Respiratory System 3 Flashcards by a w

Q

Gas Laws

Gas Laws

A

Principles that govern movement/diffusion of gas molecules

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Q

Boyle’s Law

Gas Laws

A

Pressure/Volume have an Inverse relationship. Determines air direction during pulmonary ventilation

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Q

Partial Pressure

Gas Laws

A

Pressure exerted by single gas in mixture

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Q

Dalton’s Law

Gas Laws

A

All partial pressures of gases together equal total pressure exerted by gas mixture

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Q

Henry’s Law

Gas Laws

A

At a given temperature, amount of particular gas in solution is directly proportional to partial pressure of that gas above liquid

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Q

Po2/Pco2 levels in pulmonary capillaries

External Respiration

A

Higher Pco2 and lower Po2 than alveolar air

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Q

Po2/Pco2 levels during diffusion

External Respiration

A

Po2 increases and Pco2 decreases

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Q

Po2 levels of blood leaving lungs

Internal Respiration

A

Drops slightly when mixing with capillary blood. Still higher Po2 than IF

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Q

Pco2 levels in blood

Internal Respiration

A

Pco2 levels are higher in IF/tissues than blood

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Q

Each 100ml of blood leaving alveoli carries how much oxygen?

Gas Transport in Blood

A

20 ml

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Q

What happens to 20ml of oxygen per 100ml of blood leaving alveoli

Gas Transport in Blood

A

0.3ml dissolved in plasma and 19.7ml bound to heme units of hemoglobin

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Q

Heme unit

Gas Transport in Blood

A

Contained in the 4 globular proteins of each hemoglobin molecule

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Q

Oxyhemoglobin

Gas Transport in Blood

A

Binding of four oxygen molecules to a hemoglobin molecule

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Q

Why carbon monoxide dangerous

Gas Transport in Blood

A

Can bind to heme units making them unavailable for O2 transport

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Q

Hemoglobin saturation

Gas Transport in Blood

A

Percent of heme units containing bound oxygen at any moment

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Q

Oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve

Gas Transport in Blood

A

Graph showing hemoglobin saturation at different partial pressures of oxygen

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Q

Hemoglobin >90% saturated at what mm Hg

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

60 mm hg

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Q

Hemoglobin entering systemic circuit is what % saturated

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

~97% (95mm hg)

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Q

Hemoglobin leaving body tissues is what % saturated

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

~75% (40mm hg)

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Q

Hemoglobin in blood of active muscle is what % saturated

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

~20% (15-20mm hg)

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Q

Shift in the curve represents

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

Change in affinity for O2 (affinity - how strongly O2 binds)

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Q

Shift to the right means

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

Oxygen being released more easily from hemoglobin

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Q

Shift to the left means

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

Oxygen is more tightly bound to hemoglobin

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Q

Four things that shift oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

pH changes, temperature changes, changes in partial pressure of CO2, changes in concentration of 2, 3-biphosphoglycerate

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Bohr Effect | The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

Blood pH directly affects hemoglobin saturation

pH decreases | The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

Saturation curve shifts right

pH increases | The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

saturation curve shifts to the left

Higher temperature leads to | The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

hemoglobin release oxygen more easily

Increase Pco2 leads to | The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

Curve shifting to the right

Byproduct of glycosis | The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

2, 3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG)

How BPG is made | The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

RBC’s

BPG in low oxygen areas | The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

Builds up

BPG can bind deoxyhemoglobin and cause | The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

O2 from binding to hemoglobin

Fetal hemoglobin affinity for O2 | The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

Higher than adult, can pull more oxygen from mother

Carbon Monoxide affinity for hemoglobin | The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

Higher than oxygen, can reduce O2 carrying capacity and lead to hypoxia/ monoxide poisoning

Carbon dioxide is generated where and how | Carbon Dioxide Transport

Peripheral tissues by aerobic mechanism

Where carbon dioxide removed | Carbon Dioxide Transport

Lungs

Three ways carbon dioxide transported in blood | Carbon Dioxide Transport

Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, converted to bicarbonate

Carbonic anhydrase | Carbon Dioxide Transport

Causes conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid

Carbonic acid dissociates into | Carbon Dioxide Transport

bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

HbH+ | Carbon Dioxide Transport

Hydrogen ions binded to Hb and maintain ph

Chloride shift | Carbon Dioxide Transport

Bicarbonate ions leave cell in exchange for chloride ion

Haldane effect | Carbon Dioxide Transport

Deoxygenation of blood increase CO2 carrying ability

Medulla | Respiratory Center

Contains main components for automatic respiration

Pons | Respiratory Center

modifies spontaneous rhythmic discharge of medullary neuron

Medulla Oblongata | Respiratory Center

Contains pacemaker cells which generate contraction cycles of diaphragm

Medullary Respiratory Center contains two rhythmicity centers | Respiratory Center

Dorsal respiratory group, Ventral Respiratory group

Dorsal Respiratory Group | Respiratory Center

Mainly concerned with inspiration

Inspiratory Center of DRG | Respiratory Center

Controls lower motor neurons to primary inspiratory muscles

Ventral Respiratory Group | Respiratory Center

Associated with forced breathing

Pre-potzinger complex | Respiratory Center

Rhythm maker sending input to DRG

Pontine Respiratory Group | Respiratory Center

Transmit nerve impulses to DRG

Pontine Respiratory Group contains which two paired nuclei? | Respiratory Center

Apneustic centers, Pneumotaxic centers

Where are the Apneustic centers and Pneumotaxic centers located | Respiratory Center

pons

Apneustic Centers | Respiratory Center

Promote inhalation by stimulating DRG

Pneumotaxic Centers | Respiratory Center

Inhibit apneustic centers by promoting passive or active exhalation

Cerebral Cortex | Regulation of Respiratory Centers

Voluntarily changes or stops breathing to keep out gases or water

Chemoreceptors | Regulation of Respiratory Centers

Detect chemical changes in blood/csf

Most important factor influencing respiration | Regulation of Respiratory Centers

Pco2

Central Chemoreceptors | Regulation of Respiratory Centers

Located in medulla oblongata Monitor Pco2 and H+ in CSF

Peripheral Chemoreceptors locations | Regulation of Respiratory Centers

Aortic bodies, carotid bodies

Hypercapnia | Regulation of Respiratory Centers

Slight increase in Pco2 - Activates DRG and hyperventilation occurs to expel excess co2

Hypocapnia | Regulation of Respiratory Centers

Decrease in Pco2 - DRG sets its own pace until CO2 accumulates

Hypocapnia common cause | Regulation of Respiratory Centers

hyperventilation

Chemoreceptors decrease in Po2 | Regulation of Respiratory Centers

peripheral receptors activate, DRG activates to bring in more O2

Baroreceptors | Regulation of Respiratory Centers

Detect lung expansion in walls of bronchi and bronchioles

Hering-Breuer reflex | Regulation of Respiratory Centers

Baroreceptors activate when Tidal volume > 1500ml. Send inhibitory signal to DRG through vagus nerve

Proprioceptors | Regulation of Respiratory Centers

Ventilation increases even before need for O2 increases

Respiratory Rate | Variations in Ventilation

number of breaths per minute (normal adult 12-18)

Respiratory minute volume | Variations in Ventilation

Volume of air moved per minute

O2 diffusing capacity increased 3x that as rate of rest due to | Respiration in Exercise

more pulmonary capillaries maximally perfused

Abrupt breathing increase due to which 3 neural changes

Proprioception, limbic anticipation, primary motor complex

Gradual increase in breathing with moderate exercise due to which chemical/physical changes

Decreased Po2, Increase Pco2, increased temperature