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Reproductive 1 (male) Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of male reproductive system

A

*
* Gonads produce gametes and hormones

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2
Q

Scrotum

Scrotum and associated structures

A

Cutaneous outpouching of abdomen that houses and supports testes

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3
Q

Scrotal septum

Scrotum and associated structures

A

separates right and left cavities

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4
Q

Raphe of scrotum

Scrotum and associated structures

A

raised thickening separating middle of scrotum

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5
Q

Dartos muscle

Scrotum and associated structures

A

Smooth muscle of the skin of scrotum. Elevates and contracts scrotum

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6
Q

Cremaster muscle

Scrotum and associated structures

A

Contracts to pull testes closer to body during arousal or cold temperature

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7
Q

Spermatic cords

Scrotum and associated structures

A

Connect testes to abdominopelvic cavity - has ductus deferens, vessels, nerves

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8
Q

Superficial inguinal ring

Scrotum and associated structures

A

entrance to inguinal canal

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9
Q

The testes descends

The testes

A

starts in abdominal cavity near kidneys

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10
Q

Tunica vaginalis

The testes

A

Membrane derived from peritoneum partially covering testes

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11
Q

Hydrocele

The testes

A

fluid build up in tunica vaginalis

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12
Q

Tunica albuginea

The testes

A

Dense, irregular CT capsule, deep to tunica vaginalis

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13
Q

Seminiferous tubules

The testes

A

within lobules of tunica albuginea. Where spermatogenesis happens

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14
Q

Spaces b/w seminiferous tubules contain

The testes

A

areolar tissue, blood vessels, interstitial endocrine cells

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15
Q

Interstitial endocrine cells (Leydig cells)

Cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

Produce androgens such as testosterone and androstenedione

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16
Q

Sustentacular cells (Sertoli/nurse cells)

Cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

release inhibin, form blood-testis barrier, produce fluid, protect/nourish/support developing sperm

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17
Q

Blood-testis barrier

Cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

Isolate developing gametes from blood - prevent immune response against sperm cells

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18
Q

Spermatogonia

Cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

stem cells

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19
Q

Spermatocytes

Cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

undergo meiosis

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20
Q

Spermatids

Cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

Develop into mature sperm

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21
Q

Spermiation

Cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

When sperm loses attachment to nurse cell and enter tubule lumen

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22
Q

4 basic steps

Spermatogenesis

A
  1. Spermatogonium, 2. meiosis, 3. spermiogenesis, 4. spermiation
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23
Q

Spermatogonium

A

Stem cells that undergo mitosis. Remain dormant until puberty

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24
Q

Spermatogonium cell type

A

diploid

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25
Q

Primary spermatocytes

A

spermatogonium that push through blood-testis barrier

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26
Q

Meiosis primary spermatocytes

A

diploid, undergo meiosis 1, resulting in 2 secondary spermatocytes

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27
Q

Meiosis secondary spermatocytes

A

Haploids, undergo meiosis 2, resulting in 4 spermatids

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28
Q

Spermiogeneis

A

spermatid changes into sperm. Forms acrosome (cap) & flagellum

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29
Q

Spermiation

A

Sperm cells released into lumen of seminiferous tubules. Sperm not able to swim, are moved by fluid

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30
Q

Head of sperm

A

contains nucleus with 23 chromosomes and acrosome (cap) with proteins

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31
Q

Neck of sperm

A

holds microtubules

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32
Q

Middle piece of sperm

A

contains mitochondria to provide ATP for tail movements

33
Q

Tail (flagellum) of sperm

A

Whiplike organelle that moves the sperm

34
Q

Capacitation

A

Sperm released from testes are physically mature. Immobile and incapable of fertilizing oocyte

35
Q

Two steps of capacitation

A
  1. Sperm become motile when mixed with seminal gland secretions
  2. Sperm become capable of fertilization when exposed to female reprod. tract
36
Q

Sperm path through reprod. tract

A

Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

37
Q

Epididymis

A

Start of male reprod. tract. Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Has steriocilia to increase surface area. Maturation/storage area for sperm

38
Q

3 sections of epididymis

A

Head, body, tail

39
Q

Epididymis head

A

receives spermatozoa from efferent ductules

40
Q

Epididymis body

A

Extends inferiorly along the posterior surface of the testis

41
Q

Epididymis tail

A

Starts near the inferior border of the testis, Number of coils decreases, Connects with the ductus deferens

42
Q

Epididymis histology

A

layer of smooth muscle, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

43
Q

Ductus deferens (vas deferens)

A

Stores sperm and projects them to urethra during ejaculation

44
Q

Ductus deferens pathway

A

Goes around bladder and joins seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct. Empties into prostatic urethra

45
Q

Ductus deferens histology

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

46
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A

Union of seminal vesicle ducts & ducti deferens. Ejects spermatozoa into prostatic urethra

47
Q

Urethra

A

shared terminal duct of reproduction and urinary systems - passage for urine/semen

48
Q

3 portions of urethra

A

prostatic, membranous, spongy (cavernous)

49
Q

Seminal gland

A

B/w posterior bladder and rectum. Produces 60% of semen volume

50
Q

Prostate gland

A

encircles proximal urethra. Secretes seminalplasmin. 20-30% of semen volume

51
Q

Seminalplasmin

A

Antibiotic that may help prevent urinary tract infections in males

52
Q

Bulbo-urethral glands

A

Located at base of penis, secrete thick alkaline mucus to lubricate tip and neutralize acids

53
Q

Semen contains

A

sperm and seminal fluid. Coagulates and reliquifies to protect from acidic vaginal environment

54
Q

Penis two function

A

conduct urine, conduct semen into vagina

55
Q

Root of penis

A

attaches penis to body wall inferior to pubic symphysis

56
Q

Bulb

A

expanded posterior continuation of corpus sponginosum

57
Q

Crura

A

2 separated portions of corpora cavernosa

58
Q

Body of penis

59
Q

Glans penis

A

expanded distal end of penis

60
Q

Erectile tissue 3 masses

A

corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, erectile tissue

61
Q

Corpora cavernosa

A

Two cylindrical masses on dorsal surface of penis

62
Q

Corpus spongiosum

A

surrounds urethra, expands at tip to form glans

63
Q

Erectile tissue

A

3d network of vascular spaces

64
Q

Arousal

A

parasympathetic stimulation through pelvic nerves, release of nitric oxide

65
Q

Emission or ejaculation

A

sympathetic activation. Peristaltic contractions push sperm into urethra. Glands release fluid and mix with sperm, forming semen

66
Q

Impotence

A

Inability to maintain or achieve erection

67
Q

Causes of impotence

A

vascular changes, neural command interference, psychological factors

68
Q

ED meds do what

A

temporarily inactivate enzymes opposing NO, allowing for more NO

69
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) - targets anterior lobe of pituitary gland

70
Q

Pituitary

A

secretes luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

71
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

Target interstitial cells of testes, which secrete testosterone + androgens. Negative feedback loop. Once test levels reached, stops release of (GnRH)

72
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone

A

Target nurse cells of seminiferous tubules. Promotes spermatogenesis. Secrete Androgen-binding protein and inhibin

73
Q

Androgen-binding protein

A

Develops more sperm and stimulates maturation of sperms

74
Q

Inhibin

A

Inhibits FSH. Provides negative feedback controlling spermatogenesis

75
Q

Testosterone

A

Principal androgen, synthesized from cholesterol, lipid soluble, external genetalis and prostate transform to DHT

76
Q

Effects of testosterone prenatally

A

stimulates development of male reprod. system and descent of testes

77
Q

Effects of testosterone puberty

A

enlarge male sex organs, spermatogenesis, sex drive, secondary sex characteristics - hairs, muscles

78
Q

Effects of testosterone after puberty

A

maintains libido, bone and muscle growth, maintain glands and organs

79
Q

Effects of dihydrotestosterone DHT

A

10% of circulating testosterone, other tissues more sensitive to DHT - prostate and hair follicles

A&P 400 (14 decks)

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