Blood/histology

Question 1

Blood

Answer 1

is a connective tissue made up of plasma/serum and cells (Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets), roughly 5 liters in the human body

this is a transport medium for carrying nutrients, signaling molecules, respiratory gases, and waste products to and from our body.

Question 2

Plasma

Answer 2

is Serum plus the clotting proteins

Question 3

Serum

Answer 3

is plasma minus the clotting proteins.

90% water, 7% protein, 0.9% INORGANIC SALTS (viscosity), amino acids, vitamins, lipids, hormones, and sugars

Question 4

Centrifuged Blood Sample

Answer 4

1. ) Liquid plasma, least heavy
2. ) Buffy Coat (WBC, Leukocytes)
3. ) Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes), heaviest

Question 5

Hematocrit

Answer 5

packed red blood cell volume as a percent to total blood volume

Normal Range:
Adult Male: 42%-54%
Adult Female: 38%-46%

Question 6

Erythrocytes

Answer 6

Red blood cells transport oxygen via hemoglobin, 7 micron diameter, biconcave disc, soft flexible, can squeeze through capillaries

No nucleus, ER, or mitochondria, ribosomes etc.
Cannot grow or divide.
120 day lifespan.
Captured and destroyed by macrophages in spleen (and liver) when worn out
4-6mill/mm3

Question 7

Sickle Cell

Answer 7

Abnormal hemoglobin form stands that cause a sickle shape, often create blockages

Question 8

Leukocytes and %

Answer 8

WBC’s 4800-11000/mm3

Granulocytes-

1. ) Neutrophils-65%
2. ) Eosinophils-2%
3. ) Basophils- 0-1%

Agranulocytes

1. ) Lymphocytes-30%
2. ) Monocytes-2%

Question 9

Neutrophils

Answer 9

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, 12micron diameter, lobulated nucleus 2-5 lobes, granules contain enzyme lysozyme to lyse bacteria cell walls, consume and destroy bacteria by phagocytosis, form pus when they die, stain pale red/blue granules

Question 10

Eosinophils

Answer 10

9 micron diameter, bilobed nucleus, granules contain enzyme which kill and destroy parasite infections, increased in allergic situations, phagocytic against antigen antibody complexes, stain red granules

Question 11

Basophils

Answer 11

12 micron, large irregular nucleus, stain purple black granules, granule contain histamine which increases capillary leakiness causing edema (facilitating movement of WBCs and proteins to site), respond to antigen-antibody complexes, and chemotaxis to the granulocytes

Question 12

Lymphocytes

Answer 12

6-8 microns, large Spherical nucleus, Stain rim is a pale blue cytoplasm, IMMUNE RESPONSE

B cells- differentiate into plasma cells which secrete antibodies

T cells- 80-90% circulating lymphocytes, differentiate into killer cells, directly kill infected or foreign cells; helper cells

Question 13

Monocytes

Answer 13

9-12 microns, Oval or Shaped Nucleus, pale blue cytoplasm stain, differentiate to macrophages in CT

Question 14

Platelets

Answer 14

Thrombocytes, cell fragments, 2-5 Microns, derived from megakaryocytes (Large cells in bine marrow), and INITIATE BLOOD CLOTTING thrombus

1. ) form plug=agglutination
2. ) Secrete clotting factor, thromboplastin
3. ) As clot forms vessel contracts

Question 15

Blood Vessels

Answer 15

Arteries, Capillaries, Veins

Question 16

Circulatory System

Answer 16

circulates blood, source of tissue fluid, supplies nutrients, removes waste

Question 17

Tissue Fluid Production

Answer 17

blood plasma and tissue fluids freely exchange through permeable walls of capillaries, the smallest blood vessel. Capillaries are in intimate contact with almost all tissues.

Question 18

Lymphatic System

Answer 18

is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.

Fluid-unresabsorbed tissue fluid

Lymph nodes and immunity- filters, lymphocytes etc

Vessels- return lymph to blood thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

Question 19

Circulatory system components

Answer 19

1. ) heart-pump
2. ) Systemic Vessels- closed circuit, supplies tissues of the body
3. ) Pulmonary Vessels- closed circuit to lungs, exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the atmosphere

Question 20

Blood Vessels 3 coats

Answer 20

1. ) Tunica Intima
2. ) Tunica Media
3. ) Tunica Adventitia

Tunica media is thicker in arteries because of the amount of pressure the blood is under.

Question 21

Tunica Intima

Answer 21

endothelium-simple squamous epithelium, loose CT, internal elastic membrane (lamina), sheet of protein elastin

Question 22

Tunica Media

Answer 22

smooth muscle, CT, Elastic fibers

Question 23

Tunica Adventitia

Answer 23

external elastic lamina, CT, vasa vasorum=small blood vessels that supply wall of large blood vessels

Question 24

Arteries

Answer 24

leave the heart

1. )elastic arteries-majority
2. ) Muscular arteries-in organs
3. ) Arterioles-7layers or less for tunica media

Question 25

capillaries

Answer 25

smalles blood vessels, erythrocytes pass through single file, they renew and refresh surrounding tissue

Question 26

Veins

Answer 26

Return blood to the heart

venules, small, medium, large veins

Question 27

Blood Brain Barrier

Answer 27

capillaries have complete tight junctions, no intercellular clefts present, highly selective transport mechanisms

not a barrier against: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Anestheticds, other drugs

In skeletal muscle and lungs, capillaries have complete tight junctions

Question 28

Fenestrated Capillary

Answer 28

small intestine, kidney, endocrine glands

greater fluid escapes than a closed capillary, because of holes

Question 29

Sinusoids

Answer 29

occur in bone marrow and spleen/liver, large diameter and twisted course, wide/leaky, intercellular clefts are wide open

Question 30

Valves

Answer 30

Prevent back flow in veins, propelled by muscle pump