Respiratory System

Question 1

In the respiratory system what are the conducting passages and what are the respiratory passages?

Answer 1

Conducting Passages-

1. )Nose nasal cavities
2. )Pharynx
3. )Larynx
4. )Trachea
5. )Bronchi w/i Lungs
6. ) Bronchioles w/i Lungs

Respiratory Passages

1. )Respiratory Bronchioles
2. ) alveolar ducts, sacs
3. ) Alveoli

Question 2

What is the function of the nose/nasal cavity?

Answer 2

1. ) Cleanse
2. ) Warm
3. ) Humidify air
4. ) Olfaction

Question 3

What/how is the mucus Membrane made? What does it do?

Answer 3

Nasal Mucosa

1. ) Epithelium- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells. The goblet cells are mucus secreting cells shaped like goblets due to apical region filled with mucus. This helps to keep the air moist.
2. ) Lamina Propria- Loose CT with mucus glands and well-developed vascular bed. Vascular bed keeps things warm and mucus glands help secret Mucosa

Question 4

What are the three tonsils of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 4

Pharyngeal Tonsil-posterior roof of pharynx

Palantine Tonsil- near the uvula in the back of your throat. Often removed and coratid artery is behind it

Lingual Tonsil-superior to the epiglottis, posterior of tongue

Question 5

What are the 3 types of Pharynx and what are they associated with?

Answer 5

Nasopharynx-nasal
Oropharynx-oral cavity
Laryngopharynx-Laryngeal cavity

They lack anterior walls, opens to nose, mouth, and larynx anteriorly.

Question 6

In the Larynx explain how your vocal cords work relatively?

Answer 6

Each (true) vocal cord is attached to its respected arytenoid cartilage. The arytenoids cartilage pivots on the cricoid cartilage and its movement changes the position of the vocal cords, to open and close the glottis (space b/n the vocal cords). Tension of the vocal cords is accomplishes by flexion or hinging of the thyroid cartilage (anteriorly) relative to the Cricoid Cartilage (posteriorly).

Question 7

What is the Epiglottis?

Answer 7

The epiglottis is cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx as food travels from the oropharynx through the laryngopharynx and into the esophagus.

Question 8

What is the trachea?

Answer 8

a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe. About 1.5-2inchs wide

Question 9

Describe the Primary Bronchi?

Answer 9

1. ) right Bronchus is shorter, b/c the trachea is slightly to the right of the aorta
2. ) right bronchus is wider, right lung is larger, b/c the heart is on the left
3. ) right bronchus has more direct path (more vertical) food is more likely to enter

Question 10

which lung has more lobes? name the fissures applicable

Answer 10

the right lung has more lobes

right fissures-(lower) oblique fissure, (upper) is the horizontal fissure

left- just the oblique fissure

Question 11

break down the primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi

Answer 11

1. ) Primary Bronchi
   - trachea bifurctaes 2, right and left, one/ lung
2. ) Secondary Bronchi
   - one/lobe of the lung, 3 on the right, 2 on the left
3. )Tertiary Bronchi
   - one/bronchiopulmonary segments, 10 on the right and 8 on the left

Question 12

what is the difference between extrapulmonary bronchi and intrapulmonary bronchi?

Answer 12

Extrapulmonary bronchi- have the same structure as the trachea

Intrapulmonary bronchi- cartilage in spirals and plaques, layer of smooth muscle internal to cartilage

Question 13

Layers of bronchial wall? what happens as bronchi decrease size?

Answer 13

Bronchial Layers

1. )Mucosa-same
2. )Layer of smooth muscle
3. )Submucosa-CT
4. )Cartilage in plaques
5. ) elastic fibers in submucosa

Airway gets progressively smaller as decrease size of bronchi> 1.) increase in smooth muscle 2.) Decrease in cartilage

When the cartilage is gone it becomes a bronchiole.

Question 14

Bronchioles

Answer 14

No cartilage, Complete ring of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, epithelium=simple columnar>simple cuboidal (no goblet cells), smallest= terminal bronchioles

Question 15

Respiratory Passages

Answer 15

Respiratory Bronchioles- Alveoli along wall

Alveolar Ducts- Alveoli increase in density until solid wall of alveoli

Alveolar Sac- blind end of passages totally lined with alveoli

Question 16

Alveolus

Answer 16

alveolus-
300 million alveoli, 70 to 80 square meters of surface area, thin walled sacs (1 micron), back to back with capillary network

Question 17

Alveolar Wall Cells

Answer 17

1. ) type 1 pulmonary epithelial cells, simple squamous epithelial
2. ) type 2 pulmonary cell= great alveolar cells= septal cells, produce Surfactant which decreases surface tension to ease work of distending lungs
3. ) Dust cells collect free floating particulate matter, wandering macrophages w/i lumen, do not help to form the wall

Question 18

Diffusion Barrier

Answer 18

The diffusion barrier is .5microns. composed of

1. ) pulmonary cell
2. ) Basement membrane
3. ) endothelial cell

Question 19

Mediastinum

Answer 19

the space in the thorax b/n the two lungs which houses the heart veins arteries esophagus trachea

Question 20

Walls of the lungs

Answer 20

Parietal pleura is external,

pleural cavity is medial, visceral pleura is internal

Question 21

What nerve innervates the diaphram?

Answer 21

Phrenic Nerve (C 3,4,5) from the cervical plexus

Question 22

what happens during expiration?

Answer 22

• ribs depress as external intercostal muscles relax

- diaphragm moves superiorly as it relaxes

Question 23

What happens during inspiration?

Answer 23

• ribs elevated as external intercostal muscles contract

- diaphragm moves inferiorly during contraction