Respiratory System 2 Flashcards by a w

Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation

A

air in/out of lungs

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Q

Alveolar Ventilation

Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation

A

air in/out of alveoli

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Q

External Respiration

Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Exchange of gasses b/w blood, lungs, and external environment

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Q

Gas Diffusion

Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Occurs across blood air barrier b/w alveolar air and alveolar capillaries

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Q

Internal Respiration

Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Occurs b/w blood and tissues

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Q

Hypoxia

Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Low Tissue Oxygen levels

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Q

Anoxia

Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation

A

No oxygen supply

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Q

Pressure

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Molecules in gas bounce around independently, more collisions = higher pressure

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Q

Boyle’s Law

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

More collisions occur when molecules in smaller container

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Q

Atmospheric Pressure

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Pressure of air around us

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Q

Intrapulmonary Pressure

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Pressure inside respiratory tract

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Q

Start of breath

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Air pressure inside and outside the thorax equal, no air movement.

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Q

During Inhalation

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Lungs expand, pressure inside lungs decreases, air moves into lungs

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Q

During exhalation

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Thoracic cavity decreases in volume, pressure inside lungs increases above atmospheric and air is forced out to low pressure

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Q

Inhalation

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Intrapulmonary pressure < atmospheric pressure

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Q

Exhalation

Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Intrapulmonary pressure > atmospheric pressure

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Q

Quiet breathing

Respiratory Muscles

A

normal breathing

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Q

Forced breathing

Respiratory Muscles

A

laboured breathing

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Q

Active inhalation via

Respiratory Muscles

A

via primary inspiratory muscles

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Q

Passive exhalation

Respiratory Muscles

A

via elastic recoil of tissues

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Q

Primary inspiratory muscles

Respiratory Muscles

A

used for quiet inhalation

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Q

Accessory inspiratory muscles

Respiratory Muscles

A

used for forced inhalation, inscrease speed/amount of rib movement

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Q

Names of primary inspiratory muscles

Respiratory Muscles

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals

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Q

Primary Expiratory muscles

Respiratory Muscles

A

There are no primary expiratory muscles. Passive process done by recoil

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Accessory Expiratory Muscles | Respiratory Muscles

Abdominal muscles push diaphragm upwards

Surface Tension | Factors affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Premature infants have decreased surfactant, leading to alveolar collapse

Compliance | Factors affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Ability of lungs and chest wall to expand

Airway resistance | Factors affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

resistance of respiratory tract to airflow during inhalation and exhalation

Restrictive lung diseases | Lung Pathology

disease that make it hard for lungs to expand/fill with air

Obstructive lung diseases | Lung Pathology

disease that makes it hard to expel air from lungs

Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | Lung Pathology

Disorder of airways restricting airflow and ventilation

Chronic bronchitis | Lung Pathology

Long Term inflammation and swelling of bronchial lining, overprod. Of mucus

Emphysema | Lung Pathology

Chronic progressive condition where alveolar walls are damaged. Loss of compliance

Asthma | Breathing patterns

Passageways sensitive to irritation. Constricting smooth muscles along bronchial tree

Eupnea | Breathing patterns

Normal breathing rate/depth (12-18 per min)

Apnea | Breathing patterns

Temporal cessation of breath

Dyspnea | Breathing patterns

painful, difficult, laboured breathing

Tachypnea | Breathing patterns

Rapid breathing rate

Costal breathing | Breathing patterns

upward/outward movement of chest during intercostal contraction

Diaphragmatic breathing | Breathing patterns

abdomen moving outward when contracting diaphragm

Coughing | Breathing patterns

Deep inspiration, closure of rima glottidis

Sneezing | Breathing patterns

muscles of expiration spasmodically contract, pushing air out nose/mouth

Hiccuping | Breathing patterns

spasmodic contraction of diaphragm and quick closure rima glottis

Yawning | Breathing patterns

significant inhaled air with quick exhalation

Valsalva | Breathing patterns

forced expiration against closed rima glottidis

Sobbing | Breathing patterns

Many convulsive inhalations

Tidal volume | Lung Volumes

amount of air moved in or out of lungs during single respiratory cycle at rest

Inspiratory reserve volume | Lung Volumes

amount of air you can breathe beyond total tidal volume

Expiratory reserve volume | Lung Volumes

Amount of air you can exhale beyond tidal volume

Residual volume | Lung Volumes

Amount of air left in lungs after maximal exhalation

Minimal volume | Lung Volumes

Amount of air in lungs if they were allowed to collapse

Lung capacities measurement | Lung Volumes

Cannot be measured directly

Inspiratory capacity | Lung Volumes

Amount of air you can inhale after normal exhalation

Vital capacity | Lung Volumes

max amount of air you can move in and out of lungs per cycle

Functional residual capacity | Lung Volumes

Amount of air in lungs after quiet cycle

Total lung capacity | Lung Volumes

Total volume of lungs around 6000ml

Force Vital Capacity | Pulmonary Function Tests

measures how much air you can forcibly exhale after deep breath

Forced Expiratory volume | Pulmonary Function Tests

Amount of air expired during first, second, third seconds of FVC test

Forced Expiratory flow | Pulmonary Function Tests

Average rate of flow during middle half of FVC test

Peak expiratory flow rate | Pulmonary Function Tests

Fastest rate that you can force air out of your lungs

Lung Cancer | Effects of ageing and smoking

aggressive, S&S not present until tumours restrict airflow or compress adjacent structures. Commonly caused by smoking

Dysplasia | Effects of ageing and smoking

Reversible. Cells damaged and functional characteristics changed. Cilia damaged and paralyzed

Metaplasia | Effects of ageing and smoking

Reversible. Tissue changes structure. Stressed respiratory surface converts to stratified epithelium. Protects underlying but not deeper parts of tract

Neoplasia | Effects of ageing and smoking

Growth of abnormal cells forms cancerous tumour

Anaplasia | Effects of ageing and smoking

Most dangerous stage. Becomes malignant and spreads