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A&P 400 > Integumentary Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Integumentary Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What can the integumentary system be referred to as?

A

Integument

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1
Q

What are the two major components of the integumentary system

A

Cutaneous membrane
Accessory structures

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2
Q

What are the 6 main functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. protection
  2. blood reservoir
  3. Thermoregulation
  4. Excretion/absorption
  5. sensory
  6. vitamin d synthesis
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3
Q

Which part of the integumentary system acts as a blood reservoir?

A

Dermis

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4
Q

How does the integumentary system maintain normal body temperature

A

Vasodilaton, vasoconstriction, insulation or evaporative cooling

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5
Q

What is produced to protect from UV radiation?

A

Melanin

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6
Q

What is produced to protect against abrasion and act as a water repellent?

A
  • Keratin
    *
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7
Q

What composes the cutaneous membrane?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer

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8
Q

What composes the accessory structures?

A
    • Hairs, nails, exocrine glands, sensory receptors and nerve fibers, cutaneous plexus
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9
Q

What is the basic structure of the epidermis?

A

superficial, thinner
epithelial tissue
multiple layers of squamous cells (strata)
Avascular

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10
Q

What are keratinocytes? What is their function?

Epidermal 4 major cell types

A
  • Primary epidermis cell type 90-95%
  • Produce and accumulate keratin
  • Produce lammellar granules
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11
Q

What are lammelar granules?

A

Waterproof sealant

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12
Q

What do melanocytes do?

Epidermal 4 major cell types

A

Produce melanin

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13
Q

What does melanin do?

A
  • Absorb damaging UV light and contribute to skin color
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14
Q

What happens to melanin produced by melanocytes?

A

transferred to keratinocytes via dendrites

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15
Q

What is the function of melanin in keratinocytes?

A

Covers and protects nuclear material

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16
Q

What do langerhans cells do? Where are they created?

A

Antigen presenting cells
Bone marrow cells

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17
Q

What do Tactile Epithelial cells do?
What is another name they are commonly called?

A
  • Function in sensation of touch using a sensory structure called tactile disc
  • least numerous
  • Merkel Cells
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18
Q

Does the epidermis contain blood vessels?

A

No cells get oxygen from capillaries in dermis

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19
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

Epidermis surface layer
Cells remain there for 2 weeks

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20
Q

What are the epidermal layers superficial to deep?

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum
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21
Q

Where is thin and thick skin found? How many layers in each

A

Thin skin: covers body surface, 4 layers
Thick skin: Found on palms and soles of feet, 5 layers

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22
Q

Describe what the stratum basale is?

A
  • 1 layer of cuboidal basal cells
  • attached to basement membranes via hemidesmosomes
  • Basal cells that divide to replace superficial keratinocytes
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23
Q

If stratum basale damaged, can new skin be generated?

A

No, skin graft necessary

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24
Describe stratum spinosum
* 8-10 layers of keratinocytes * Provide strength and flexibiltity * contain langerhans cells
25
Describe the stratum granulosum
* 3-5 layers of keratinocytes * Have stopped dividing and produce keratin and keratohyalin * Transition b/w deeper active cells and superficial dead cells
26
What do lamellar granules do in the stratum granulosum
release water repellant lipids into cell spaces
27
What does the stratum lucidum do?
* Found in thick skin only * Densely packed dead cells filled with keratin and keratolyalin * Additional layer of toughness to thick skin
27
Describe the stratum corneum
* Outermost region with keratinized cells * Dead cells connected by desmosomes * Water resistant, but loses water through insensible perspiration and sensible perspiration
28
What is the process of epidermal keratinization?
* As keratinocytes are pushed towards surface, they accumulate keratin * Gradually die and slought off and replaced by cells moving up
29
What is the substance that plays a role in epidermal keratinization
Epidermal Growth factor
30
What structure forms at the deeper layers of the epidermis?
Epidermal ridges
31
What structure is adjacent to epidermal ridges?
Dermal papillae which increase surface area for better attachment
32
How are fingerprints formed?
Unique pattern of epidermal ridges on fingertip
33
What is dandruff?
Excessive amount of keratinized cells shedding from scalp
34
What is psoriasis
* Autoimmune chronic skin disorder * Rapidly dividing keratinocytes * Commonly found on extensors
35
Describe plaque psoriasis
* Most common type * silvery white scales *
36
Describe nail psoriasis
* Abnormal nail growth, discoloration * Nail loss may occur
37
Guttate psoriasis
* Triggered by bacterial infection * Small drop sized spots * Affecting young adults and children mostly
38
How are calluses and corns formed?
* Increased pressure/irritation leading to hyperkeratosis * Thickened skin due to increased keratinocytes
39
Describe what corns are?
* Smaller and deeper than calluses * Hard center with swollen skin * May be pain when pressed * form on top of toe
40
Describe calluses
* Rarely painful * develop on pressure spots such as soles of feet
41
What is the dermis?
* Layer b/w epidermis and subcutaneous layer * Highly vascular
42
What are the 5 main dermis components
Fibres Cells Glands Nerves Blood vessels
43
What are the two types of fibres in the dermis and what are their function?
1. Collagen fibres for tensile strength 2. Elastic fibres for extensibility and elasticity
44
3 types of cells in the dermis
1. Fibroblasts 2. Macrophages 3. Adipocytes
45
What are the two distinct regions and their ratio within the dermis?
1. Papillary Region (20%) 2. Reticular Region (80%)
46
What is the papillary layer of the dermis composed of and what does it do?
* Areolar tissue that provides cushioning
47
What does the papillary layer of the dermis contain?
1. Capillary loops - feed epidermis 2. Corpuscles of touch 3. Free nerve endings
48
What is the reticular layer of the dermis composed of and what does it contain?
Dense irregular connective tissue that contains blood/lymph vessels, nerves, accessory organs, adipocytes
49
What are striae
Stretch marks caused by quick/excessive stretching of skin
50
What is the subcutaneous layer composed of?
Fascia
51
What does the subcutaneous layer do? and what is it mainly composed of?
* Mainly adipose tissue * Separates skin from deeper structures
52
What can happen if a burn damages large areas of skin
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance leading to kidney impairment and circulatory shock
53
What is a first degree burn
Only affects surface of epidermis
54
What is a second degree burn
* Entire epidermis and maybe dermis damaged * Blistering, pain and swelling
55
What is a third degree burn?
* Destroys epidermis, dermis, and extends to subcutaneous level * Less painful (nerves destroyed) * Cannot repair (skin graft)
56
How are burns evaluated?
1. Depth 2. Percentage of skin burned
57
What is the rule of nines?
Method of estimating burns on body
58
In emergencies how are burns treated?
* Replace lost fluids/electrolytes * Provide nutrients * Prevent infection * assist with tissue repair or skin graft
59
What are the types of skin grafts?
1. Split thickness graft - epidermis/superficial dermis 2. Full-thickness graft - epidermis and both layers of dermis
60
What are 3 material sources for skin grafts
Autograft - self donor Allograft - From cadaver Xenograft - animal skin

A&P 400 (14 decks)

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