Respiratory System 2 Flashcards
Pulmonary Ventilation
Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation
air in/out of lungs
Alveolar Ventilation
Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation
air in/out of alveoli
External Respiration
Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation
Exchange of gasses b/w blood, lungs, and external environment
Gas Diffusion
Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation
Occurs across blood air barrier b/w alveolar air and alveolar capillaries
Internal Respiration
Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation
Occurs b/w blood and tissues
Hypoxia
Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation
Low Tissue Oxygen levels
Anoxia
Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation
No oxygen supply
Pressure
Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation
Molecules in gas bounce around independently, more collisions = higher pressure
Boyle’s Law
Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation
More collisions occur when molecules in smaller container
Atmospheric Pressure
Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation
Pressure of air around us
Intrapulmonary Pressure
Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation
Pressure inside respiratory tract
Start of breath
Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation
Air pressure inside and outside the thorax equal, no air movement.
During Inhalation
Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation
Lungs expand, pressure inside lungs decreases, air moves into lungs
During exhalation
Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation
Thoracic cavity decreases in volume, pressure inside lungs increases above atmospheric and air is forced out to low pressure
Inhalation
Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation
Intrapulmonary pressure < atmospheric pressure
Exhalation
Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation
Intrapulmonary pressure > atmospheric pressure
Quiet breathing
Respiratory Muscles
normal breathing
Forced breathing
Respiratory Muscles
laboured breathing
Active inhalation via
Respiratory Muscles
via primary inspiratory muscles
Passive exhalation
Respiratory Muscles
via elastic recoil of tissues
Primary inspiratory muscles
Respiratory Muscles
used for quiet inhalation
Accessory inspiratory muscles
Respiratory Muscles
used for forced inhalation, inscrease speed/amount of rib movement
Names of primary inspiratory muscles
Respiratory Muscles
Diaphragm, external intercostals
Primary Expiratory muscles
Respiratory Muscles
There are no primary expiratory muscles. Passive process done by recoil
Accessory Expiratory Muscles
Respiratory Muscles
Abdominal muscles push diaphragm upwards
Surface Tension
Factors affecting Pulmonary Ventilation
Premature infants have decreased surfactant, leading to alveolar collapse
Compliance
Factors affecting Pulmonary Ventilation
Ability of lungs and chest wall to expand
Airway resistance
Factors affecting Pulmonary Ventilation
resistance of respiratory tract to airflow during inhalation and exhalation
Restrictive lung diseases
Lung Pathology
disease that make it hard for lungs to expand/fill with air
Obstructive lung diseases
Lung Pathology
disease that makes it hard to expel air from lungs
Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Lung Pathology
Disorder of airways restricting airflow and ventilation
Chronic bronchitis
Lung Pathology
Long Term inflammation and swelling of bronchial lining, overprod. Of mucus
Emphysema
Lung Pathology
Chronic progressive condition where alveolar walls are damaged. Loss of compliance
Asthma
Breathing patterns
Passageways sensitive to irritation. Constricting smooth muscles along bronchial tree
Eupnea
Breathing patterns
Normal breathing rate/depth (12-18 per min)
Apnea
Breathing patterns
Temporal cessation of breath
Dyspnea
Breathing patterns
painful, difficult, laboured breathing
Tachypnea
Breathing patterns
Rapid breathing rate
Costal breathing
Breathing patterns
upward/outward movement of chest during intercostal contraction
Diaphragmatic breathing
Breathing patterns
abdomen moving outward when contracting diaphragm
Coughing
Breathing patterns
Deep inspiration, closure of rima glottidis
Sneezing
Breathing patterns
muscles of expiration spasmodically contract, pushing air out nose/mouth
Hiccuping
Breathing patterns
spasmodic contraction of diaphragm and quick closure rima glottis
Yawning
Breathing patterns
significant inhaled air with quick exhalation
Valsalva
Breathing patterns
forced expiration against closed rima glottidis
Sobbing
Breathing patterns
Many convulsive inhalations
Tidal volume
Lung Volumes
amount of air moved in or out of lungs during single respiratory cycle at rest
Inspiratory reserve volume
Lung Volumes
amount of air you can breathe beyond total tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Lung Volumes
Amount of air you can exhale beyond tidal volume
Residual volume
Lung Volumes
Amount of air left in lungs after maximal exhalation
Minimal volume
Lung Volumes
Amount of air in lungs if they were allowed to collapse
Lung capacities measurement
Lung Volumes
Cannot be measured directly
Inspiratory capacity
Lung Volumes
Amount of air you can inhale after normal exhalation
Vital capacity
Lung Volumes
max amount of air you can move in and out of lungs per cycle
Functional residual capacity
Lung Volumes
Amount of air in lungs after quiet cycle
Total lung capacity
Lung Volumes
Total volume of lungs around 6000ml
Force Vital Capacity
Pulmonary Function Tests
measures how much air you can forcibly exhale after deep breath
Forced Expiratory volume
Pulmonary Function Tests
Amount of air expired during first, second, third seconds of FVC test
Forced Expiratory flow
Pulmonary Function Tests
Average rate of flow during middle half of FVC test
Peak expiratory flow rate
Pulmonary Function Tests
Fastest rate that you can force air out of your lungs
Lung Cancer
Effects of ageing and smoking
aggressive, S&S not present until tumours restrict airflow or compress adjacent structures. Commonly caused by smoking
Dysplasia
Effects of ageing and smoking
Reversible. Cells damaged and functional characteristics changed. Cilia damaged and paralyzed
Metaplasia
Effects of ageing and smoking
Reversible. Tissue changes structure. Stressed respiratory surface converts to stratified epithelium. Protects underlying but not deeper parts of tract
Neoplasia
Effects of ageing and smoking
Growth of abnormal cells forms cancerous tumour
Anaplasia
Effects of ageing and smoking
Most dangerous stage. Becomes malignant and spreads