Urinary System 3 Flashcards

1
Q

volume is about 1200 milliliters/day with an osmotic concentration of 1000 milliOsmole/L.

A

Normal Urine

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2
Q

May indicate diabetes mellitus.

A

Glucose

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3
Q

May indicate kidney disease.

A

Proteins

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4
Q

Indicates infection.

A

Leukocyte esterase

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5
Q

Some bacteria convert nitrates to nitrites, could indicate infection.

A

Nitrites:

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6
Q

May indicate infection in urinary tract.

A

White blood cells

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7
Q

May indicate infection or kidney stones, but blood could be from other sources.

A

Red blood cells:

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8
Q

Measures blood nitrogen

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN):

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9
Q

Measures plasma levels of creatinine
Used to estimate GFR (eGFR).

A

Plasma Creatinine:

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10
Q

Measures volume of blood that is cleansed of inulin per unit of time.

A

Inulin Clearance

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11
Q

Measures the amount of plasma that passes through the kidneys in one minute

A

PAH Clearance

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12
Q

Diabetes and hypertension are the most common causes.
Kidney function deteriorates gradually.

A

Chronic Kidney Failure

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13
Q

Kidney function deteriorates rapidly in just a few days. Sudden slowing or stopping of filtration

A

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

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14
Q

Process of passive diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Dialysis

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15
Q

Uses an artificial membrane as an alternative to the kidney’s normal membrane around the glomerulus.

A

Hemodialysis

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16
Q

Dialysis relieves renal failure symptoms, but is not a cure.
Kidney transplant is the only real cure for severe renal failure

A

Kidney Failure Treatment

17
Q

Receive urine from the kidneys.

18
Q

Receives and stores urine.
Contraction of muscle in walls drives urination.

A

Urinary Bladder

19
Q

Conducts urine from the bladder to outside the body.
In the penis, also conducts semen.

20
Q

Folds in the bladder lining that disappear with expansion as the bladder fills.

21
Q

Two (one for each ureter) on the posterior inferior surface.
Slit-like shape helps prevent backflow of urine into ureters with bladder contraction.

A

Ureteric Orifices

22
Q

Where urine leaves the bladder and enters the urethra.

A

Internal Urethral Orifice

23
Q

Triangular area bounded by the two ureteral openings and the entrance to the urethra.

24
Q

Surrounds the urethral opening.

A

Neck of the Urinary Bladder

25
Located distal to the prostate in males. In females, located in a similar location to males, at pelvic floor boundary.
External Urethral Sphincter
26
1. Inner longitudinal layer. 2. Circular layer. 3. Outer longitudinal layer.
Muscularis Layer 3 layers
27
Coordinates the process of urination
Micturition Reflex (Urination)
28
Urine voiding reflex through pontine micturition center.
Micturition Reflex
29
Excessive urine production.
Polyuria
30
Reduced urine production (50–500 mL/day).
Oliguria
31
Severely reduced urine production (0–50 mL/day).
Anuria