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A&P 400 > Integumentary Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Integumentary Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What can the integumentary system be referred to as?

A

Integument

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1
Q

What are the two major components of the integumentary system

A

Cutaneous membrane
Accessory structures

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2
Q

What are the 6 main functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. protection
  2. blood reservoir
  3. Thermoregulation
  4. Excretion/absorption
  5. sensory
  6. vitamin d synthesis
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3
Q

Which part of the integumentary system acts as a blood reservoir?

A

Dermis

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4
Q

How does the integumentary system maintain normal body temperature

A

Vasodilaton, vasoconstriction, insulation or evaporative cooling

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5
Q

What is produced to protect from UV radiation?

A

Melanin

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6
Q

What is produced to protect against abrasion and act as a water repellent?

A
  • Keratin
    *
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7
Q

What composes the cutaneous membrane?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer

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8
Q

What composes the accessory structures?

A
    • Hairs, nails, exocrine glands, sensory receptors and nerve fibers, cutaneous plexus
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9
Q

What is the basic structure of the epidermis?

A

superficial, thinner
epithelial tissue
multiple layers of squamous cells (strata)
Avascular

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10
Q

What are keratinocytes? What is their function?

Epidermal 4 major cell types

A
  • Primary epidermis cell type 90-95%
  • Produce and accumulate keratin
  • Produce lammellar granules
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11
Q

What are lammelar granules?

A

Waterproof sealant

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12
Q

What do melanocytes do?

Epidermal 4 major cell types

A

Produce melanin

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13
Q

What does melanin do?

A
  • Absorb damaging UV light and contribute to skin color
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14
Q

What happens to melanin produced by melanocytes?

A

transferred to keratinocytes via dendrites

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15
Q

What is the function of melanin in keratinocytes?

A

Covers and protects nuclear material

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16
Q

What do langerhans cells do? Where are they created?

A

Antigen presenting cells
Bone marrow cells

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17
Q

What do Tactile Epithelial cells do?
What is another name they are commonly called?

A
  • Function in sensation of touch using a sensory structure called tactile disc
  • least numerous
  • Merkel Cells
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18
Q

Does the epidermis contain blood vessels?

A

No cells get oxygen from capillaries in dermis

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19
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

Epidermis surface layer
Cells remain there for 2 weeks

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20
Q

What are the epidermal layers superficial to deep?

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum
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21
Q

Where is thin and thick skin found? How many layers in each

A

Thin skin: covers body surface, 4 layers
Thick skin: Found on palms and soles of feet, 5 layers

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22
Q

Describe what the stratum basale is?

A
  • 1 layer of cuboidal basal cells
  • attached to basement membranes via hemidesmosomes
  • Basal cells that divide to replace superficial keratinocytes
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23
Q

If stratum basale damaged, can new skin be generated?

A

No, skin graft necessary

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24
Q

Describe stratum spinosum

A
  • 8-10 layers of keratinocytes
  • Provide strength and flexibiltity
  • contain langerhans cells
25
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum

A
  • 3-5 layers of keratinocytes
  • Have stopped dividing and produce keratin and keratohyalin
  • Transition b/w deeper active cells and superficial dead cells
26
Q

What do lamellar granules do in the stratum granulosum

A

release water repellant lipids into cell spaces

27
Q

What does the stratum lucidum do?

A
  • Found in thick skin only
  • Densely packed dead cells filled with keratin and keratolyalin
  • Additional layer of toughness to thick skin
27
Q

Describe the stratum corneum

A
  • Outermost region with keratinized cells
  • Dead cells connected by desmosomes
  • Water resistant, but loses water through insensible perspiration and sensible perspiration
28
Q

What is the process of epidermal keratinization?

A
  • As keratinocytes are pushed towards surface, they accumulate keratin
  • Gradually die and slought off and replaced by cells moving up
29
Q

What is the substance that plays a role in epidermal keratinization

A

Epidermal Growth factor

30
Q

What structure forms at the deeper layers of the epidermis?

A

Epidermal ridges

31
Q

What structure is adjacent to epidermal ridges?

A

Dermal papillae which increase surface area for better attachment

32
Q

How are fingerprints formed?

A

Unique pattern of epidermal ridges on fingertip

33
Q

What is dandruff?

A

Excessive amount of keratinized cells shedding from scalp

34
Q

What is psoriasis

A
  • Autoimmune chronic skin disorder
  • Rapidly dividing keratinocytes
  • Commonly found on extensors
35
Q

Describe plaque psoriasis

A
  • Most common type
  • silvery white scales
    *
36
Q

Describe nail psoriasis

A
  • Abnormal nail growth, discoloration
  • Nail loss may occur
37
Q

Guttate psoriasis

A
  • Triggered by bacterial infection
  • Small drop sized spots
  • Affecting young adults and children mostly
38
Q

How are calluses and corns formed?

A
  • Increased pressure/irritation leading to hyperkeratosis
  • Thickened skin due to increased keratinocytes
39
Q

Describe what corns are?

A
  • Smaller and deeper than calluses
  • Hard center with swollen skin
  • May be pain when pressed
  • form on top of toe
40
Q

Describe calluses

A
  • Rarely painful
  • develop on pressure spots such as soles of feet
41
Q

What is the dermis?

A
  • Layer b/w epidermis and subcutaneous layer
  • Highly vascular
42
Q

What are the 5 main dermis components

A

Fibres
Cells
Glands
Nerves
Blood vessels

43
Q

What are the two types of fibres in the dermis and what are their function?

A
  1. Collagen fibres for tensile strength
  2. Elastic fibres for extensibility and elasticity
44
Q

3 types of cells in the dermis

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Macrophages
  3. Adipocytes
45
Q

What are the two distinct regions and their ratio within the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary Region (20%)
  2. Reticular Region (80%)
46
Q

What is the papillary layer of the dermis composed of and what does it do?

A
  • Areolar tissue that provides cushioning
47
Q

What does the papillary layer of the dermis contain?

A
  1. Capillary loops - feed epidermis
  2. Corpuscles of touch
  3. Free nerve endings
48
Q

What is the reticular layer of the dermis composed of and what does it contain?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that contains blood/lymph vessels, nerves, accessory organs, adipocytes

49
Q

What are striae

A

Stretch marks caused by quick/excessive stretching of skin

50
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer composed of?

A

Fascia

51
Q

What does the subcutaneous layer do? and what is it mainly composed of?

A
  • Mainly adipose tissue
  • Separates skin from deeper structures
52
Q

What can happen if a burn damages large areas of skin

A

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance leading to kidney impairment and circulatory shock

53
Q

What is a first degree burn

A

Only affects surface of epidermis

54
Q

What is a second degree burn

A
  • Entire epidermis and maybe dermis damaged
  • Blistering, pain and swelling
55
Q

What is a third degree burn?

A
  • Destroys epidermis, dermis, and extends to subcutaneous level
  • Less painful (nerves destroyed)
  • Cannot repair (skin graft)
56
Q

How are burns evaluated?

A
  1. Depth
  2. Percentage of skin burned
57
Q

What is the rule of nines?

A

Method of estimating burns on body

58
Q

In emergencies how are burns treated?

A
  • Replace lost fluids/electrolytes
  • Provide nutrients
  • Prevent infection
  • assist with tissue repair or skin graft
59
Q

What are the types of skin grafts?

A
  1. Split thickness graft - epidermis/superficial dermis
  2. Full-thickness graft - epidermis and both layers of dermis
60
Q

What are 3 material sources for skin grafts

A

Autograft - self donor
Allograft - From cadaver
Xenograft - animal skin

A&P 400 (14 decks)

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