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A&P 400 > Respiratory System 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation

A

air in/out of lungs

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2
Q

Alveolar Ventilation

Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation

A

air in/out of alveoli

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3
Q

External Respiration

Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Exchange of gasses b/w blood, lungs, and external environment

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4
Q

Gas Diffusion

Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Occurs across blood air barrier b/w alveolar air and alveolar capillaries

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5
Q

Internal Respiration

Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Occurs b/w blood and tissues

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6
Q

Hypoxia

Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Low Tissue Oxygen levels

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7
Q

Anoxia

Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation

A

No oxygen supply

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8
Q

Pressure

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Molecules in gas bounce around independently, more collisions = higher pressure

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9
Q

Boyle’s Law

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

More collisions occur when molecules in smaller container

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10
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Pressure of air around us

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11
Q

Intrapulmonary Pressure

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Pressure inside respiratory tract

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12
Q

Start of breath

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Air pressure inside and outside the thorax equal, no air movement.

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13
Q

During Inhalation

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Lungs expand, pressure inside lungs decreases, air moves into lungs

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14
Q

During exhalation

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Thoracic cavity decreases in volume, pressure inside lungs increases above atmospheric and air is forced out to low pressure

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15
Q

Inhalation

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Intrapulmonary pressure < atmospheric pressure

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16
Q

Exhalation

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Intrapulmonary pressure > atmospheric pressure

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17
Q

Quiet breathing

Respiratory Muscles

A

normal breathing

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18
Q

Forced breathing

Respiratory Muscles

A

laboured breathing

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19
Q

Active inhalation via

Respiratory Muscles

A

via primary inspiratory muscles

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20
Q

Passive exhalation

Respiratory Muscles

A

via elastic recoil of tissues

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21
Q

Primary inspiratory muscles

Respiratory Muscles

A

used for quiet inhalation

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22
Q

Accessory inspiratory muscles

Respiratory Muscles

A

used for forced inhalation, inscrease speed/amount of rib movement

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23
Q

Names of primary inspiratory muscles

Respiratory Muscles

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals

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24
Q

Primary Expiratory muscles

Respiratory Muscles

A

There are no primary expiratory muscles. Passive process done by recoil

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25
Q

Accessory Expiratory Muscles

Respiratory Muscles

A

Abdominal muscles push diaphragm upwards

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26
Q

Surface Tension

Factors affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Premature infants have decreased surfactant, leading to alveolar collapse

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27
Q

Compliance

Factors affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Ability of lungs and chest wall to expand

28
Q

Airway resistance

Factors affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

A

resistance of respiratory tract to airflow during inhalation and exhalation

29
Q

Restrictive lung diseases

Lung Pathology

A

disease that make it hard for lungs to expand/fill with air

30
Q

Obstructive lung diseases

Lung Pathology

A

disease that makes it hard to expel air from lungs

31
Q

Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Lung Pathology

A

Disorder of airways restricting airflow and ventilation

32
Q

Chronic bronchitis

Lung Pathology

A

Long Term inflammation and swelling of bronchial lining, overprod. Of mucus

33
Q

Emphysema

Lung Pathology

A

Chronic progressive condition where alveolar walls are damaged. Loss of compliance

34
Q

Asthma

Breathing patterns

A

Passageways sensitive to irritation. Constricting smooth muscles along bronchial tree

35
Q

Eupnea

Breathing patterns

A

Normal breathing rate/depth (12-18 per min)

36
Q

Apnea

Breathing patterns

A

Temporal cessation of breath

37
Q

Dyspnea

Breathing patterns

A

painful, difficult, laboured breathing

38
Q

Tachypnea

Breathing patterns

A

Rapid breathing rate

39
Q

Costal breathing

Breathing patterns

A

upward/outward movement of chest during intercostal contraction

40
Q

Diaphragmatic breathing

Breathing patterns

A

abdomen moving outward when contracting diaphragm

41
Q

Coughing

Breathing patterns

A

Deep inspiration, closure of rima glottidis

42
Q

Sneezing

Breathing patterns

A

muscles of expiration spasmodically contract, pushing air out nose/mouth

43
Q

Hiccuping

Breathing patterns

A

spasmodic contraction of diaphragm and quick closure rima glottis

44
Q

Yawning

Breathing patterns

A

significant inhaled air with quick exhalation

45
Q

Valsalva

Breathing patterns

A

forced expiration against closed rima glottidis

46
Q

Sobbing

Breathing patterns

A

Many convulsive inhalations

47
Q

Tidal volume

Lung Volumes

A

amount of air moved in or out of lungs during single respiratory cycle at rest

48
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

Lung Volumes

A

amount of air you can breathe beyond total tidal volume

49
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

Lung Volumes

A

Amount of air you can exhale beyond tidal volume

50
Q

Residual volume

Lung Volumes

A

Amount of air left in lungs after maximal exhalation

51
Q

Minimal volume

Lung Volumes

A

Amount of air in lungs if they were allowed to collapse

52
Q

Lung capacities measurement

Lung Volumes

A

Cannot be measured directly

53
Q

Inspiratory capacity

Lung Volumes

A

Amount of air you can inhale after normal exhalation

54
Q

Vital capacity

Lung Volumes

A

max amount of air you can move in and out of lungs per cycle

55
Q

Functional residual capacity

Lung Volumes

A

Amount of air in lungs after quiet cycle

56
Q

Total lung capacity

Lung Volumes

A

Total volume of lungs around 6000ml

57
Q

Force Vital Capacity

Pulmonary Function Tests

A

measures how much air you can forcibly exhale after deep breath

58
Q

Forced Expiratory volume

Pulmonary Function Tests

A

Amount of air expired during first, second, third seconds of FVC test

59
Q

Forced Expiratory flow

Pulmonary Function Tests

A

Average rate of flow during middle half of FVC test

60
Q

Peak expiratory flow rate

Pulmonary Function Tests

A

Fastest rate that you can force air out of your lungs

61
Q

Lung Cancer

Effects of ageing and smoking

A

aggressive, S&S not present until tumours restrict airflow or compress adjacent structures. Commonly caused by smoking

62
Q

Dysplasia

Effects of ageing and smoking

A

Reversible. Cells damaged and functional characteristics changed. Cilia damaged and paralyzed

63
Q

Metaplasia

Effects of ageing and smoking

A

Reversible. Tissue changes structure. Stressed respiratory surface converts to stratified epithelium. Protects underlying but not deeper parts of tract

64
Q

Neoplasia

Effects of ageing and smoking

A

Growth of abnormal cells forms cancerous tumour

65
Q

Anaplasia

Effects of ageing and smoking

A

Most dangerous stage. Becomes malignant and spreads

A&P 400 (9 decks)

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