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A & P 2 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

Filter blood and excrete toxic metabolic wastes
Regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity
Regulate electrolytes and acid-base balance
Secrete erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells
Help regulate calcium levels by participating in calcitriol synthesis
Clear hormones from blood
Detoxify free radicals
In starvation, they synthesize glucose from amino acids

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2
Q

____ is a by-product of protein metabolism

A

Urea

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3
Q

What is the step-by-step process of proteins to urea?

A

It goes from proteins to amino acids, where the NH2 gets removed, then ammonia is formed, to which the liver converts that to urea

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4
Q

____ is nucleic acid catabolism?

A

Uric acid

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5
Q

____ is the product of creatine phosphate catabolism

A

Creatinine

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6
Q

What is the normal concentration of blood urea supposed to be?

A

10 to 20 mg/dL

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7
Q

____ can be defined as separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them

A

Excretion

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8
Q

What are the 4 systems that carry out excretion?

A

Respiratory, integumentary, digestive and urinary systems

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9
Q

What does the respiratory excrete?

A

CO_2, small amounts of other gases, and water

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10
Q

What does the integumentary excrete?

A

Water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, urea in sweat

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11
Q

What does the digestive system excrete?

A

Water, salts, CO_2, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol, and other metabolic waste

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12
Q

What does the urinary system excrete?

A

Many metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, H^+, and water

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13
Q

What are the CT coverings/layers hat protect the kidney?

A

Renal fascia, adipose (perirenal) capsule, renal (fibrous) capsule

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14
Q

What layer binds kidney to abdominal wall?

A

Renal fascia

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15
Q

What layer cushions and supports kidney; holds it in place?

A

Adipose (Perirenal) Capsule

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16
Q

What layer surrounds kidney like cellophane wrap; protects from trauma and infection?

A

Renal (Fibrous) Capsule

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17
Q

What is the sectional anatomy of the kidney composed of?

A

Renal cortex, renal medulla, renal columns and lobes of kidney

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18
Q

____ is the path of blood through the kidney

A

Renal circulation

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19
Q

Explain the path of blood in the reanl artery.

A

Interlobular arteries to arcuate arteries to interlobar (cortical radiate) arteries to afferent arterioles to glomerulus to efferent arterioles to peritubular capillaries

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20
Q

How does blood exit the kidney?

A

It flows back through the interlobular, arcuate and interlobar veins and finally exits through the renal vein

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21
Q

Innervate kidneys and ureters
Enter each kidney at hilum
Follow tributaries of renal arteries to individual nephrons
These are common features of the ____ nerves

A

Renal

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22
Q

What does sympathetic innevation of the renal nerve supply do?

A

Adjusts rate of urine formation and stimulates the release of renin

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23
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Microscopic, tubular structures in cortex of each lobe of the kidney where urine production begins

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24
Q

How many nephrons does each kidney have?

A

1.2 million

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25
Q

What is the nephron composed of?

A

The renal corpsucle and tubule

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26
Q

What part of the nephron filters the blood plasma?

A

Renal corpsucle

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27
Q

What makes up the renal corpsucle?

A

Consists of the glomerulus (ball of capillaries) and a two-layered glomerular (bowmans) capsule that encloses glomerulus

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28
Q

What kind of epithelium makes up the outer layer of the glomerular capsule?

A

Simple squamous

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29
Q

What is the inner layer of the glomerular capsule composed of?

A

Podocytes that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus

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30
Q

What seperates the two layers of the glomerular capsule?

A

Capsular space

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31
Q

____ is a long, coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine (PCT, Nephron Loop, DCT)

A

Renal tubule

32
Q

What does the renal tubule do?

A

Processes filtrate into urine

33
Q

The ____ leaves the glomerular capsule

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

34
Q

What features does the PCT have?

A

Longest, most coiled simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli for absorption

35
Q

What is the shape of the nephron loop and the limbs?

A

U shaped, with ascending and descending limbs

36
Q

The nephron loopis made of the thick segement which has ____ epithelium and the thin segment which has ____ epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal
Simple squamous

37
Q

What is the thick segment of the nephron loop involved in?

A

the active transport of salts

38
Q

The ____ segment is very water peremeable

A

thin

39
Q

What kind of microvillli does the DCT have?

A

Cuboidal and minimal

40
Q

What is the end of the nephron?

A

The DCT

41
Q

The ____ receives fluid from the DCTs of several nephrons as it passes back into the medulla.

A

Collecting duct

42
Q

What is the flow of fluid starting from the glomerular capsule and ending with the urethra?

A

glomerular capsule - PCT - nephron loop - DCT - collecting duct - renal papilla (papillary duct) - minor calyx - major calyx - renal pelvis - ureter - urinary bladder - urethra

43
Q

What are the proportions of the juxtamedullary and cortical nephrons?

A

Cortical - 85%
Juxtamedullary - 15%

44
Q

The ____ nephrons are very short loops while the ____ are very long loops

A

Cortical and juxtamedullary

45
Q

What are the 3 basic processes of urine formation?

A

Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
Water Conservation

46
Q

In ____ a plasma like filtrate of blood is created

A

Glomerular filtration

47
Q

In ____ useful solutes from the filtrate are removed and returned back into the blood

A

Tubular resorption

48
Q

In ____ additional wastes from the blood and added to the filtrate

A

Tubular secretion

49
Q

In ____ water is removed from the urine and returned to the blood. Waste is concentrated here

A

Water conservation

50
Q

What does the kidney convert?

A

Blood plasma to urine

51
Q

____ is the fluid in the capsular space?

A

Glomerular filrate

52
Q

What is the difference between glomerular fltarte and blood plasma?

A

GF has almost no protein

53
Q

____ is fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule through the distal convoluted tubule

A

Tubular fluid

54
Q

What removes or adds substances from the tubular fluid?

A

Tubular cells

55
Q

____ is fluid that enters the collecting duct

A

Urine

56
Q

Fluid flows through renal tubules too rapidly for them to reabsorb the usual amount of water and solutes
Urine output rises
Chance of dehydration and electrolyte depletion
are all symptoms of too ____ GFR

A

High

57
Q

What happens in GFR is too low?

A

Wastes are reabsorbed
Azotemia may occur

58
Q

____ is controlled by adjusting glomerular blood pressure from moment to moment

A

GFR

59
Q

What are the 3 main homoestatic mechanisms by which GFR control is achieved?

A

Renal autoregulation
Sympathetic control
Hormonal control

60
Q

What are the hormones that help control blood pressure and GFR?

A

Renin, angiotensin and aldosterone

61
Q

What do baroreceptors in the carotid and aorta do in response to a drop in blood pressure?

A

They stimulate the sympathetic nervous system

62
Q

Sympathetic fibers trigger release of ________ by the _____

A

renin
kidneys

63
Q

Renin converts ________ (a blood protein) into _______

A

angiotensinogen
Angiotensin I

64
Q

In lungs and kidneys, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to ________

A

Angiotensin II

65
Q

What does Angiotensin II do to BP?

A

Raises it

66
Q

What does Angiotensin II stimulate?

A

the adrenal cortex

67
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Aldosterone

68
Q

Aldosterone ____ blood pressure by ____ urine volume

A

Increases and decreases

69
Q

The ____ reabsorbs about ________ of glomerular filtrate, removes some substances from blood, and secretes them into tubular fluid for disposal in urine

A

PCT and 65%

70
Q

What is the 2 routes of reabsorption by the PCT?

A

Transcellular and Paracellular routes

71
Q

What does the PCT reabsorb?

A

Na+ (creates osmotic and electrical gradient important for reabsorption of H2O and solutes),
Cl-
glucose
bicarbonate
K+
Mg
Water (the kidneys reduce about 180 liters of urine each day, so it is obvious that water reabsorption is a significant function)
nitrogenous wastes

72
Q

What does the PCT secrete?

A

Hydrogen ions

73
Q

ANP stand for ________ and PTH stands for ______

A

Atrial Natiuretic Peptide
Parathyroid Hormone

74
Q

____ is secreted by the atrial myocardium of the heart in response to high blood pressure

A

ANP

75
Q

What does ANP do?

A

Promotes sodium and water excretion, increases urine volume and decreases blood pressure and volume

76
Q

What are the effects of PTH?

A

Increases calcium reabsorption in DCT and blood, increases phosphate excretion in PCT, decreases new bone formation

A & P 2 (12 decks)

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