Urinary system 2.1

Question 1

• Most abundant organic waste
• by-product of amino acid breakdown

Answer 1

Urea

Question 2

By-product of creatine phosphate breakdown in muscles

Answer 2

Creatinine

Question 3

Formed during recycling of nitrogenous bases of RNA

Answer 3

Uric acid

Question 4

1. filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion

Answer 4

Three processes of urine formation

Question 5

blood hydrostatic pressure forces
water and solutes across the membranes of the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space

Answer 5

Filtration

Question 6

Filtration only occurs where

Answer 6

Glomerulus

Question 7

Resulting fluid entering capsular space after filtration

Answer 7

glomerular filtrate

Question 8

Filtration occurs through

Answer 8

filtration membrane

Question 9

Blood cells and proteins too big to cross

Answer 9

Fenestrations of glomerular endothelial cells

Question 10

Large negatively charged ions do not fit

Answer 10

Basement membrane

Question 11

Water, glucose, vitamins, amino acids, plasma proteins, ammonia, urea and ions fit through

Answer 11

Filtration slits

Question 12

1. Fenestrated epithelial cells
2. Basement membrane
3. Filtration slit

Answer 12

Filtration membrane layers

Question 13

= 55 mmhg
* blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
* pro filtration

Answer 13

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

Question 14

= 15 mmhg
* Anti filtration
* Hydrostatic pressure pushing against filtration membrane by fluid in capsular space

Answer 14

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Question 15

= 30mmhg
* Osmotic pressure of large proteins pulling water into capillaries
* Anti filtrataion

Answer 15

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

Question 16

Dictates how much will move in which direction

Answer 16

Net filtration pressure

Question 17

(GBHP) - (CHP) - (BCOP) =

Answer 17

Net Filtration pressure (NFP)

Question 18

Filtration stops if GBHP drops below

Answer 18

44mmhg

Question 19

Volume of plasma that moves through kidneys per unit time

Answer 19

Renal plasma flow

Question 20

Fraction of renal plasma flow that becomes glomerular filtrate

Answer 20

Filtration fraction

Question 21

Amount of filtrate formed per minute in all renal corpuscles in both kidneys

Answer 21

Glomerular filtration rate

Question 22

Needed substances pass quickly through renal tubules and are lost in urine

Answer 22

GFR too high

Question 23

Metabolic wastes will not get filtered from blood into renal tubules

Answer 23

GFR too low

Question 24

1. Renal autoregulation
2. Neural regulation
3. Hormonal regulation

Answer 24

3 mechanisms to maintain consisten GFR

Question 25

* Lie b/w adjacent glomerular capillaries * control capillary diameter and rate of flow

Answer 25

Mesengial cells

Question 26

* Specialized structure where distal convoluted tubule meets afferent arteriole * Regulate BP and filtration rate in glomerulus

Answer 26

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Question 27

1. myogenic mechanism 2. Tubuloglomerular feedback

Answer 27

Renal autoregulation types

Question 28

Stretch receptors in afferent arterioles respond to increased of decreased BP

Answer 28

Myogenic mechanism

Question 29

Smooth muscle of afferent arteriole constricts or dilates to increase/decrease GFR

Answer 29

Myogenic mechanism

Question 30

* Uses juxtaglomerular apparatus * When BP increased GFR increase * When BP decrease GFR decrease

Answer 30

Tubuglomerular feedback

Question 31

Myogenic mechanism and tubularglomerular feedback. Which one faster?

Answer 31

Myogenic mechanisms

Question 32

At rest, not much ANS stimulation so which mechanism for glormerular filtration prevails

Answer 32

Renal autoregulation

Question 33

During fight or flight, ANS causes decrease in GFR, this is part of which mechanism

Answer 33

Neural regulation

Question 34

If blood pressure low sympathetic nervous system activated. Part of which mechanism

Answer 34

Neural regulation

Question 35

* part of RAA system * Increased in response to renin

Answer 35

Angiotensin II

Question 36

Secreted by heart cells when blood in atria stretch walls

Answer 36

ANP (Atrial Natriuetic peptide)

Question 37

Angiotensin II and Atrial Natriutic peptide are part of which mechanism

Answer 37

Hormonal regulation

Question 38

Movement of solutes and water from renal tubules into blood

Answer 38

Reabsorption

Question 39

Reabsorption dominates and most reabsorption occurs here

Answer 39

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 40

Lots of reabsorption, very little to no secretion

Answer 40

Nephron loop

Question 41

* 15% of filtered H2O * in descending limb only * ascending limb impermeable to water

Answer 41

Nephron loop

Question 42

* Fluid travelling very slowly, as 80% water reabsorbed * PTH acts here to reabsorb ca2+

Answer 42

Early distal convoluted tubule