New Shit To Study Flashcards
____ repels blood cells and platelets
Tunica interna
what is the tunica interna made of?
simple squamous endothelium and a basement membrane
______ provides passage for small nerves, lymphatic vessels and smaller blood vessels that supply outer parts of large vessels
Tunica externa
What, other than atherosclerosis and hypertension can cause aneurysms?
congenital weakness of blood vessels, trauma or bacterial infections
Why do the tendons, cartilages and epithelia heal so slowly?
they have little to no cartilage
Capillaries, arterioles and venules are all _______.
Microvasculature
What causes the blood brain barrier?
The continuous capillaries in the brain that have really tight junctions with no intercellular clefts
What are some features of the continuous capillary?
Pericyte, basal lamina, intercellular cleft, tight junction
Simusoids allow ________ to enter the circulation
proteins (albumin), clotting factors and new blood cells
What in the veins keeps blood from falling back down when the muscles relax?
Skeletal muscles and venous valves
What causes edema?
Varicose veins
What kind of anatomoses is it considered when fingers, palms, toes and ears reduce heat loss in cold weather by allowing warm blood to bypass these exposed surfaces?
Arteriovenous anastomosis
What happens to poorly perfused areas in arteriovenous anastomosis?
They become more susceptible to frostbite
_____ is the force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall
Blood pressure
What is the silent killer most common disease that affects about 30% of Americans over 50?
Hypertension
Two causes of primary and secondary hypertension.
Primary - Obesity, diet
Secondary - Kidney disease, atherosclerosis
______ is the autonomic negative feedback response to changes in BP detected by stretch receptors in large arteries above heart
Baroreflex
______ is an automatic response in changes to blood chemistry
Chemoreflex
Where can chemoreceptors be found?
In aortic arch, subclavian arteries, external carotid arteries
_____ is the automatic response to a drop in perfusion of the brain
Medullary ischemic reflex
What part of the brain monitors its own blood supply?
Medulla oblangata
Stress, anger and arousal can ______
raise BP
How does aldosterone increase blood volume and blood pressure?
Salt retention
Atrial natiuretic factor is secreted by the ________, increases ________ and decreases ________
Heart
Na excretion by kidney
Decreases BP
What does ADH do to BP?
Increases it
What is the epinephrine and norepinephrine effect in most blood vessels?
An increase in BP
The _______ extends from notrils or anterior/external nares to the posterior opening called the conchae or posterior/internal nares.
Nasal cavity
The _____ and the _______ makes up the nasal septum
Vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
What happens if one side of the erectile tissue is obstructed?
The other dries out and the tissue transforms into stratified squamous epithelium which doesn’t dry out
What parts of the pharynx are made of stratified squamous epithelium?
oro pharynx and laryngopharynx
The esophagus begins at the _____
Laryngopharynx
_____ is the space between the soft palate and the epiglottis
Oropharynx
The _____ rotates the corniculate and arytenoid cartilages, operating the vocal cords while the _____ connects the larynx to the hyoid bone and pulls the larynx during swallowing
Intrinsic muscles
Extrinsic muscles
What happens if a tracheostomy is left for too long?
It dries out the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract
The right lung has ____ lobes and the left has has ______
3
2
What separates the lobes of the right lung?
The horizontal and oblique fissure
What separates the two lobes of the left lung?
A single oblique fissure
The ____ lung is shorter while the ______ lung is taller and narrower
left
right
The visceral pleurae is on the _____ while the parietal plearau lines the ______
lungs
rib cage
The pleural cavity can be found _____
between the visceral and parietal pleura
What are the functions of the pleurae and pleural fluid?
Reduces friction, creates pressure gradient and does compartmentalization
The ______ holds the first pair of ribs stationary
Scalenes
The _____ is used in forced expiration (coughing, singing and sneezing) while the _____ is used in forced inspiration
Abdominals and latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid and erector spinae muscles
Neurons in the ______ control unconscious breathing
Medulla and pons
What do we need from the brain to breath?
Stimuli
What fires during inspiration? Forced expiration?
Inspiratory neurons
Expiratory neurons
Fibers of _______ go to diaphragm, _____ to intercostal muscles
Phrenic nerves
intercostal nerves
What is Boyles Law?
The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
What matters to flow is the difference between ______ and ______ pressures
Atmospheric and intrapulmonary
What are some lung cancers?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Small cell carcinoma
_____ leads to severe edema
Interference with lymphatic drainage
What are the terminal lymphatics also called?
Lymphatic capillaries
What is the route of lymph flow?
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic collecting vessels
Lymphatic trunks
Collecting ducts
Lymph class at low _____ and _____, the flow is aided by _____. The _____ pump aids flow from the abdominal to thoracic cavity and the _____ prevents backward flow.
Pressure and speed
Skeletal muscle pump
Thoracic pump
Valves
The ____ cells can be found in the epidermis, mucous membranes and the lymphatic organs while the ______ cells contribute to stroma
dendritic
reticular
The ____ tonsil is at the oral cavity, the _____ tonsil is at the root of the tongue and the _____ tonsil is on the wall of the nasopharynx
Palatine
Lingual
Pharyngeal
The red pulp of the spleen is filled with ____ whole the white pulp is filled with _____
erythrocytes and lymphocytes and macrophages
Describe the 3 lines of defense
1st - External barriers of skin and mucous membranes
2nd - Several innate defense mechanisms
3rd - Adaptive immunity
What is released from natural killer cells that destroys infected host cell?
Perforins
The ______ is a group of 30 or more globulin that make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistance and specific immunity
Complement system
