Integumentary Lecture 2 Flashcards
What 3 pigments influence skin color
Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin
What is melanin produced by and in which layer is it produced?
Melanocytes in the stratum basale
What is melanin packaged into and where is it transferred?
Packeged into melanosomes and transferred to keratinocytes
2 types of melanin
- Eumelanin
- Pheomelanin
What are the pigments associated with eumelanin and pheomelanin
Eumelanin: brown, yellow-brown, black
Pheomelanin: pink, red, yellow
What is melanin made from
Tyrosine
What color is carotene? What is carotene
Orange-yellow pigment
Vit A precursor
Help protect skin
How does blood supply effect skin color
Blood flows through subpapillary plexus. More blood = redder color
What is erythema?
Skin redness due to capillary enlargement
What is cyanosis
Bluish color because of depleted oxygen in hemoglobin
what is pallor?
Paleness due to shock/anemia
Jaundice
Yellowing due to bilirubin
How is albinism caused?
- Inability to produce melanin due to mutation in gene.
- melanocytes cannot produce tyrosinase
How albinism affects someone
affects vision and sunburns easily
What is vitiligo
Disorder causing depigmentation
autoimmune - antibodies attack melanocytes
What are freckles?
Local increase in concentration of melanin
Genetic
What are age spots?
Accumulations of melanin due to sun exposure
What are moles? are they congenital or acquired
Benign overgrowth of melanocytes.
Can be both congenital or acquired
What are the ABCDEs of moles?
Assymetry
Borders
Color
Diameter
Evolving
How can malignant melanoma occur?
UV light exposure
Cancerous melanocytes grow and Metastasis through lymphatic system
What is the most common form of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma
Where does basal cell carcinoma originate?
Stratum basale due to overexposure to UV
How does basal cell carcinoma appear
Transparent or pearly white nodule
Why do most people survive basal cell carcinoma?
virtually no metastasis
Where does squamous cell carcinoma originate
Squamous cells in surface layer of skin
What is hair composed of? Where is hair produced?
dead keratinized cells
Produced by hair follicles
3 functions of hair?
senses light touch
protection
prevent heat loss
What are the two regions of hair?
Hair shaft - near surface
Hair root - anchors hair into skin
3 layers of cells within hair shaft and hair roots?
- medulla
- cortex
- cuticle
Describe medulla
- maybe absent thin hair
- where pigment cells are
Describe cortex
- major part of hair shaft
Describe cuticle
- thin layer, flat keratinized cells
Where is soft keratin found?
Medulla or core of hair
Where is hard keratin found?
Cortex and cuticle
Where is the hair follicle found?
Dermis
Site of hair growth
7 main structures in hair follicle
- internal root sheath
- external root sheath
- glassy membrane
- connective tissue sheath
- hair bulb
- hair papilla
- hair matrix
Describe Internal root sheath
- surrounds hair root/deeper shaft
- prod by hair matrix
Where is external root sheath
skin surface to hair matrix
What does connective tissue sheath cover
epithelial cells of the hair follicle
what is the hair bulb
expanded base of hair follicle
what is hair papilla
CT filled with blood vessels and nerves
What is hair matrix
actively dividing basal cells in contact w/ papilla
what is hair root plexus
sensory nerves surrounding base of follicle
Arrector pili
muscle attached to hair follicle. for contraction
Sebaceous gland
prod. secretions to coat hair/skin surface
4 stages of hair growth
- anagen (active)
- catagen (regression)
- telogen (resting)
- exogen
What occurs during Anagen (active) hair growth
Hair matrix actively dividing to produce length ~0.33mm per day
What occurs during Catagen (regression) phase?
- Matrix stops dividing
- hair follicle atrophies
What occurs during telogen (resting) phase)
- Hair loses attachment
- becomes club hair
What occurs during exogen phase?
Club hair falls out of follicle
What is rate of hair growth dependent on?
- Genetics
- Nutrition
- Gender (hormones)
What are the two main types of hairs?
Describe each type
- Terminal
- Large, course, darkly pigmented
- Vellus
- smaller, shorter delicate
Ratios of hair types b/w male and female
- male: 95% terminal, 5% vellus
- female: 35% terminal, 65% vellus
What produces hair color? Name the type that prod. following hair colors:
dark hair
blond/red hair
grey hair
melanin produced by Melanocytes
* dark: eumelanin
* blond/red: pheomelanin
* gray: decreased melanin w/ decline of tyrosinase
What is alopecia and what causes it?
- partial or complete loss of hair
- caused by genes, endocrine disorder, chemo, skin disease
Androgenic alopecia
*
* Male pattern hair loss caused gentically predetermined by excessive response to androgens
Hirsutism
Excessive female/prepuberty males body hair
What do sebacious glands do? Where are they located?
- Holocrine exocrine glands that discharge oil (sebum) onto skin
- In dermis
What causes sebacious glands to release sebum?
Contractions of arrector pili muscle
What are sudoriferous (sweat glands) composed of? What are the two types?
Composed: myoepithelial cells
Types:
Eccrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Where do eccrine glands secrete? Where are the highest number found?
Directly onto skin
Highest number found on palms
Important in thermoregulation
Where are apocrine glands located?
Where do they secrete?
Location: axillae, groin, nipples, pubic region
Open into hair follicle
Play role in body odor
Where are ceruminous glands located?
What do they produce?
Location: External auditory meatus
Produce cerumen (ear wax)
What causes pimples
Increased sebum blocks sebacous duct and hair follicle
What causes acne
Excessive sebum production or bacterial inflammation of sebacous glands
What is impacted cerumen
Abnormal abount of cerumen can prevent sound from reaching ear drum
What are nails composed of?
tightly packs keratinized epidermal cells
8 components that make up nails?
- Nail body
- nail bed
- lunula
- free edge
- nail root
- eponychium
- hyponychium
- nail matrix
What is nail body
bulk of visual part of nail
What is nail bed
skin beneath nail
WHat is lunula
White crescent shaped part proxmial end of nail body
What is free edge?
May extend past distal end of digit
white cause no capillaries under
What is nail root?
Portion of nail buried below skin
What is eponychium
Portion of stratum corneum extending over nail (aka cuticle)
What is hyponychium?
Thickened stratum corneum under free edge
What is nail matrix?
*
* Proximal portion of epithelium deep to nail root
Divide to produce new nail cells
Age-related Changes to the Integument
what occurs due to fewer melanocytes
- Skin becomes pale
- more prone to sunburn
Age-related Changes to the Integument
Why does a drier epidermis occur?
decreased sebacious gland activity
Age-related Changes to the Integument
Why does a thinner epidermis occur?
Declining basal cell prod
Reduced D3 prod
Age-related Changes to the Integument
What occurs due to diminished immune response
Less dentritic cells
Increased chance of skin damage
Age-related Changes to the Integument
Why thinning dermis?
Fewer elastic fibers
Sagging and wrinkling
Age-related Changes to the Integument
Why decreased perspiration?
Sweat glands less active
Increased chance for overheating
Age-related Changes to the Integument
Reduced blood supply results in?
Cools skin, makes person feel cool even in warm room
Age-related Changes to the Integument
Slower skin repair?
Takes longer to repair than in young adults
Age-related Changes to the Integument
Fewer active follicle results in?
Thinner, finer hairs
How does sunlight cause production of vitamin D3
- UV radiation cause cells in stratum basale and stratum spinosum to convert steroid into cholecalciferol
- Liver creates intermediate product
- Kidneys convert into calcitriol
Sources of vitamin D3 in diet?
fish, fish oils, shellfish, egg yolks, fortified foods
What can inadequate supply of calcitriol lead to? What pathology can it lead to in children
- Impaired bone growth and maintenance
- In children leads to rickets
How does epidermal wound healing occur?
- Basal cells migrate across wound
- Migration stops with contact with other cells
- EGF stimulates basal cells to divide
What are the four phases of deep wound healing?
- Inflammatory phase
- Migratory phase
- Proliferative phase
- Maturation phase
What happens during the inflammatory phase of deep wound healing?
Blood clot unites wound edge
What happens during migratory phase of deep wound healing?
- clot becomes scab
- Epithelial cells migrate beneath scab to bridge wound (Granulation tissue)
- fibroblasts form scar tissue
- damaged blood vessels begin to regrow
What happens during proliferative phase of deep wound healing?
- growth of epithelial cells beneath scab
- fibroblasts lay down collagen randomly
- blood vessel growth
What happens during maturation phase of deep wound healing?
- Scab falls off when epidermis restored
- collagen fibres become more organized
- fibroblasts begin to disappear
- blood vessels restored
What is the name for scar tissue formation
Fibrosis
Describe the following terms relating to scar tissue:
1. hypertrophic scar
2. keloid scar
- hypertrophic scar - stays within original wound boundaries
- keloid scar - extends beyond wound boundaries into normal tissue