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A & P 2 > Chapter 17: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is hematology?

A

Study of blood

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2
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transport, protection and regulation

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3
Q

What does blood transport?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, hormones

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4
Q

What part of the blood is part of protection?

A

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

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5
Q

What does the circulatory consist of?

A

The heart, blood and blood vessels

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6
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

Heart and blood vessels

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7
Q

How much blood does an adult usually have?

A

4 - 6 L

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8
Q

What is blood?

A

Liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix

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9
Q

_______ is aa clear, light yellow fluid

A

Plasma

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10
Q

What are the 3 formed elements?

A

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

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11
Q

What are erythrocytes also known as?

A

Red blood cells

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12
Q

What are thrombocytes known as?

A

Platelets

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13
Q

What are leukocytes known as?

A

White blood cells

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14
Q

What are the 2 categories of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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15
Q

What are the granulocytes (name them)?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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16
Q

What are the granulocytes (name them)?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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17
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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18
Q

_____ is the % of blood cells compared to the total blood volume

A

Hematocrit

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19
Q

What’s the heaviest formed element/settles first?

A

Erythrocytes

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20
Q

What percentage of blood is the erythrocytes?

A

37 - 52%

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21
Q

What percentage of blood is the erythrocytes?

A

37 - 52%

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22
Q

What % of the blood is white blood cells and platelets?

A

1

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23
Q

What percentage of blood is the plasma?

A

47 - 63%

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24
Q

What is plasma a mixture of?

A

Water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, nitrogenous wastes, hormones and gases

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25
Q

What’s is the the only difference between plasma and serum?

A

Plasma has fibrinogen while serum does not

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26
Q

What is the remaining fluid when blood clots and solids are removed called?

A

Serum

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27
Q

What’s the liquid portion of blood?

A

Plasma

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28
Q

What are the 3 major categories of plasma proteins?

A

Albumin, globulins and fibrinogen

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29
Q

________ is the most abundant category of blood, as it contributes to viscosity and osmolarity, influences blood pressure, flow and fluid balance

A

Albumin

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30
Q

What is the category of the plasma proteins that serves as an antibody and a carrier protein?

A

Globulin

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31
Q

What in the blood helps with clotting?

A

Fibrinogen

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32
Q

Other than _____ , plasma proteins are formed in the _____.

A

Gamma globulins and liver

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33
Q

What are gamma globulins produced by?

A

Plasma cells

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34
Q

_____ is the resistance of a fluid to flow (thickness or stickiness of a fluid).

A

Viscosity

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35
Q

Whole blood is _____ times as viscous as water.

A

5

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36
Q

________ is the total molarity of dissolved particles

A

Osmolarity

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37
Q

High osmolarity causes _______, while low osmolarity causes ________.

A

Fluid absorption into blood raising BP
Fluid to remian in the tissues, edema

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38
Q

Hypoproteinemia is the deficiency of ______

A

Plasma proteins

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39
Q

What are some signs of hypoproteinemia?

A

Extreme starvation, liver or kidney diseases and severe burns

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40
Q

Children with _______ have severe protein deficiency, withy thin arms and legs and a swollen abdomen.

A

Kwashiorkor

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41
Q

Adults produce ____ platelets, _____ RBCs and _____ WBCs daily.

A

400 billion , 100-200 billion and 10 billion

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42
Q

Homeopoiesis is the ________

A

Production of blood, especially its formed elements

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43
Q

______ produces all seven formed elements

A

Red blood bone marrow

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44
Q

How many classes of formed elements does the colony-forming unit make?

A

1

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45
Q

________ hemopoiesis is the blood formation in the bone marrow while _____ hemopoiesis is blood formation in the lymphatic organs

A

Myeloid and lymphoid

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46
Q

What does lymphoid hemopoiesis only involve beyond infancy?

A

Lymphocytes

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47
Q

What are the 2 main functions of red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues
Pick up CO2 from tissues and bring to lungs

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48
Q

Insufficient RBCS can cause death in minutes due to ______

A

Lack of oxygen to tissues

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49
Q

What is blood type determined by?

A

Surface glycoproteins and glycolipids

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50
Q

What do RBCs lack?

A

Mitochondria, mitosis, protein synthesis, DNA and nucleus

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51
Q

What percent of cytoplasm is hemoglobin?

A

33%

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52
Q

What gases are involved with the RBCs?

A

Oxygen delivery to tissues
Carbon dioxide transport to lungs

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53
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

Produces carbonic acid from m carbon dioxide and water

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54
Q

How many protein chains do globins have and what is this divided into?

A

4, 2 alpha and 2 beta chains

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55
Q

______ are non protein moieties that bind to ferrous ion (Fe) at its center

A

Heme groups

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56
Q

What does RBC count and hemoglobin concentration indicate?

A

The amount of oxygen blood can carry

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57
Q

Why are hematocrit %, hemoglobin concentration and RBC count lower in women than men.?

A

Androgens stimulate RBC production
Women have periodic menstrual losses
Male blood clots faster, and fewer vessels in male skin

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58
Q

What are the steps to red blood cell production?

A
  1. Hemopoietic stem cell
  2. Colony forming - unit (Erythrocyte CFU)
  3. Erythroblast (Hemoglobin made, nucleus disappears)
  4. Reticulocyte (Leave marrow to blood)
  5. Erythrocyte (Polyribosomes disappear(
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59
Q

_____ RBCs are produced per second, has a development of _____ and has an average lifespan of _____

A

~ 1 million, 3 - 5 days and 120 days

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60
Q

What element is one of the key nutritional requirements for erythropoiesis?

A

Iron

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61
Q

Iron is lost daily through _______ and women lose ___ a day while men lose ____ a day.

A

Urine, feces and bleeding
0.9 mg/day and 1.7 mg/day

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62
Q

How much iron should be consumed daily?

A

5 -20 mg/day

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63
Q

_______ converts Fe3+ to absorbable Fe2+

A

Stomach acid

64
Q

Gastroferritin binds _____ and transports it to _____

A

Fe2+ and intestine

65
Q

Fe2+ is absorbed into the blood and binds to ______ for transport

A

Transferritin

66
Q

_____ for hemoglobin and ______ for myoglobin

A

Bone marrow and muscle

67
Q

____ binds to Fe2+ create ferritin for storage

A

Liver apoferritin

68
Q

What are the steps of iron metabolism?

A
  1. Mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+ is injested
  2. Stomach converts Fe3+ to Fe2+
  3. Fe2+ binds to gastroferritin
  4. Gastroferritin transports Fe2+ to small intestine and releases it for absorption
  5. In blood plasma Fe2+ binds to transferritin
  6. In liver, some transferritin releases Fe2+ for storage
  7. Fe2+ bind to apoferritin to be stored as ferritin
  8. Remaining transferrin is distributed to other organs where Fe2+ is used to make hemoglobin, myoglobin etc
69
Q

What kind of feedback system occurs in erythropoiesis?

A

Negative feedback

70
Q

Production of ______ stimulates bone marrow.

A

Erythropoietin

71
Q

How long does it take from RBC count to go back up after it decreases?

A

3 - 4 days

72
Q

What’s re some stimuli for erythropoiesis that causes the negative feedback loop?

A

Low levels of oxygen (hypoxemia) - Moving to higher altitudes
Increase in exercise (Muscles consume oxygen faster)
Loss of lung tissue in emphysema

73
Q

Where do RBCs rupture/lyse?

A

In narrow channels of spleen and liver

74
Q

What do macrophages in the spleen do?

A

Digest membrane bits and separate heme from globin

75
Q

What is its called when the heme pigment is converted to green?

A

Billiverdin

76
Q

What is billiverdin converted to that is yellow?

A

Billirubin

77
Q

What gives brown feces its color and yellow urine its color?

A

Feces - Urobillnogen
Urine - Urochrome

78
Q

Billirubin _______ and gut bacteria turns _____ into brown urobilliogen.

A

Binds albumin and bile

79
Q

What is an excess of RBCs called?

A

Polycythemia

80
Q

What are the kinds of polycythemia and explain.

A

Primary - cancer of erthrythropoietic cell line in red bone marrow (RBC count as high as 11 million)

Secondary - Can be from dehydration, high altitude or physical conditioning (RBC count as high as 8 million)

81
Q

Embolism, stroke and heart failure are all dangers of _______.

A

Polycythemia

82
Q

_____ is the low-carrying capacity of RBCs

A

Anemia

83
Q

Some causes of anemia include _____ anemia, _____- anemia and ________.

A

Hemorrhagic (blood loss), hemolytic (RBC destruction) and inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis

84
Q

_______ anemia involves the autoimmune destruction of the stomach that makes the intrinsic factor.

A

Pernicious

85
Q

What are some things that can lead to inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis?

A

Inadequate vitamin B12/lack of intrinsic factor
Iron - deficiency
Kidney failure
Aplastic anemia

86
Q

Aplastic anemia is _________.

A

Cessation of myeloid function

87
Q

What are 3 effects of anemia?

A

Tissue hypoxia and necrosis
Low blood osmolarity producing tissue edema
Low blood viscosity

88
Q

What causes sickle-cell?

A

A recessive allele that modifies the structure of the hemoglobin molecule

89
Q

The only thing that differs a person with sickle cell from a normal person is the _______ amino acid of the beta chain.

A

Sixth

90
Q

______ are used to distinguish self blood type form foreign, _____ are secreted by plasma cells as a part of an immune response to foreign matter and _____ causes clumping of RBCs.

A

Antigens, antibodies, agglutination

91
Q

RBC antigens are called ____, are divided into __ and _____ and are determined by ____

A

Agglutinogens
A and B
Glycolipids on RBC surface

92
Q

Antibodies are also known as ____ and divided to ___ and ___ and are found in the _____.

A

Agglutinins
Anti-A and anti-B
Plasma

93
Q

Blood Type A person has ___ antigens, Blood Type B person has ___ antigens, Blood Type AB person has ___ antigens and Blood Type O person has ___ antigens

A

A
B
A and B
Neither

94
Q

The most common blood type is ____ while the rarest is _____.

A

O and AB

95
Q

You can not form antibodies against your _______.

A

Antigens

96
Q

What is responsible for mismatched transfusion reaction?

A

Agglutination

97
Q

Charles Brew was the first African American to pursue an adavanced degree in medicine in _____, which led him to use ____ rather than whole blood which gave way to less transfusion reactions.

A

Blood banking and transfusion
Plasma

98
Q

What does O blood type lack?

A

RBC antigens

99
Q

Why is type AB the universal recipient?

A

It lacks plasma antibodies, so no anti-A or anti-B

100
Q

Where and when was the Rh Agglutinogens discovered?

A

Rhesus monkey and 1940

101
Q

What type of agglutinogens are not usually present?

A

Anti-D

102
Q

What kind of mother may have issues during her pregnancy/transfusion?

A

A Rh- woman with an Rh+ fetus/blood transfusion would have no issues the first time but would the second time

103
Q

What is given to pregnant Rh- women and why?

A

RhoGAM and because it binds fetal Agglutinogens so she will not form Anti-D antibodies

104
Q

What can the Rh antibodies that attack fetal blood cause?

A

Severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome

105
Q

What id the least abundant formed element?

A

Leukocytes (WBCs)

106
Q

______ protects against infectious microorganisms and pathogens.

A

White blood cells

107
Q

How long do leukocytes stay the bloodstream before migrating to connective tissue?

A

A few hours

108
Q

_____- have a three to five-lobed nucleus

A

Neutrophils

109
Q

________ have large rosy-orange granules, with a bilobed nucleus.

A

Eosinophils

110
Q

____ have large, abundant, violet granules thaat cover the nucleus.

A

Basophils

111
Q

_____ is usually the largest WBC

A

Monocyte

112
Q

A large number of neutrophils can lead to ____ infections, a large number of eosinophils can lead to ____ and a large number of basophils can lead to ________.

A

Bacterial infections
Parasitic infections, allergies, collagen infections
Chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes

113
Q

What do basophils secrete and what do they do?

A

Histamine (vasodilator) - Speeds up flow of blood to an injured area
Heparin (anticoagulant) - Promotes mobility of other WBCs in the area

114
Q

What are neutrophils nicknamed?

A

Band-, stab- and PMN cells

115
Q

A large number of lymphocytes leads to ____ and a large number of monocytes leads to _______.

A

Diverse infections and immune responses
Numbers of viral infections and inflammation

116
Q

______ destroys cancer, foreign and virally infected cells, presents antigens to activate other immune cells and secretes antibodies, providing immune memory.

A

Lymphocytes

117
Q

_______ leaves the bloodstream, transforming into macrophages.

A

Monocytes

118
Q

What is the production of leukopoeisis?

A

Production of white blood cells

119
Q

Hemopoietic stem cells are also called ______.

A

Hemocytoblasts

120
Q

What do hemocytoblasts differentriate to?

A

Myeloblasts, monoblasts and lymphoblasts

121
Q

Myeloblasts form_______, monobalsts form ____ and lymphoblasts form ____.

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

122
Q

Where are granulocytes stored and released?

A

In the red bone marrow

123
Q

Dead ____ causes the creamy color of pus.

A

Neutrophils

124
Q

Granulocytes leave the blood stream in ____ hours and leave ____ days later, while monocytes leave in _____, transform into macrophages and live for ______.

A

8 hours
5 days
20 hours
Several years

125
Q

What is a normal WBC count range?

A

4 - 10 thousand

126
Q

______ is a low WBC count below ___ and ___ is a high WBC count, higher than ____.

A

Leukopenia, 5,000, Leukocytosis, 10,000

127
Q

Radiation, HIV and poisons are all causes of _______.

A

Leukopenia

128
Q

What are some causes of leukocytosis?

A

Infection, allergy, disease

129
Q

_____ is the cancer of hemopoietic tissue, usually producing a very high number of circulating leukocytes.

A

Leukemia

130
Q

Myeloid leukemia is uncontrolled ______ production while _____ leukemia is uncontrolled lymphocytes or monocytes production.

A

Granulocytes
Lymphoid

131
Q

Acute leukemia appears _____, with death within _______, while _______ goes undetected for months, with the survival time being 3 yeas

A

Suddenly, months and chronic leukemia

132
Q

Hemostasis is ______ while hemorrhage is ________

A

The cessation of bleeding
Excessive bleeding

133
Q

What are the 3 steps of stopping bleeding?

A

Vascular spasm, Platelet plug formation, blood clotting (coagulation)

134
Q

_____ are small fragments of megakaryocyte cells, with a normal count of ___________

A

Platelets
130,000 to 400,000

135
Q

What are some platelet functions?

A

Phagocytizes bacteria
Initiates formation of clot-dissolving enzyme
Secretes clotting factors and growth factors for vessel repair

136
Q

What is platelet formation called?

A

Thrombopoiesis

137
Q

What happens in the vascular spasm stage of hemostasis?

A

Blood vessels constrict

138
Q

In _____ platelets adhere to blood vessels pulling it together.

A

Platelet plug formation

139
Q

What is the main goal of blood clotting?

A

To convert fibrinogen to fibrin

140
Q

______ is the sticky protein that sticks to the walls of blood vessels

A

Fibrin

141
Q

In the ____ pathway, factors released by damaged tissue begin in cascade while in the ______ pathway, factors in blood begin cascade.

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic

142
Q

What is the most effective defense against bleeding?

A

Clotting

143
Q

What are clotting factors called?

A

Procoagulants

144
Q

Extrinsic pathway is initiated by _______ cascade to factors ___, __ and ___

A

Tissue thromboplastin
Factor 7, 5 and 10

145
Q

Instrinsic pathway is initiated by factor ___ cascade to factor ____ to ____ to ____ to _____.

A

7, 11, 9, 8, 10

146
Q

What is required for both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?

A

Calcium

147
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

Deficiency of any clotting factor that can shut down the coagulation cascade

148
Q

What kind of disease is hemophilia?

A

Sex-linked recessive (X)

149
Q

What are the kinds of hemophilia, what does this entail and what are the percentages?

A

Hemophilia A missing factor VIII (83%)
Hemophilia B missing factor IX (15%)
Hemophilia C missing factor XI (autosomal)

150
Q

What is embolism?

A

Blood clotting in a vessel

151
Q

_______ is abnormal clotting in an unbroken vessel and is most likely to occur _____.

A

Thrombosis
In the leg veins of inactive people

152
Q

What is infarction called?

A

Tissue death

153
Q

How many Americans die annually of thromboembolism (traveling blood clot)?

A

650,000

154
Q

____ are masses of clotted blood in tissues.

A

Hematomas

155
Q

What is required for the formation of clotting factors?

A

Vitamin K

156
Q

______ suppresses thromboxane.

A

Aspirin

157
Q

What animals have been used as anticoagulants?

A

Medicinal leeches (hirudin)
Snake venom (Arvin)

A & P 2 (9 decks)

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