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A & P 2 > New Shit To Study > Flashcards

New Shit To Study Flashcards

1
Q

____ repels blood cells and platelets

A

Tunica interna

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2
Q

what is the tunica interna made of?

A

simple squamous endothelium and a basement membrane

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3
Q

______ provides passage for small nerves, lymphatic vessels and smaller blood vessels that supply outer parts of large vessels

A

Tunica externa

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4
Q

What, other than atherosclerosis and hypertension can cause aneurysms?

A

congenital weakness of blood vessels, trauma or bacterial infections

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5
Q

Why do the tendons, cartilages and epithelia heal so slowly?

A

they have little to no cartilage

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6
Q

Capillaries, arterioles and venules are all _______.

A

Microvasculature

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7
Q

What causes the blood brain barrier?

A

The continuous capillaries in the brain that have really tight junctions with no intercellular clefts

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8
Q

What are some features of the continuous capillary?

A

Pericyte, basal lamina, intercellular cleft, tight junction

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9
Q

Simusoids allow ________ to enter the circulation

A

proteins (albumin), clotting factors and new blood cells

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10
Q

What in the veins keeps blood from falling back down when the muscles relax?

A

Skeletal muscles and venous valves

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11
Q

What causes edema?

A

Varicose veins

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12
Q

What kind of anatomoses is it considered when fingers, palms, toes and ears reduce heat loss in cold weather by allowing warm blood to bypass these exposed surfaces?

A

Arteriovenous anastomosis

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13
Q

What happens to poorly perfused areas in arteriovenous anastomosis?

A

They become more susceptible to frostbite

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14
Q

_____ is the force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall

A

Blood pressure

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15
Q

What is the silent killer most common disease that affects about 30% of Americans over 50?

A

Hypertension

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16
Q

Two causes of primary and secondary hypertension.

A

Primary - Obesity, diet
Secondary - Kidney disease, atherosclerosis

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17
Q

______ is the autonomic negative feedback response to changes in BP detected by stretch receptors in large arteries above heart

A

Baroreflex

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18
Q

______ is an automatic response in changes to blood chemistry

A

Chemoreflex

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19
Q

Where can chemoreceptors be found?

A

In aortic arch, subclavian arteries, external carotid arteries

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20
Q

_____ is the automatic response to a drop in perfusion of the brain

A

Medullary ischemic reflex

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21
Q

What part of the brain monitors its own blood supply?

A

Medulla oblangata

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22
Q

Stress, anger and arousal can ______

A

raise BP

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23
Q

How does aldosterone increase blood volume and blood pressure?

A

Salt retention

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24
Q

Atrial natiuretic factor is secreted by the ________, increases ________ and decreases ________

A

Heart
Na excretion by kidney
Decreases BP

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25
Q

What does ADH do to BP?

A

Increases it

26
Q

What is the epinephrine and norepinephrine effect in most blood vessels?

A

An increase in BP

27
Q

The _______ extends from notrils or anterior/external nares to the posterior opening called the conchae or posterior/internal nares.

A

Nasal cavity

28
Q

The _____ and the _______ makes up the nasal septum

A

Vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

29
Q

What happens if one side of the erectile tissue is obstructed?

A

The other dries out and the tissue transforms into stratified squamous epithelium which doesn’t dry out

30
Q

What parts of the pharynx are made of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

oro pharynx and laryngopharynx

31
Q

The esophagus begins at the _____

A

Laryngopharynx

32
Q

_____ is the space between the soft palate and the epiglottis

A

Oropharynx

33
Q

The _____ rotates the corniculate and arytenoid cartilages, operating the vocal cords while the _____ connects the larynx to the hyoid bone and pulls the larynx during swallowing

A

Intrinsic muscles
Extrinsic muscles

34
Q

What happens if a tracheostomy is left for too long?

A

It dries out the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract

35
Q

The right lung has ____ lobes and the left has has ______

A

3
2

36
Q

What separates the lobes of the right lung?

A

The horizontal and oblique fissure

37
Q

What separates the two lobes of the left lung?

A

A single oblique fissure

38
Q

The ____ lung is shorter while the ______ lung is taller and narrower

A

left
right

39
Q

The visceral pleurae is on the _____ while the parietal plearau lines the ______

A

lungs
rib cage

40
Q

The pleural cavity can be found _____

A

between the visceral and parietal pleura

41
Q

What are the functions of the pleurae and pleural fluid?

A

Reduces friction, creates pressure gradient and does compartmentalization

42
Q

The ______ holds the first pair of ribs stationary

A

Scalenes

43
Q

The _____ is used in forced expiration (coughing, singing and sneezing) while the _____ is used in forced inspiration

A

Abdominals and latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid and erector spinae muscles

44
Q

Neurons in the ______ control unconscious breathing

A

Medulla and pons

45
Q

What do we need from the brain to breath?

A

Stimuli

46
Q

What fires during inspiration? Forced expiration?

A

Inspiratory neurons
Expiratory neurons

47
Q

Fibers of _______ go to diaphragm, _____ to intercostal muscles

A

Phrenic nerves
intercostal nerves

48
Q

What is Boyles Law?

A

The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

49
Q

What matters to flow is the difference between ______ and ______ pressures

A

Atmospheric and intrapulmonary

50
Q

What are some lung cancers?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Small cell carcinoma

51
Q

_____ leads to severe edema

A

Interference with lymphatic drainage

52
Q

What are the terminal lymphatics also called?

A

Lymphatic capillaries

53
Q

What is the route of lymph flow?

A

Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic collecting vessels
Lymphatic trunks
Collecting ducts

54
Q

Lymph class at low _____ and _____, the flow is aided by _____. The _____ pump aids flow from the abdominal to thoracic cavity and the _____ prevents backward flow.

A

Pressure and speed
Skeletal muscle pump
Thoracic pump
Valves

55
Q

The ____ cells can be found in the epidermis, mucous membranes and the lymphatic organs while the ______ cells contribute to stroma

A

dendritic
reticular

56
Q

The ____ tonsil is at the oral cavity, the _____ tonsil is at the root of the tongue and the _____ tonsil is on the wall of the nasopharynx

A

Palatine
Lingual
Pharyngeal

57
Q

The red pulp of the spleen is filled with ____ whole the white pulp is filled with _____

A

erythrocytes and lymphocytes and macrophages

58
Q

Describe the 3 lines of defense

A

1st - External barriers of skin and mucous membranes
2nd - Several innate defense mechanisms
3rd - Adaptive immunity

59
Q

What is released from natural killer cells that destroys infected host cell?

A

Perforins

60
Q

The ______ is a group of 30 or more globulin that make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistance and specific immunity

A

Complement system

A & P 2 (9 decks)

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