Urinary System 3 Flashcards
volume is about 1200 milliliters/day with an osmotic concentration of 1000 milliOsmole/L.
Normal Urine
May indicate diabetes mellitus.
Glucose
May indicate kidney disease.
Proteins
Indicates infection.
Leukocyte esterase
Some bacteria convert nitrates to nitrites, could indicate infection.
Nitrites:
May indicate infection in urinary tract.
White blood cells
May indicate infection or kidney stones, but blood could be from other sources.
Red blood cells:
Measures blood nitrogen
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN):
Measures plasma levels of creatinine
Used to estimate GFR (eGFR).
Plasma Creatinine:
Measures volume of blood that is cleansed of inulin per unit of time.
Inulin Clearance
Measures the amount of plasma that passes through the kidneys in one minute
PAH Clearance
Diabetes and hypertension are the most common causes.
Kidney function deteriorates gradually.
Chronic Kidney Failure
Kidney function deteriorates rapidly in just a few days. Sudden slowing or stopping of filtration
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
Process of passive diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane.
Dialysis
Uses an artificial membrane as an alternative to the kidney’s normal membrane around the glomerulus.
Hemodialysis
Dialysis relieves renal failure symptoms, but is not a cure.
Kidney transplant is the only real cure for severe renal failure
Kidney Failure Treatment
Receive urine from the kidneys.
Ureters
Receives and stores urine.
Contraction of muscle in walls drives urination.
Urinary Bladder
Conducts urine from the bladder to outside the body.
In the penis, also conducts semen.
urethra
Folds in the bladder lining that disappear with expansion as the bladder fills.
Rugae
Two (one for each ureter) on the posterior inferior surface.
Slit-like shape helps prevent backflow of urine into ureters with bladder contraction.
Ureteric Orifices
Where urine leaves the bladder and enters the urethra.
Internal Urethral Orifice
Triangular area bounded by the two ureteral openings and the entrance to the urethra.
Trigone
Surrounds the urethral opening.
Neck of the Urinary Bladder
Located distal to the prostate in males.
In females, located in a similar location to males, at pelvic floor boundary.
External Urethral Sphincter
- Inner longitudinal layer.
- Circular layer.
- Outer longitudinal layer.
Muscularis Layer 3 layers
Coordinates the process of urination
Micturition Reflex (Urination)
Urine voiding reflex through pontine micturition center.
Micturition Reflex
Excessive urine production.
Polyuria
Reduced urine production (50–500 mL/day).
Oliguria
Severely reduced urine production (0–50 mL/day).
Anuria
