct the CR ___ to the ___. The CR enters the ___ and passes through a point ¾ inch ___ to the level of the ___.
A well-positioned SMV projection should symmetrically demonstrate the ___ ___, ___, and ___ sinuses, the ___ of the ___, and with a ___ in the exposure factors the ___ arches are well demonstrated.
-ORRRRR-
Verticosubmental Projection (VSM)
Place the patient in the ___ position.
Fully extend the patient’s ___ and rest the ___ on the table and adjust to place the ___ plane ___ to the IR.
Direct the CR through the ___ ___ perpendicular to the ___ so that the CR will pass through a point ¾ inch ___ to the level of the ___.
Cranial Base - SMV or VSM Projection
Place the patient in the supine or upright position.
Adjust the head to place the IOML parallel with the IR, and the midsagittal plane perpendicular with the plane of the IR.
Direct the CR perpendicular to the IOML. The CR enters the throat and passes through a point ¾ inch anterior to the level of the EAMs.
A well-positioned SMV projection should symmetrically demonstrate the petrous ridges, sphenoid, and ethmoid sinuses, the dens of the atlas, and with a decrease in the exposure factors the zygomatic arches are well demonstrated.
-ORRRRR-
Verticosubmental Projection (VSM)
Place the patient in the prone position.
Fully extend the patient’s chin and rest the chin on the table and adjust to place the misagittal plane perpendicular to the IR.
Direct the CR through the sella turcica perpendicular to the IOML so that the CR will pass through a point ¾ inch anterior to the level of the EAMs.
Sella Turcica Anatomy
Sella Turcica Anatomy
Lateral Sella Turcica - (like lateral skull, CR different)
Place the patient in a ___ position.
Adjust the head so the midsagittal plane is ___ with the plane of the IR and the ___ line is ___ to the IR plane.
Direct the CR ¾ inch ___ and ¾ ___ to the ___.
The image should be tightly ___.
Lateral Sella Turcica - (like lateral skull, CR different)
Place the patient in a swimmer’s position.
Adjust the head so the midsagittal plane is parallel with the plane of the IR and the interpupillary line is perpendicular to the IR plane.
Direct the CR ¾ inch anterior and ¾ superior to the EAM.
The image should be tightly collimated.
