Urinary System 3

Question 1

volume is about 1200 milliliters/day with an osmotic concentration of 1000 milliOsmole/L.

Answer 1

Normal Urine

Question 2

May indicate diabetes mellitus.

Answer 2

Glucose

Question 3

May indicate kidney disease.

Answer 3

Proteins

Question 4

Indicates infection.

Answer 4

Leukocyte esterase

Question 5

Some bacteria convert nitrates to nitrites, could indicate infection.

Answer 5

Nitrites:

Question 6

May indicate infection in urinary tract.

Answer 6

White blood cells

Question 7

May indicate infection or kidney stones, but blood could be from other sources.

Answer 7

Red blood cells:

Question 8

Measures blood nitrogen

Answer 8

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN):

Question 9

Measures plasma levels of creatinine
Used to estimate GFR (eGFR).

Answer 9

Plasma Creatinine:

Question 10

Measures volume of blood that is cleansed of inulin per unit of time.

Answer 10

Inulin Clearance

Question 11

Measures the amount of plasma that passes through the kidneys in one minute

Answer 11

PAH Clearance

Question 12

Diabetes and hypertension are the most common causes.
Kidney function deteriorates gradually.

Answer 12

Chronic Kidney Failure

Question 13

Kidney function deteriorates rapidly in just a few days. Sudden slowing or stopping of filtration

Answer 13

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Question 14

Process of passive diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane.

Answer 14

Dialysis

Question 15

Uses an artificial membrane as an alternative to the kidney’s normal membrane around the glomerulus.

Answer 15

Hemodialysis

Question 16

Dialysis relieves renal failure symptoms, but is not a cure.
Kidney transplant is the only real cure for severe renal failure

Answer 16

Kidney Failure Treatment

Question 17

Receive urine from the kidneys.

Answer 17

Ureters

Question 18

Receives and stores urine.
Contraction of muscle in walls drives urination.

Answer 18

Urinary Bladder

Question 19

Conducts urine from the bladder to outside the body.
In the penis, also conducts semen.

Answer 19

urethra

Question 20

Folds in the bladder lining that disappear with expansion as the bladder fills.

Answer 20

Rugae

Question 21

Two (one for each ureter) on the posterior inferior surface.
Slit-like shape helps prevent backflow of urine into ureters with bladder contraction.

Answer 21

Ureteric Orifices

Question 22

Where urine leaves the bladder and enters the urethra.

Answer 22

Internal Urethral Orifice

Question 23

Triangular area bounded by the two ureteral openings and the entrance to the urethra.

Answer 23

Trigone

Question 24

Surrounds the urethral opening.

Answer 24

Neck of the Urinary Bladder

Question 25

Located distal to the prostate in males.

In females, located in a similar location to males, at pelvic floor boundary.

Answer 25

External Urethral Sphincter

Question 26

1. Inner longitudinal layer.
2. Circular layer.
3. Outer longitudinal layer.

Answer 26

Muscularis Layer 3 layers

Question 27

Coordinates the process of urination

Answer 27

Micturition Reflex (Urination)

Question 28

Urine voiding reflex through pontine micturition center.

Answer 28

Micturition Reflex

Question 29

Excessive urine production.

Answer 29

Polyuria

Question 30

Reduced urine production (50–500 mL/day).

Answer 30

Oliguria

Question 31

Severely reduced urine production (0–50 mL/day).

Answer 31

Anuria