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A&P 400 > Integumentary Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Integumentary Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 pigments influence skin color

A

Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin

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2
Q

What is melanin produced by and in which layer is it produced?

A

Melanocytes in the stratum basale

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3
Q

What is melanin packaged into and where is it transferred?

A

Packeged into melanosomes and transferred to keratinocytes

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4
Q

2 types of melanin

A
  1. Eumelanin
  2. Pheomelanin
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5
Q

What are the pigments associated with eumelanin and pheomelanin

A

Eumelanin: brown, yellow-brown, black
Pheomelanin: pink, red, yellow

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6
Q

What is melanin made from

A

Tyrosine

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7
Q

What color is carotene? What is carotene

A

Orange-yellow pigment
Vit A precursor
Help protect skin

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8
Q

How does blood supply effect skin color

A

Blood flows through subpapillary plexus. More blood = redder color

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9
Q

What is erythema?

A

Skin redness due to capillary enlargement

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10
Q

What is cyanosis

A

Bluish color because of depleted oxygen in hemoglobin

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11
Q

what is pallor?

A

Paleness due to shock/anemia

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12
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing due to bilirubin

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13
Q

How is albinism caused?

A
  • Inability to produce melanin due to mutation in gene.
  • melanocytes cannot produce tyrosinase
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14
Q

How albinism affects someone

A

affects vision and sunburns easily

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15
Q

What is vitiligo

A

Disorder causing depigmentation
autoimmune - antibodies attack melanocytes

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16
Q

What are freckles?

A

Local increase in concentration of melanin
Genetic

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17
Q

What are age spots?

A

Accumulations of melanin due to sun exposure

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18
Q

What are moles? are they congenital or acquired

A

Benign overgrowth of melanocytes.
Can be both congenital or acquired

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19
Q

What are the ABCDEs of moles?

A

Assymetry
Borders
Color
Diameter
Evolving

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20
Q

How can malignant melanoma occur?

A

UV light exposure
Cancerous melanocytes grow and Metastasis through lymphatic system

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21
Q

What is the most common form of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

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22
Q

Where does basal cell carcinoma originate?

A

Stratum basale due to overexposure to UV

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23
Q

How does basal cell carcinoma appear

A

Transparent or pearly white nodule

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24
Q

Why do most people survive basal cell carcinoma?

A

virtually no metastasis

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25
Q

Where does squamous cell carcinoma originate

A

Squamous cells in surface layer of skin

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26
Q

What is hair composed of? Where is hair produced?

A

dead keratinized cells
Produced by hair follicles

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27
Q

3 functions of hair?

A

senses light touch
protection
prevent heat loss

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28
Q

What are the two regions of hair?

A

Hair shaft - near surface
Hair root - anchors hair into skin

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29
Q

3 layers of cells within hair shaft and hair roots?

A
  1. medulla
  2. cortex
  3. cuticle
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30
Q

Describe medulla

A
  • maybe absent thin hair
  • where pigment cells are
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31
Q

Describe cortex

A
  • major part of hair shaft
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32
Q

Describe cuticle

A
  • thin layer, flat keratinized cells
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33
Q

Where is soft keratin found?

A

Medulla or core of hair

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34
Q

Where is hard keratin found?

A

Cortex and cuticle

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35
Q

Where is the hair follicle found?

A

Dermis
Site of hair growth

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36
Q

7 main structures in hair follicle

A
  1. internal root sheath
  2. external root sheath
  3. glassy membrane
  4. connective tissue sheath
  5. hair bulb
  6. hair papilla
  7. hair matrix
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37
Q

Describe Internal root sheath

A
  • surrounds hair root/deeper shaft
  • prod by hair matrix
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38
Q

Where is external root sheath

A

skin surface to hair matrix

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39
Q

What does connective tissue sheath cover

A

epithelial cells of the hair follicle

40
Q

what is the hair bulb

A

expanded base of hair follicle

41
Q

what is hair papilla

A

CT filled with blood vessels and nerves

42
Q

What is hair matrix

A

actively dividing basal cells in contact w/ papilla

43
Q

what is hair root plexus

A

sensory nerves surrounding base of follicle

44
Q

Arrector pili

A

muscle attached to hair follicle. for contraction

45
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

prod. secretions to coat hair/skin surface

46
Q

4 stages of hair growth

A
  1. anagen (active)
  2. catagen (regression)
  3. telogen (resting)
  4. exogen
47
Q

What occurs during Anagen (active) hair growth

A

Hair matrix actively dividing to produce length ~0.33mm per day

48
Q

What occurs during Catagen (regression) phase?

A
  • Matrix stops dividing
  • hair follicle atrophies
49
Q

What occurs during telogen (resting) phase)

A
  • Hair loses attachment
  • becomes club hair
50
Q

What occurs during exogen phase?

A

Club hair falls out of follicle

51
Q

What is rate of hair growth dependent on?

A
  • Genetics
  • Nutrition
  • Gender (hormones)
52
Q

What are the two main types of hairs?
Describe each type

A
  • Terminal
  • Large, course, darkly pigmented
  • Vellus
  • smaller, shorter delicate
53
Q

Ratios of hair types b/w male and female

A
  • male: 95% terminal, 5% vellus
  • female: 35% terminal, 65% vellus
54
Q

What produces hair color? Name the type that prod. following hair colors:
dark hair
blond/red hair
grey hair

A

melanin produced by Melanocytes
* dark: eumelanin
* blond/red: pheomelanin
* gray: decreased melanin w/ decline of tyrosinase

55
Q

What is alopecia and what causes it?

A
  • partial or complete loss of hair
  • caused by genes, endocrine disorder, chemo, skin disease
56
Q

Androgenic alopecia

A

*
* Male pattern hair loss caused gentically predetermined by excessive response to androgens

57
Q

Hirsutism

A

Excessive female/prepuberty males body hair

58
Q

What do sebacious glands do? Where are they located?

A
  • Holocrine exocrine glands that discharge oil (sebum) onto skin
  • In dermis
59
Q

What causes sebacious glands to release sebum?

A

Contractions of arrector pili muscle

60
Q

What are sudoriferous (sweat glands) composed of? What are the two types?

A

Composed: myoepithelial cells
Types:
Eccrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands

61
Q

Where do eccrine glands secrete? Where are the highest number found?

A

Directly onto skin
Highest number found on palms
Important in thermoregulation

62
Q

Where are apocrine glands located?
Where do they secrete?

A

Location: axillae, groin, nipples, pubic region
Open into hair follicle
Play role in body odor

63
Q

Where are ceruminous glands located?
What do they produce?

A

Location: External auditory meatus
Produce cerumen (ear wax)

64
Q

What causes pimples

A

Increased sebum blocks sebacous duct and hair follicle

65
Q

What causes acne

A

Excessive sebum production or bacterial inflammation of sebacous glands

66
Q

What is impacted cerumen

A

Abnormal abount of cerumen can prevent sound from reaching ear drum

67
Q

What are nails composed of?

A

tightly packs keratinized epidermal cells

68
Q

8 components that make up nails?

A
  1. Nail body
  2. nail bed
  3. lunula
  4. free edge
  5. nail root
  6. eponychium
  7. hyponychium
  8. nail matrix
69
Q

What is nail body

A

bulk of visual part of nail

70
Q

What is nail bed

A

skin beneath nail

71
Q

WHat is lunula

A

White crescent shaped part proxmial end of nail body

72
Q

What is free edge?

A

May extend past distal end of digit
white cause no capillaries under

73
Q

What is nail root?

A

Portion of nail buried below skin

74
Q

What is eponychium

A

Portion of stratum corneum extending over nail (aka cuticle)

75
Q

What is hyponychium?

A

Thickened stratum corneum under free edge

76
Q

What is nail matrix?

A

*
* Proximal portion of epithelium deep to nail root
Divide to produce new nail cells

77
Q

Age-related Changes to the Integument

what occurs due to fewer melanocytes

A
  • Skin becomes pale
  • more prone to sunburn
78
Q

Age-related Changes to the Integument

Why does a drier epidermis occur?

A

decreased sebacious gland activity

79
Q

Age-related Changes to the Integument

Why does a thinner epidermis occur?

A

Declining basal cell prod
Reduced D3 prod

80
Q

Age-related Changes to the Integument

What occurs due to diminished immune response

A

Less dentritic cells
Increased chance of skin damage

81
Q

Age-related Changes to the Integument

Why thinning dermis?

A

Fewer elastic fibers
Sagging and wrinkling

82
Q

Age-related Changes to the Integument

Why decreased perspiration?

A

Sweat glands less active
Increased chance for overheating

83
Q

Age-related Changes to the Integument

Reduced blood supply results in?

A

Cools skin, makes person feel cool even in warm room

84
Q

Age-related Changes to the Integument

Slower skin repair?

A

Takes longer to repair than in young adults

85
Q

Age-related Changes to the Integument

Fewer active follicle results in?

A

Thinner, finer hairs

86
Q

How does sunlight cause production of vitamin D3

A
  1. UV radiation cause cells in stratum basale and stratum spinosum to convert steroid into cholecalciferol
  2. Liver creates intermediate product
  3. Kidneys convert into calcitriol
87
Q

Sources of vitamin D3 in diet?

A

fish, fish oils, shellfish, egg yolks, fortified foods

88
Q

What can inadequate supply of calcitriol lead to? What pathology can it lead to in children

A
  1. Impaired bone growth and maintenance
  2. In children leads to rickets
89
Q

How does epidermal wound healing occur?

A
  1. Basal cells migrate across wound
  2. Migration stops with contact with other cells
  3. EGF stimulates basal cells to divide
90
Q

What are the four phases of deep wound healing?

A
  1. Inflammatory phase
  2. Migratory phase
  3. Proliferative phase
  4. Maturation phase
91
Q

What happens during the inflammatory phase of deep wound healing?

A

Blood clot unites wound edge

92
Q

What happens during migratory phase of deep wound healing?

A
  1. clot becomes scab
  2. Epithelial cells migrate beneath scab to bridge wound (Granulation tissue)
  3. fibroblasts form scar tissue
  4. damaged blood vessels begin to regrow
93
Q

What happens during proliferative phase of deep wound healing?

A
  1. growth of epithelial cells beneath scab
  2. fibroblasts lay down collagen randomly
  3. blood vessel growth
94
Q

What happens during maturation phase of deep wound healing?

A
  1. Scab falls off when epidermis restored
  2. collagen fibres become more organized
  3. fibroblasts begin to disappear
  4. blood vessels restored
95
Q

What is the name for scar tissue formation

A

Fibrosis

96
Q

Describe the following terms relating to scar tissue:
1. hypertrophic scar
2. keloid scar

A
  1. hypertrophic scar - stays within original wound boundaries
  2. keloid scar - extends beyond wound boundaries into normal tissue

A&P 400 (14 decks)

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