Chapter 21: The Respiratory System Flashcards
Most ATP synthesis requires ________ and produces _______.
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
What are the respiratory and cardiovascular systems jointly known as?
Cardiopulmonary system
What is respiration?
The ventilation of lungs (breathing)
What are the functions of respiration?
Gas exchange, communication, olfaction, acid-base balance and BP regulation
What is the conduction division only?
Air flow
The conduction system consists of those passages that serve only for airflow, essentailly from the _______
Nostrils through the major bronchioles
What is the respiratory divsion of the repiratory system involved in?
Gas exchange
The respiratory divison consists of the ____
Alveoli and other gas-exchange regions
What is the upper respiratory tract comprised of?
Nose through larynx
Respiratory organs of head and neck
What is the lower respiratory tract comprised of?
Trachea through lungs
respiratory organs of thorax
What are the functions of the nose?
Warms, cleanses, humidifies inhaled air
What are the 3 folds of tissue on lateral walls?
Superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae
____ are narrow air passages between each conchae
Meatuses
What tissue is the nasal (respiratory) mucosa made of?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What is the the olfactory epithelium?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with Immobile cilia
____ are stiff guard hairs that block debris from entering nose
Vibrissae
The lamina propria contains ____ and has many _____
Mucous glands
lymphocytes and plasma cells
What is the erectile tissue (swell body)?
Venous plexus in inferior conchae
What tissue is the nasopharynx made of?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What does the nasopharynx do and contain?
Receives auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsil
What tissue is oropharynx made of?
stratified squamous epithelium
The oropharynx contains ____ and _______
palatine and lingual tonsils
What tissue is the laryngopharynx made of?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Where does the laryngopharynx range from?
Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
Why is the Oro- and Laryngo-pharynx lined with stratified squamous epilthelium?
b/c they must contact food and drink
The voice box is known as the _____
larynx
What is the function of the larynx?
to keep food and drinks out of the airways
What is the glottis made of?
vocal cords and superior opening
____ is the flap of tissue that guards glottis, directs food and drink to esophagus
Epiglottis
What does the epiglottis do?
Closes airway and directs food to esophagus behind it
What are the extrinsic ligaments?
Thyrohyoid ligament
hyoidepiglottic ligamenet
cricotracheal ligament
Why are they called extrinsic ligamnets?
b/c they link the larynx to other organs
____ cartilages make up framework of larynx
9
What are the 3 solitary/relatively large cartilages of the larynx?
Epiglottic cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid catilage
________ is the largest, laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
Thyroid cartilage
What stimulates the growth of Adam’s apple?
Testosterone
What are the 3 smaller, paired cartilages of the larynx?
Arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilage
________ is superior a pair, close glottis during swallowing
Vestibular folds
What do the vocal cords do?
Produce sound
The trachea is lined with ____ which functions as ______
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Mucocillary escalator
____ is to make a temporary opening in the trachea and insert a tube to allow airflow
Tracheostomy
What is the bronchial tree comprised of?
the primary (main) bronchi
the secondary (lobar) bronchi
the tertiary (segmental) bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
The right bronchus of the primary bronchi is slightly ____ and more ______
wider and vertical
Between the right and left main brochus, where are foreign objects lodged more?
Right
Each Tertiary (segmental) bronchi feeds a _________
functionally independent unit of the lung
What do the bronchioles lack?
Cartilage
Why do the bronchioles have a layer of smooth tissue?
Allows the bronchioles to contract and dilate
What are the types of the alveolar cells?
(type I) squamous alveolar cells
(type II) alveolar cells (great alveolar cells),
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
____________ allow for the gas exchange between the capillaries from the pulmonary artery and the alveoli
Type (I) squamous alveolar cells
________ secrete a lipid and protein mix: surfactant. Also repair damaged squamous cells.
Type (II) alveolar cells, great alveolar cells
____ cells are a defense against dust particles
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
Why do mammals need alveolar blood supply?
Mammals have this to provide high surface area for gas exchange.
Why so we need more oxygen?
We need more O2 for our high metabolic rates.
________ have highest lymphatic drainage in body
Lungs
Why is there excess fluid in the alveolus?
b/c oncotic pressure here is greater than the low blood pressure
What side of the lungs is shorter?
Right
What side of the lungs is taller and narrower?
Left
The lungs do not ventilate themselves, that job belongs to the skeletal muscles of the trunk, especially the _________
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
What is the diaphragm known as?
the primary mover of respiration
Describe the German legand of Ondine.
Inspired name of real life disorder that results from brain stem damage, usually resultant from polio or neurosurgery damage
People must be kept on ventilator while they sleep
What is the real name of the disease Ondine’s Curse called?
Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome or CCHS
The inflammation of bronchial walls is known as _________.
bronchitis
What is asthma?
Excessive stimulation and bronchoconstriction
What happens when type II alveolar cells do not produce enough surfactant?
Respiratory distress syndrome
____ is the inflammation of lobules
Pneumonia
In ____, pulmonary vessels are easily blocked by blood clots, fat, or air bubbles
Pulmonary embolism
What are the factors affecting gas exchange?
Concentration gradients of gases Gas solubility
What is the concentration gradient in oxygen?
104 mm Hg in alveolar air versus 40 mm Hg in blood
What is the concentration gradient in carbon dioxide?
46 mm Hg in blood arriving versus 40 mm Hg in alveolar air
What happens in carbon monoxide posioning?
Carbon monoxide (CO)—competes for the 𝐎𝟐 binding sites on the hemoglobin molecule (competitive inhibition)
Carboxyhemoglobin binds ____ as tightly as oxygen and ties up Hb for a long time
210
____ is a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue or the inability to use oxygen
Hypoxia
What causes hypoxemic hypoxia?
Usually due to inadequate pulmonary gas exchange
What causes ischemic hypoxia?
Inadequate circulation of blood
What kind of poison is cyanide?
Metabolic poison
What is cyanosis?
Blueness of the skin and a sign of hypoxia
COPD stands for ______
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
What are the major COPDs?
Major COPDs are chronic bronchitis and emphysema
What can cause COPDs?
Smoking, air pollution, hereditary defects, exposure to airborne irritants
What prevents choking?
Epiglottis and the pinching of the intrinsic muscles
