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A & P 2 > Chapter 21: The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 21: The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Most ATP synthesis requires ________ and produces _______.

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide

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2
Q

What are the respiratory and cardiovascular systems jointly known as?

A

Cardiopulmonary system

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3
Q

What is respiration?

A

The ventilation of lungs (breathing)

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4
Q

What are the functions of respiration?

A

Gas exchange, communication, olfaction, acid-base balance and BP regulation

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5
Q

What is the conduction division only?

A

Air flow

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6
Q

The conduction system consists of those passages that serve only for airflow, essentailly from the _______

A

Nostrils through the major bronchioles

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7
Q

What is the respiratory divsion of the repiratory system involved in?

A

Gas exchange

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8
Q

The respiratory divison consists of the ____

A

Alveoli and other gas-exchange regions

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9
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract comprised of?

A

Nose through larynx
Respiratory organs of head and neck

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10
Q

What is the lower respiratory tract comprised of?

A

Trachea through lungs
respiratory organs of thorax

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11
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A

Warms, cleanses, humidifies inhaled air

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12
Q

What are the 3 folds of tissue on lateral walls?

A

Superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae

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13
Q

____ are narrow air passages between each conchae

A

Meatuses

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14
Q

What tissue is the nasal (respiratory) mucosa made of?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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15
Q

What is the the olfactory epithelium?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with Immobile cilia

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16
Q

____ are stiff guard hairs that block debris from entering nose

A

Vibrissae

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17
Q

The lamina propria contains ____ and has many _____

A

Mucous glands
lymphocytes and plasma cells

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18
Q

What is the erectile tissue (swell body)?

A

Venous plexus in inferior conchae

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19
Q

What tissue is the nasopharynx made of?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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20
Q

What does the nasopharynx do and contain?

A

Receives auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsil

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21
Q

What tissue is oropharynx made of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

The oropharynx contains ____ and _______

A

palatine and lingual tonsils

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23
Q

What tissue is the laryngopharynx made of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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24
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx range from?

A

Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage

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25
Q

Why is the Oro- and Laryngo-pharynx lined with stratified squamous epilthelium?

A

b/c they must contact food and drink

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26
Q

The voice box is known as the _____

A

larynx

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27
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

to keep food and drinks out of the airways

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28
Q

What is the glottis made of?

A

vocal cords and superior opening

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29
Q

____ is the flap of tissue that guards glottis, directs food and drink to esophagus

A

Epiglottis

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30
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

Closes airway and directs food to esophagus behind it

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31
Q

What are the extrinsic ligaments?

A

Thyrohyoid ligament
hyoidepiglottic ligamenet
cricotracheal ligament

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32
Q

Why are they called extrinsic ligamnets?

A

b/c they link the larynx to other organs

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33
Q

____ cartilages make up framework of larynx

A

9

34
Q

What are the 3 solitary/relatively large cartilages of the larynx?

A

Epiglottic cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid catilage

35
Q

________ is the largest, laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)

A

Thyroid cartilage

36
Q

What stimulates the growth of Adam’s apple?

A

Testosterone

37
Q

What are the 3 smaller, paired cartilages of the larynx?

A

Arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilage

38
Q

________ is superior a pair, close glottis during swallowing

A

Vestibular folds

39
Q

What do the vocal cords do?

A

Produce sound

40
Q

The trachea is lined with ____ which functions as ______

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Mucocillary escalator

41
Q

____ is to make a temporary opening in the trachea and insert a tube to allow airflow

A

Tracheostomy

42
Q

What is the bronchial tree comprised of?

A

the primary (main) bronchi
the secondary (lobar) bronchi
the tertiary (segmental) bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

43
Q

The right bronchus of the primary bronchi is slightly ____ and more ______

A

wider and vertical

44
Q

Between the right and left main brochus, where are foreign objects lodged more?

A

Right

45
Q

Each Tertiary (segmental) bronchi feeds a _________

A

functionally independent unit of the lung

46
Q

What do the bronchioles lack?

A

Cartilage

47
Q

Why do the bronchioles have a layer of smooth tissue?

A

Allows the bronchioles to contract and dilate

48
Q

What are the types of the alveolar cells?

A

(type I) squamous alveolar cells
(type II) alveolar cells (great alveolar cells),
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

49
Q

____________ allow for the gas exchange between the capillaries from the pulmonary artery and the alveoli

A

Type (I) squamous alveolar cells

50
Q

________ secrete a lipid and protein mix: surfactant. Also repair damaged squamous cells.

A

Type (II) alveolar cells, great alveolar cells

51
Q

____ cells are a defense against dust particles

A

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

52
Q

Why do mammals need alveolar blood supply?

A

Mammals have this to provide high surface area for gas exchange.

53
Q

Why so we need more oxygen?

A

We need more O2 for our high metabolic rates.

54
Q

________ have highest lymphatic drainage in body

A

Lungs

55
Q

Why is there excess fluid in the alveolus?

A

b/c oncotic pressure here is greater than the low blood pressure

56
Q

What side of the lungs is shorter?

A

Right

57
Q

What side of the lungs is taller and narrower?

A

Left

58
Q

The lungs do not ventilate themselves, that job belongs to the skeletal muscles of the trunk, especially the _________

A

the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

59
Q

What is the diaphragm known as?

A

the primary mover of respiration

60
Q

Describe the German legand of Ondine.

A

Inspired name of real life disorder that results from brain stem damage, usually resultant from polio or neurosurgery damage

People must be kept on ventilator while they sleep

61
Q

What is the real name of the disease Ondine’s Curse called?

A

Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome or CCHS

62
Q

The inflammation of bronchial walls is known as _________.

A

bronchitis

63
Q

What is asthma?

A

Excessive stimulation and bronchoconstriction

64
Q

What happens when type II alveolar cells do not produce enough surfactant?

A

Respiratory distress syndrome

65
Q

____ is the inflammation of lobules

A

Pneumonia

66
Q

In ____, pulmonary vessels are easily blocked by blood clots, fat, or air bubbles

A

Pulmonary embolism

67
Q

What are the factors affecting gas exchange?

A

Concentration gradients of gases Gas solubility

68
Q

What is the concentration gradient in oxygen?

A

104 mm Hg in alveolar air versus 40 mm Hg in blood

69
Q
A
70
Q

What is the concentration gradient in carbon dioxide?

A

46 mm Hg in blood arriving versus 40 mm Hg in alveolar air

71
Q

What happens in carbon monoxide posioning?

A

Carbon monoxide (CO)—competes for the 𝐎𝟐 binding sites on the hemoglobin molecule (competitive inhibition)

72
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin binds ____ as tightly as oxygen and ties up Hb for a long time

A

210

73
Q

____ is a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue or the inability to use oxygen

A

Hypoxia

74
Q

What causes hypoxemic hypoxia?

A

Usually due to inadequate pulmonary gas exchange

75
Q

What causes ischemic hypoxia?

A

Inadequate circulation of blood

76
Q

What kind of poison is cyanide?

A

Metabolic poison

77
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Blueness of the skin and a sign of hypoxia

78
Q

COPD stands for ______

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

79
Q

What are the major COPDs?

A

Major COPDs are chronic bronchitis and emphysema

80
Q

What can cause COPDs?

A

Smoking, air pollution, hereditary defects, exposure to airborne irritants

81
Q

What prevents choking?

A

Epiglottis and the pinching of the intrinsic muscles

A & P 2 (9 decks)

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