Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What controls the rate in which the stomach is emptying?

A

Pyloric sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What must happen to nutrients?

A

They must be broken down into smaller components before body can make use of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the digestive system act as?

A

A disassembly line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

To break down nutrients into forms that can be used by the body
To absorb them so they can be distributed to the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

____ is the study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders

A

Gastroenterology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the digestive system ?

A

organ system that processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates residue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 5 stages of digestion?

A

Injestion, digestion, absorption, compaction, exceretion (defecation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Digestion is ______

A

the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food molecules into a form usable by the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_________ is the uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood and lymph

A

Absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

____ is the absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces

A

Compaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

____ is the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles

A

Mechanical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are 2 examples of mechanical digestion?

A

Cutting and grinding action of the teeth
Churning action of stomach and small intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

____ is a series of hydrolysis reactions that breaks dietary macromolecules into their individual monomers

A

Chemical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are digestive enzymes produced?

A

In salivary glands, stomach, pancreas and small intenstine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Polysaccharides (carbohydrates) are broken down to ____, proteins to ________, lipids to ____ and nucleic acids to _________

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Monoglycerides and fatty acids
Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

____ is the muscular contractions that break up and propel food through the canal, mix it with digestive enzymes and eliminates the waste

A

Motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

____ is the release of digestive enzymes and hormones that carry out or regulate digestion

A

Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

____ is the release of digestive enzymes and hormones that carry out or regulate digestion

A

Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

____ is active transport and facilitated diffusion that absorb nutrients and transfer them to the blood and lymph

A

Membrane transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 2 main divisons of the digestive tract?

A

Digestive tract and accessory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the digestive tract also called?

A

Alimentary canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the tissue layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae and MALT make up the ______

A

Mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What makes up the submucosa?

A

Blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve plexus and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the muscularis externa composed of ?

A

Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The serosa is the ______

A

Areolar tissue or mesothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 2 nerve networks of the enteric nervous control?

A

Submucosal and myenteric plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The ________ controls glandular secretion of mucosa
Controls movement (contractions) of muscularis mucosae and is found in the submucosa

A

Submucosal plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What NS contriols peristalis?

A

Myenteric plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

____________ is a serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen and covers the mesenteries and viscera.

A

Peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do the lesser and greater omentum do?

A

Lesser - attaches stomach to liver
Greater - covers small intestines like an apron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does the mesentery of small intestine do?

A

holds many blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does the mesocolon do?

A

anchors colon to posterior body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The motility and secretion of the digestive tract are controlled by ______, ______, and __________.

A

neural, hormonal, and paracrine mechanisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Includes 2 automatic reflexes:
short (myenteric) reflexes: swallowing
long (vagovagal) reflexes: parasympathetic stimulation of digestive motility and secretion

A

neural control in the regulation of the digestive tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are examples of hormones produced by the digestive tract?

A

gastrin and secretin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are examples of paracrine secretions?

A

histamine and prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the functions of the mouth (oral or buccal cavity)?

A

Ingestion (food intake)
Taste and other sensory responses to food
Mechanical digestion: chewing
Chemical digestion: begins digestion of carbohydrates and lipids
Swallowing, speech, and respiration
Lubrication: mixing with mucous and salivary gland secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What type of tissue lines the mouth?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What do the lingual glands in the tongue do?

A

secrete saliva, tonsils in root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

space between teeth and cheeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the lips/labia divided into?

A

cutaneous area (mustache area) and red (vermillion) area (lipstick area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How many baby/decidous teeth do people have by 2 years?

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How many teeth do adults have?

A

Adult have (32): 16 in mandible and maxilla
Incisors, canines, premolars and molars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Explain each tooth.

A

2 incisors—central and lateral
1 canine—pointed and act to puncture and shred food
2 premolars—broad surface for crushing, shredding, and grinding
3 molars—even broader surface for crushing, shredding, and grinding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

____ is sticky residue on the teeth made up of bacteria and sugars

A

Plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

When is root canal therapy needed?

A

if cavity reaches pulp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

____ is the inflammation of gums.

A

Gingivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

________ is the destruction of the supporting bone around the teeth which may result in tooth loss

A

Periodontal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the first step of mechanical digestion?

A

Mastication or chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

In chewing, the __________, ______, and manipulate food and push it between the teeth

A

tongue, buccinator and orbicularis oris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

In chewing, the masseter and temporalis _____

A

Elevate the teeth to crush food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What swings the teeth in side-to-side grinding action of molars?

A

medial and lateral pterygoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are some functions of saliva?

A

moistens the mouth
begins starch and fat digestion
cleanse teeth
inhibit bacteria
moistens food and binds it together into bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Is saliva hypertonic or hypotonic?

A

Hypotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

enzyme that begins starch digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is lingual lipase?

A

enzyme that digests fat after it reaches the stomach (activated by stomach acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What does mucus do?

A

binds and lubricates a mass of food and aids in swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

an enzyme that kills bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is immunoglobin A?

A

an antibody that inhibits bacterial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the pH of saliva?

A

Between 6.8 to 7.0

63
Q

What do intrinsic salivary glands so?

A

secrete small amounts of saliva at constant rate

64
Q

What are the 3 pairs of the extrinsic glands called?

A

Parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands

65
Q

What do the mucous cells do?

A

Secrete mucus

66
Q

What do serous cells do?

A

Secrete thin fluid rich in enzymes (amylase) and electrolytes

67
Q

Salivary amylase begins to digest starch as food is chewed, which mucus in the saliva binds food particles into a soft, slippery mass called a ________

A

bolus

68
Q

What does the esophagus prevent?

A

Stomach contents from regurgitating into the esophagus

69
Q

What are the tissue layers of the esophagus?

A

Mucosa, submucose, muscularis externa

70
Q

What is the esophagus covered with?

A

Adventitia

71
Q

What tissue is the mucosa made of?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

72
Q

What are the stages of swallowing?

A

Oral/buccal phase (voluntary control)
Pharyngeal phase (involuntary control)
Esophageal phase

73
Q

In the ____ phase, the tongue forms a food bolus and pushes it into the laryngopharynx.

A

oral/buccal

74
Q

In the ____ phase, the palate, tongue, vocal cords, and epiglottis block the oral and nasal cavities and airway while pharyngeal constrictors push the bolus into the esophagus.

A

pharyngeal

75
Q

Peristalsis drives the bolus downward, and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter admits it into the stomach.

A

Esophageal phase

76
Q

____ is a muscular sac in upper left abdominal cavity immediately inferior to the diaphragm

A

Stomach

77
Q

What is the resulting soupy mixture in the stoamch when food is broken down, liquidified

A

Chyme

78
Q

What does chyme absorb?

A

aspirin and some lipid-soluble drugs

79
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia (cardial) region
Fundus
Body (corpus)
Pyloric region

80
Q

What makes up the greatest part of stomach?

A

Body (corpus)

81
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter do?

A

Regulates the passage of chyme into the duodenum

82
Q

How does innervation occur in the stomach?

A

Innervation by:
Parasympathetic fibers from vagus
Sympathetic fibers from celiac ganglia

83
Q

How does the stomach have blood?

A

Branches of the celiac trunk

84
Q

All blood drained from stomach and intestines enters ____________ and is filtered through liver before returning to heart

A

hepatic portal circulation

85
Q

What is the mucosal tissue of the stomach wall made of?

A

simple columnar glandular epithelium

86
Q

What is it called in the mucosa when stomach emptied the mucosa and submucosa layers appear wrinkled

A

Gastric rugae

87
Q

What are the 3 layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach wall?

A

outer longitudinal, middle circular and inner oblique layers

88
Q

What are the cells of the gastric glands?

A

Mucus cells, regenerative (stem) cells, parietal cells, chief cells and enteroendocrine cells

89
Q

What do mucus cells do?

A

secrete mucus

90
Q

What do Regenerative (stem) cells do?

A

Divide rapidly and produce continual supply of new cells to replace cells that die

91
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

secrete HCl acid and intrinsic factor

92
Q

What do chief cells do?

A

secrete pepsinogen
chymosin and lipase

93
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do?

A

Secrete hormones and paracrine messengers that regulate digestion

94
Q

What do G cells produce?

A

Gastrin

95
Q

What enzyme do parietal cells contain?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

96
Q

What does increase in bicarbonate in the blood cause?

A

Alkaline tide/increases blood pH

97
Q

What does HCl activate?

A

Pepsin and lingual lipase

98
Q

What does HCl convert?

A

ingested ferric ions (Fe^(3+) ) to ferrous ions (Fe^(2+) )

99
Q

What is Fe2+ used for?

A

Hemoglobin synthesis

100
Q

How does hydochloric acid contribute to nonspecific disease resistance?

A

By destroying most ingested pathogens

101
Q

What is intrinsic factor used for and why is this important?

A

B12 absorption which is needed for hemoglobin synthesis

102
Q

____ cells are needed for protein digestion.

A

Pepsin

103
Q

What makes gastric lipase?

A

Chief cells

104
Q

G cells make ____, which promotes parietal cells to make ______

A

Gastrin
HCl

105
Q

What is vomiting?

A

forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents (chyme) from the mouth

106
Q

What causes vomiting?

A

Overstretching of the stomach or duodenum
Chemical irritants such as alcohol and bacterial toxins
Visceral trauma
Intense pain or psychological and sensory stimuli

107
Q

________ is sudden vomiting with no prior nausea or retching

A

Projectile vomiting

108
Q

What are the 3 ways the stomach is protected from the harsh enzymatic and acidic environment it creates?

A

Mucous coat, tight juctions and epithelial cell replacement

109
Q

What can the breakdown of the protective measures of the stomach result in?

A

inflammation and peptic ulcer

110
Q

What are most uclers caused by, and what can this be treated with?

A

Helicobacter pylori and antibiotics/Pepto-Bismol

111
Q

What is the gastric activity divided into?

A

Cephalic, Gastric and Intestinal Phases

112
Q

In the ____ phase, vagus nerve stimulates gastric secretions and motility just with sight, smell, taste or thought of food

A

Cephalic

113
Q

In the ____ phase, duodenum regulates gastric activity through hormones and nervous reflexes

A

Intestinal

114
Q

What are the 3 main chemicals the gastric secretion is stimulated by?

A

Ach, histamine and gastrin

115
Q

What do the liver, gallbladder and pancreas all do?

A

All release important secretions into small intestine to continue digestion

116
Q

How many lobes does the liver have?

A

4

117
Q

The sinusoid of the liver contains phagocytic cells called ________

A

Kupffer cells (hepatic macrophages)

118
Q

In the liver, the central vein (passes down the core) surrounded by hepatocyte (cuboidal cells) separated by ____________ (blood-filled channels that fill spaces between the plates) which are lined with _________

A

Hepatic sinusoids
Fenestrated epithelium

119
Q

What do hepatocytes absorb from the blood after a meal?

A

glucose, amino acids, iron, vitamins, and other nutrients for metabolism or storage

120
Q

What do hepatocytes do between meals?

A

break down stored glycogen and release glucose into the blood

121
Q

What do hepatocytes remove and degrade?

A

hormones, toxins, bile pigments, and drugs

122
Q

What do hepatocytes secrete into the blood?

A

albumin, lipoproteins, clotting factors, angiotensinogen, and other products

123
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

stores and concentrates bile by absorbing water and electrolytes

124
Q

What is bile?

A

yellow-green fluid containing minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, bile pigments, and bile acids

125
Q

____ is the principal pigment derived from the decomposition of hemoglobin

A

Bilirubin

126
Q

________ is responsible for the brown color of feces
________ is responsible for yellow color of urine

A

Sterocobilin and urobilin

127
Q

When can gallstones form?

A

if bile becomes excessively concentrated with wastes

128
Q

The pancreas is both a ____ and a ____ gland.

A

Endocrine and exocrine

129
Q

What cells secrete pancreatic juice into the duodenum?

A

Acini cells

130
Q

The ____ in the pancreas controls release of both bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

131
Q

What are the proteases/zymogens of the pancreas?

A

trypsinogen
chymotrypsinogen
procarboxypeptidase

132
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Digests starches

133
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Digests lipids (fats)

134
Q

What do ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease do?

A

digest RNA and DNA respectively

135
Q

Trypsinogen converted to ________ by _______

A

Trypsin
intenstinal epithelium

136
Q

What occurs in the small intestine?

A

Nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

137
Q

The largest pat of the digestive tract is the _____

A

Small intenstine

138
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum

139
Q

The ____ known as the Mixing bowl” that receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liver

A

duodenum

140
Q

What does the duodenum neutralize?

A

neutralizes stomach acids, emulsifies fats, pepsin inactivated by pH increase, pancreatic enzymes

141
Q

What are peyer’s patches and where are they found?

A

clusters of lymphatic nodules
in the ileum

142
Q

What is the microscopic anatomy of the small intestine composed of?

A

Circular folds, intenstibal vili, microvilli and intestinal crypts

143
Q

________ are fingerlike projections in mucosa of small intestines

A

Intestinal Villi

144
Q

What is Intestinal Villi covered by?

A

simple columnar epithelium with microvilli

145
Q

The contractions of small intestine serve three functions, which are _____

A
  1. To mix chyme with intestinal juice, bile and pancreatic juice (allows these fluids to neutralize acid and digest nutrients more effectively)
  2. To churn chyme and bring it in contact with the mucosa for contact digestion and nutrient absorption
  3. Moves residue towards large intestine
146
Q

What is the puropose of segmentation in small intestine?

A

is to mix and churn not to move material along as in peristalsis

147
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The gradual movement of contents towards colon (large Intestnes)

148
Q

What does the usually closed ileoccecal valve do?

A

Prevents reflux of fecal contents into the ileum

149
Q

What does a balanced diet contain?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids/Vitamins/Minerals
Water

150
Q

What are digestive enzymes secreted by?

A

Salivary glands
Tongue
Stomach
Pancreas

151
Q

What do lipases seperate?

A

Lipases separate fatty acids from glycerides

152
Q

________ are absent from saliva but begin working in the stomach

A

Proteins

153
Q

____ amylase completes digestion.

A

Pancreatic