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Anatomy 101 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is in the Urinary System?

A

2 Kidneys, Uriniferous tubule , 2Ureters, 1bladder, and 1Urethra

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2
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. )Excretion
    - waste products of metabolism
    - foreign substances
  2. ) Homeostasis
    - regulate total body water & extracellular fluid volume
    - Electrolyte balance (Na+)
    - Acid-base balance
  3. ) Endocrine function
    - erythropoietin>increase RBC production in bone marrow
    - enzyme renin>regulate aldosterone secretion
    - vitamin D activation
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3
Q

Kidney size and location

A

Kidney

  • 300gm: 10-12cm x 3-4cm
  • Level T12-L3
  • Left Kidney slightly higher due to Liver being on the right side
  • just anterior to psoas and Quadratus Lumborum
  • Retroperitoneal
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4
Q

3 capsules of the kidney

A
  1. ) True = Fibrous CT (layer directly on kidney)
  2. ) Adipose Capsule = Perirenal Fat (surrounds kidney, packaging)
  3. ) Renal Fascia = subserous fascia (incases adipose capsule and connects it to the posterior wall)
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5
Q

Hilus

A

Medial indentation where vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney (entryway straight line from top to bottom)

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6
Q

Sinus

A

thin concave slit within which we find pelvis and calyces, blood vessels, nerves and loose CT (at the base of each column)

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7
Q

Pelvis and calyxes (major and minor)

A

-lined w/ transitional epithelium
-1 pelvis>3-4 major calyxes> 7-14 minor calyxes
(pelvis is before the ureter, major calyxes before pelvis, minor calyxes before major)

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8
Q

Cortex

A
  1. ) outer zone (layer towards outside wall)

2. ) renal columns (b/n pyramids)

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9
Q

Medulla

A

Renal pyramids

  • striaghted pyramidal regions
  • apex projects into minor calyx
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10
Q

Lobe of Kidney

A

lobe of kidney is the renal pyramid plus cortical matter, both outer cortex and within renal column

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11
Q

Name the path of blood flow through the renal blood vessels

A

Aorta>Renal a.> (5)Segmental a.> Interlobar a.> Arcuate a.> Cortical Striate a.> Afferent glomerular arteriole>Glomerulus capillaries>Efferent Glomerular arteriole> peritubular capillaries and vasa recta> cortical radiate vein>Arcuate Vein>Interlobar Vein>Renal Vein>Inferior vena cava

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12
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Uriniferous Tubule

  1. ) Nephron
  2. ) collecting duct
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13
Q

Nephron

A
  1. ) Renale Corpuscle
    - Glomerulus, tuft of capillaries
    - Bowman’s capsule, double walled cup surrounding the glomerulus
  2. ) proximal convoluted tubule
  3. ) Loop of Henle
  4. ) Distal convoluted tubule
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14
Q

What part of the Uriniferous tubule is in the cortex?

A

convoluted tubules and renal corpuscle

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15
Q

What part of the Uriniferous tubule is in the pyramids?

A

loops of henle and collecting ducts

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16
Q

Name the two types of Nephrons and differences?

A
  1. ) Cortical -80% of nephrons short loops of henle

2. ) Juxtemedullary- 20% of nephrons and their loops of henle go deeper into the pyramids

17
Q

Urine is formed by what 3 processes?

A
  1. ) Glomerular filtration of blood plasma
  2. ) Tubular reabsorption (filtrate>plasma) (efferent artirioles before interlobular vein)
  3. ) Tubular secretion (plasma>filtrate)(efferent artirioles before interlobular vein)
18
Q

Bowman’s Capsule 2 walls

A
  1. ) parietal layer- simple squamous epithelium (outer layer)
  2. ) Visceral layer-Podocytes (Tech. still simple squamos epithelium variation)
19
Q

Podocytes

A

branching processes interdigitate with processes of adjacent cells to totally coat the surface area of glomerular capillaries, interdigitating processes leave small slits=filtration Slits

20
Q

Filtration barrier

A

blood plasma filters from the glomerular capillary to the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule

  1. ) Fenestrated Capillaries-cells and platelets cannot pass
  2. ) Basement membrane- Large proteins (>160,000) cannot pass
  3. )filtration slits-small proteins(>40,000) cannot pass
21
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium w/ brush border and basal striations.
f(x) 1.) reabsorb glucose, NaCl, water, protein, amino acids; about 80% of filtration (first absorption in digestion) 2.) Secrete H+, foreign substances

22
Q

Distale Convoluted Tubule

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium w/ basal striations.
f(x) 1.) reabsorb Na+ controlled by aldosterone to regulate blood volume
2.) Acid base balance

23
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Simple cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium
f(x) Counter current multiplyer, increases hypertonicity of medullary interstitum to allow reabsorption of water in excess of sodium to regulate plasma osmolarity, ascending limb pumps NaCl to interstitium

24
Q

Collecting Ducts

A

Simple cuboidal epithlium to simple columnar epithelium (distinct cell boundaries)
f(x) concentrate urine to regulate plasma osmolarity, water is reabsorbed by osmosis as CD passes through hypertonic interstitium
-regulated by ADH, which increases water permeability increasing water reabsorption
-decreased ADH decreases water reabsorption
-Lack of ADH-Diabetes insipidus

25
Q

Peritubular Capilaries

A

After efferent arterioles, capillaries surround tubule; special area; around loop

26
Q

Vasa Recta

A

capillary network of medulla= counter-current exchanger, capillaries loop in and out of pyramids= a portal system

27
Q

JG apparatus

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

  1. ) Macula Densa
  2. ) Juxtaglomerular cells
28
Q

JG cells

A

Specialized smooth muscle of afferent arteriole

  1. ) Act as baroreceptors
  2. ) secretory granules- secrete renin

Decreased blood pressure>increased secretion of renin

29
Q

Macula Densa

A

tall narrow, simple columnar epithlial cells in wall of Distal convoluted tubule,

  • Adjacent to JG cells
  • sense NaCl content of filtrate
  • Decreased NaCl>increased renin secretion
30
Q

Renin > Increased BP

A
  • Decreased blood pressure>increased renin
  • Renin=enzyme from JG cells
  • Catalyzes: Angiotensinogen (from liver)>Angiotensin 1
Converting enzyme (in lung):
-Catalyzes; Angiotensin 1> Angiotensin 2
31
Q

Angiotensin 2

A

Leads to increased BP

  1. ) Vasoconstriction
  2. ) Increased secretion of aldosterone> increased Na+ reabsorption in DCT primarily
  3. ) Thirst
32
Q

Ureters

A
  • 25-30cm by 4-5cm
  • Retroperitoneal
  • urine moves via peristalsis
33
Q

Walls of calices, pelvis, ureter, bladder, 1st part of urethra: histology

A
  1. ) Mucosa- transitional epithelium CT
  2. ) Lamina Propria
  3. ) Muscularis- inner longitudinal, outer circular, outermost longitudenal in last 1/2 ureter and bladder
  4. ) Adventitia- CT
34
Q

Bladder

A
  • 300 ml up to 1000ml storage capacity
  • within true pelvis
  • inferior to peritoneal cavity
  • posterior to symphysis pubis, anterior to uterus in female, anterior to rectum in male
35
Q

Trigone of Bladder

A

3 openings
2 Ureters and 1 Urethra
-about 2 cm oblique path through posterior wall of bladder, no backflow

36
Q

Bladder wall structure and sphincters

A
  1. )mucosa-rugae with transitional epithelium
  2. ) Muscularis- several layers; detrusor
  3. ) Adventitia: ct, superiorly peritoneum

sphincters-
Internal-smooth muscle at the base of bladder
External-Skeletal muscle or urogenital diaphram

37
Q

Male Urethra and 3 regions

A

20cm long
epithelium: transitional>pseudostratified>stratified squamous (Same as female)

region

  1. )Prostatic-though prostate
  2. )membranous-through urogenital diaphram
  3. )Penile or Cavernous or Spongy-through shaft of penis
38
Q

Female Urethra

A

3-5cm long

epithelium: transitional>pseudostratified>stratified squamous (same as male)

Anatomy 101 (15 decks)

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