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A & P 2 > Chapter 18: Blood Vessels and Circulation > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Blood Vessels and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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2
Q

In what conditioons do arteries carry blood away?

A

Usually oxygenated blood and under pressure

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3
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood back into the heart

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4
Q

Under what conditions do veins carry blood back into the heart?

A

Usually deoxygenated and more sluggish

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5
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Connect smallest arteries to veins

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6
Q

Mineral and gas exchange takes place in the ________

A

Capillaries

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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of the walls of the arteries and veins?

A
  • Tunica interna (intima)
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica externa (adventitia)
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8
Q

____ is the inner layer of the vessel wall, and continous with the endocardium of the heart

A

Tunica interna

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9
Q

What is the shape of the endothelium?

A

Simple squamous

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10
Q

What are some features of the tunica interna?

A

Selectively permeable barrier
Secretes chemicals that stimulate dilation and constriction
Produces cell-adhesion molecules for leukocytes for nearby inflammation

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11
Q

____ the middle layer that is usually the thickest, comprised of smooth muscle, collagen and some elastic

A

Tunica media

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12
Q

Why does the tunica media have smooth muscle?

A

For vasomotion (vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood vessels)

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13
Q

What are 2 features of the tunica media?

A

Strengthens vessels, preventing blood pressure from rupturing them
Regulates diameter of blood vessel

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14
Q

____ is the outermost layer of the vessel wall, made of loose connective tissue

A

Tunica externa

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15
Q

What are the smaller vessels of tunica externa called?

A

vaso vasorum

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16
Q

What is something that makes veins and arteries different?

A

Arteries have a heightened musculature that allows them to retain their round shape even when empty

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17
Q

What is the largest group of arteries?

A

Conducting (elastic) arteries

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18
Q

What are some examples of conducting arteries?

A

Pulmonary, aorta and common carotid, subclavian

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19
Q

____ and ____ sandwhich the tunica media

A

Internal and external elastic laminas

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20
Q

Conducting arteries ____ during systole and ____ during diastole

A

Expand
recoil

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21
Q

What is it called when arteries stiffen with age?

A

Arteriosclerosis

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22
Q

What is the medium sized arteries called?

A

Distributing (muscular or medium) arteries

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23
Q

What are some examples of distributing arteries?

A

Femoral, splenic, brachial arteries, renal

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24
Q

What are the smallest group of arteries called?

A

Resistance (small) arteries

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25
Q

What is the smallest kind of resistance arteries?

A

Arterioles

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26
Q

____ are short vessls that link arteriols to capillaries

A

Metarterioles

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27
Q

____ is the major point of control to how much blood organ and tissue receives

A

Resistance arteries

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28
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

A weak point in artery or heart wall

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29
Q

What happens in a dissecting aneurysm?

A

This is when blood accumulates between theb tunics or artery and seperates them, usually because of degeneration of the tunica media

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30
Q

What are the most common sites of an aneurysm?

A

Abdominal aorta, renal arteries and arterial circle at the base of the brain

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31
Q

What can a rupture from an aneurysm cause?

A

Hemorrrhage

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32
Q

What are the main causes of aneurysms?

A

Atherosclerosis and hypertension

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33
Q

________ are sensory structures in walls of major vessels that monitor blood pressure and chemistry.

A

Arterial sense organs

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34
Q

What is regulated by the transmission of information to brainstem?

A

Heart rate, blood vessel diameter and respiration

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35
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

Monitor blood pressure

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36
Q

What are the kinds of baroreceptors?

A

Aortic arch baroreceptors and cariotid sinuses

37
Q

____can be found in the walls of the internal carotid artery

A

Carotid sinuses

38
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

Monitor blood chemistry

39
Q

Carotid/aortic bodies are ________.

A

Chemoreceptors

40
Q

What do the signals sent to the brain from the carotid/aortic bodies help with?

A

The stabilization of pH, O2 and CO2 levels

41
Q

Where are capillaries usually scarce?

A

In tendons, ligaments, cartilage and epithelia

42
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A

Endothelium and basal lamina

43
Q

What are the capillary types determined by?

A

The ease with which substances pass through their walls (permeability)

44
Q

What are the 3 capillary types? m

A

Continous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid

45
Q

What is the most common type of capillary?

A

Continous

46
Q

What holds continous capillaries together?

A

Tight junctions with intercellular clefts

47
Q

____ are cells that lie exterior to the endothelium and wrap around the capillary

A

Pericytes

48
Q

____ capillaries are small membrane-lined holes in the endothelium

A

Fenestrated

49
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries needed?

A

In organs that require rapid absorption or filtration like kidneys or small intestines

50
Q

What are the holes that endothelial cells are riddled with called?

A

Fenestrations that only allow the passage of small molecules

51
Q

____ are irregular blood-filled spaces with large fenstrations, no basal lamina and endothelial cells that are sperated by wide gaps

A

Sinusoids

52
Q

What do sinusiods allow to enter?

A

Proteins and blood cells

53
Q

Where can sinusoids be found?

A

In the liver, bone marrow and spleen

54
Q

Capillary beds have networks of ____ capillaries

A

10 -100

55
Q

____ control which beds are well perfused (capillary flow)

A

Precapillary sphincters

56
Q

What do single smooth muscle cells do?

A

Wrap around like a cuff around the opening to each capillary

57
Q

When prcapillary sphincters are closed, ________. when they are open, ____________

A

Closed - Blood bypasses capillaries and goes through venules
Open - blood goes through

58
Q

How much of a capilllary is open at a given time?

A

1/4

59
Q

What are some differences between veins and arteries?

A

Veins have greater capacity for blood containment than arteries
Veins have lower blood pressure with little fluctuation
Veins collapse when empty and look almost flattened on histology slide

60
Q

Where is most of the blood in the body?

A

In the veins

61
Q

The blood flow in the veins is ____ rather than ______.

A

steady
pulsating

62
Q

What venules are more porous than capillaries, only a tunica interna with a few supporting fibroblasts and no muscle?

A

Postcapillary venules

63
Q

What venule receives blood from postcapillary venules, has tunica media, smooth muscle and tunica externa?

A

Muscular venules

64
Q

What are the kinds of veins?

A

Medium and large veins

65
Q

What does the skeletal muscle pump do?

A

Propels venous blood back into the heart

66
Q

What causes varicose veins?

A

Failure of the venous valves

67
Q

____ are varicose veins of the anal canal

A

Hemorrhoids

68
Q

What are some examples of large veins?

A

venae cavae, pulmonary veins, internal jugular veins and renal veins

69
Q

What is the most commmon circulatory route?

A

Heart to arteries to aeterioles to capillaries to venules to veins

70
Q

In the ____, blood flows through 2 consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart and can be found where?

A

portal system
kidneys

71
Q

What does the portal system connect? (2)

A

The intestines to the liver and
the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

72
Q

____ is the convergence point between 2 vessels not mediated by capillaries

A

Anastomosis

73
Q

What are the main kinds of anastomosis?

A

Ateriovenous (shunt)
venous
arterial

74
Q

What happens in arteriovenous anastomosis?

A

Artery flows directly into vein, bypassing capillaries

75
Q

What is the most common type of anastomosis, where one vein empties directly into another and is the reason vein blockage is less serious than arterial blockage?

A

Venous

76
Q

____ anastomosis is where 2 arteries merge, providing alternative routes of blood supply to a tissue

A

Arterial

77
Q

Where is arterial anastomosis common?

A

In coronary circulation and around joints

78
Q

What is perfusion?

A

The flow rate of blood per given volume or mass of tissue in a given time (mL/min/g)

79
Q

____ can occur with little or no change in total flow

A

Great variations in regional flow

80
Q

Where is blood pressure measured?

A

At the brachial artery of the arm (point close to the hear) using a shygmomanometer

81
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

The blood pressure during ventricular systole (contraction)

82
Q

What is diasstolic pressure?

A

BP during ventricular diastole (relaxation)

83
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure

84
Q

What are the consequences of hypertension?

A

Can weaken arteries, can cause aneuryssms, and can promote atherosclerosis

85
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Chronic low resting BP

86
Q

____ causes hyptension

A

Blood loss, dehydration, anemia

87
Q

What is arterioscelerosis?

A

Hardening of arteries

88
Q

Arterioscelerosis is exacerbated by _______

A

Artherosclerosis

89
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Growth of lipid deposits on artery walls, may calcify and become complicated plaques

A & P 2 (12 decks)

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