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A&P 400 > Respiratory System 3 > Flashcards

Respiratory System 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Gas Laws

Gas Laws

A

Principles that govern movement/diffusion of gas molecules

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2
Q

Boyle’s Law

Gas Laws

A

Pressure/Volume have an Inverse relationship. Determines air direction during pulmonary ventilation

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3
Q

Partial Pressure

Gas Laws

A

Pressure exerted by single gas in mixture

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4
Q

Dalton’s Law

Gas Laws

A

All partial pressures of gases together equal total pressure exerted by gas mixture

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5
Q

Henry’s Law

Gas Laws

A

At a given temperature, amount of particular gas in solution is directly proportional to partial pressure of that gas above liquid

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6
Q

Po2/Pco2 levels in pulmonary capillaries

External Respiration

A

Higher Pco2 and lower Po2 than alveolar air

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7
Q

Po2/Pco2 levels during diffusion

External Respiration

A

Po2 increases and Pco2 decreases

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8
Q

Po2 levels of blood leaving lungs

Internal Respiration

A

Drops slightly when mixing with capillary blood. Still higher Po2 than IF

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9
Q

Pco2 levels in blood

Internal Respiration

A

Pco2 levels are higher in IF/tissues than blood

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10
Q

Each 100ml of blood leaving alveoli carries how much oxygen?

Gas Transport in Blood

A

20 ml

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11
Q

What happens to 20ml of oxygen per 100ml of blood leaving alveoli

Gas Transport in Blood

A

0.3ml dissolved in plasma and 19.7ml bound to heme units of hemoglobin

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12
Q

Heme unit

Gas Transport in Blood

A

Contained in the 4 globular proteins of each hemoglobin molecule

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13
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

Gas Transport in Blood

A

Binding of four oxygen molecules to a hemoglobin molecule

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14
Q

Why carbon monoxide dangerous

Gas Transport in Blood

A

Can bind to heme units making them unavailable for O2 transport

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15
Q

Hemoglobin saturation

Gas Transport in Blood

A

Percent of heme units containing bound oxygen at any moment

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16
Q

Oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve

Gas Transport in Blood

A

Graph showing hemoglobin saturation at different partial pressures of oxygen

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17
Q

Hemoglobin >90% saturated at what mm Hg

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

60 mm hg

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18
Q

Hemoglobin entering systemic circuit is what % saturated

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

~97% (95mm hg)

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19
Q

Hemoglobin leaving body tissues is what % saturated

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

~75% (40mm hg)

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20
Q

Hemoglobin in blood of active muscle is what % saturated

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

~20% (15-20mm hg)

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21
Q

Shift in the curve represents

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

Change in affinity for O2 (affinity - how strongly O2 binds)

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22
Q

Shift to the right means

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

Oxygen being released more easily from hemoglobin

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23
Q

Shift to the left means

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

Oxygen is more tightly bound to hemoglobin

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24
Q

Four things that shift oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

pH changes, temperature changes, changes in partial pressure of CO2, changes in concentration of 2, 3-biphosphoglycerate

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25
Q

Bohr Effect

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

Blood pH directly affects hemoglobin saturation

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26
Q

pH decreases

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

Saturation curve shifts right

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27
Q

pH increases

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

saturation curve shifts to the left

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28
Q

Higher temperature leads to

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

hemoglobin release oxygen more easily

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29
Q

Increase Pco2 leads to

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

Curve shifting to the right

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30
Q

Byproduct of glycosis

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

2, 3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG)

31
Q

How BPG is made

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

RBC’s

32
Q

BPG in low oxygen areas

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

Builds up

33
Q

BPG can bind deoxyhemoglobin and cause

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

O2 from binding to hemoglobin

34
Q

Fetal hemoglobin affinity for O2

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

Higher than adult, can pull more oxygen from mother

35
Q

Carbon Monoxide affinity for hemoglobin

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

Higher than oxygen, can reduce O2 carrying capacity and lead to hypoxia/ monoxide poisoning

36
Q

Carbon dioxide is generated where and how

Carbon Dioxide Transport

A

Peripheral tissues by aerobic mechanism

37
Q

Where carbon dioxide removed

Carbon Dioxide Transport

A

Lungs

38
Q

Three ways carbon dioxide transported in blood

Carbon Dioxide Transport

A

Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, converted to bicarbonate

39
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

Carbon Dioxide Transport

A

Causes conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid

40
Q

Carbonic acid dissociates into

Carbon Dioxide Transport

A

bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

41
Q

HbH+

Carbon Dioxide Transport

A

Hydrogen ions binded to Hb and maintain ph

42
Q

Chloride shift

Carbon Dioxide Transport

A

Bicarbonate ions leave cell in exchange for chloride ion

43
Q

Haldane effect

Carbon Dioxide Transport

A

Deoxygenation of blood increase CO2 carrying ability

44
Q

Medulla

Respiratory Center

A

Contains main components for automatic respiration

45
Q

Pons

Respiratory Center

A

modifies spontaneous rhythmic discharge of medullary neuron

46
Q

Medulla Oblongata

Respiratory Center

A

Contains pacemaker cells which generate contraction cycles of diaphragm

47
Q

Medullary Respiratory Center contains two rhythmicity centers

Respiratory Center

A

Dorsal respiratory group, Ventral Respiratory group

48
Q

Dorsal Respiratory Group

Respiratory Center

A

Mainly concerned with inspiration

49
Q

Inspiratory Center of DRG

Respiratory Center

A

Controls lower motor neurons to primary inspiratory muscles

50
Q

Ventral Respiratory Group

Respiratory Center

A

Associated with forced breathing

51
Q

Pre-potzinger complex

Respiratory Center

A

Rhythm maker sending input to DRG

52
Q

Pontine Respiratory Group

Respiratory Center

A

Transmit nerve impulses to DRG

53
Q

Pontine Respiratory Group contains which two paired nuclei?

Respiratory Center

A

Apneustic centers, Pneumotaxic centers

54
Q

Where are the Apneustic centers and Pneumotaxic centers located

Respiratory Center

A

pons

55
Q

Apneustic Centers

Respiratory Center

A

Promote inhalation by stimulating DRG

56
Q

Pneumotaxic Centers

Respiratory Center

A

Inhibit apneustic centers by promoting passive or active exhalation

57
Q

Cerebral Cortex

Regulation of Respiratory Centers

A

Voluntarily changes or stops breathing to keep out gases or water

58
Q

Chemoreceptors

Regulation of Respiratory Centers

A

Detect chemical changes in blood/csf

59
Q

Most important factor influencing respiration

Regulation of Respiratory Centers

A

Pco2

60
Q

Central Chemoreceptors

Regulation of Respiratory Centers

A

Located in medulla oblongata Monitor Pco2 and H+ in CSF

61
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors locations

Regulation of Respiratory Centers

A

Aortic bodies, carotid bodies

62
Q

Hypercapnia

Regulation of Respiratory Centers

A

Slight increase in Pco2 - Activates DRG and hyperventilation occurs to expel excess co2

63
Q

Hypocapnia

Regulation of Respiratory Centers

A

Decrease in Pco2 - DRG sets its own pace until CO2 accumulates

64
Q

Hypocapnia common cause

Regulation of Respiratory Centers

A

hyperventilation

65
Q

Chemoreceptors decrease in Po2

Regulation of Respiratory Centers

A

peripheral receptors activate, DRG activates to bring in more O2

66
Q

Baroreceptors

Regulation of Respiratory Centers

A

Detect lung expansion in walls of bronchi and bronchioles

67
Q

Hering-Breuer reflex

Regulation of Respiratory Centers

A

Baroreceptors activate when Tidal volume > 1500ml. Send inhibitory signal to DRG through vagus nerve

68
Q

Proprioceptors

Regulation of Respiratory Centers

A

Ventilation increases even before need for O2 increases

69
Q

Respiratory Rate

Variations in Ventilation

A

number of breaths per minute (normal adult 12-18)

70
Q

Respiratory minute volume

Variations in Ventilation

A

Volume of air moved per minute

71
Q

O2 diffusing capacity increased 3x that as rate of rest due to

Respiration in Exercise

A

more pulmonary capillaries maximally perfused

72
Q

Abrupt breathing increase due to which 3 neural changes

A

Proprioception, limbic anticipation, primary motor complex

73
Q

Gradual increase in breathing with moderate exercise due to which chemical/physical changes

A

Decreased Po2, Increase Pco2, increased temperature

A&P 400 (9 decks)

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