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A & P 2 > Chapter 20: Lymphatic and Immune System > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

The ________ not an organ system, but a cell population that inhabits all organs and defends the body from agents of disease

A

Immune system

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2
Q

What are pathogens?

A

agents capable of producing disease

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3
Q

What are some examples of pathogens?

A

viruses, bacteria, and fungi

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4
Q

____________ in small intestine absorb dietary lipids

A

Lacteals

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5
Q

What do both lymphatic and immune systems do?

A

Maintain fluid balance
Protect body from infection and disease

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6
Q

________ is clear, colorless fluid, similar to plasma but much less protein

A

lymph

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7
Q

________ is the recovered fluid

A

lymph

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8
Q

________ transport the lymph

A

lymphatic vessels

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9
Q

____ are composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs in the body

A

lymphatic tissues

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10
Q

________ are defense cells are especially concentrated in these organs
Separated from surrounding organs by connective tissue capsules

A

Lymphatic organs

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11
Q

What are the 3 layers of the larger lymphatic vessels?

A

Tunica interna, media, externa

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12
Q

What layer of the lymphatic vessel has the endothelium and valves?

A

Tunica interna

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13
Q

What layer of the lymphatic vessel has elastic fibers, smooth muscle?

A

Tunica media

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14
Q

What is the thin outer layer of the lymphatic vessel?

A

Tunica externa

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15
Q

What are the cells of the lymphatic system?

A

Natural killer cells
T-cells
B-cells
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Reticular cells

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16
Q

What are the tissues of the lymphatic system?

A

Diffuse lymphatic tissue
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

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17
Q

____ cells attack foreign and infected host cells and are responsible for immune surveillance

A

natural killer (nk) cells

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18
Q

T lymphocytes develop in the ________ but mature in ______

A

Bone marrow
Thymus

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19
Q

What are the antigen presenting cells?

A

Macrophages, dendritic and reticular cells

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20
Q

What are the main APCs that develop from monocytes?

A

Macrophages

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21
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

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22
Q

What kind of tissue is MALT?

A

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

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23
Q

____ are dense oval masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens

A

Lymphatic nodules

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24
Q

What are lymphatic nodules a constant feature of?

A

lymph nodes, tonsils, and appendix

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25
Q

Lymphatic organs are anatomically well-defined. They have ____________ that separates lymphatic tissue from neighboring tissues

A

connective tissue capsule

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26
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

Red bone and thymus

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27
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen

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28
Q

What systems is the thymus a member of?

A

endocrine, lymphatic, and immune systems

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29
Q

What does the thymus house?

A

Developing lymphocytes

30
Q

What hormones does the thymus secrete?

A

thymopoietin, thymulin and thymosins

31
Q

What age does the thymus begin involution?

A

14

32
Q

Where are the cervical lymph nodes found?

A

In the neck

33
Q

What kind of nodes are found in the armpit?

A

Axillary lymph nodes

34
Q

Where are thoracic lymph nodes found?

A

In the thoracic (chest) cavity

35
Q

What lymph nodes occur in posterior abdominopelvic wall?

A

Abdominal lymph nodes

36
Q

What lymph nodes are found in the mesenteries, adjacent to the appendix and intestines?

A

Intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes

37
Q

Where are inguinal lymph nodes?

A

In the groin and receive lymph from the entire lower limb

38
Q

What lymph nodes occur on the back of the knee?

A

Popliteal lymph nodes

39
Q

What is the collective term for all lymph node diseases?

A

Lymphadenopathy

40
Q

________ is the swollen, painful lymph node responding to foreign antigen

A

Lymphadenitis

41
Q

What are common sites for metastatic cancer?

A

lymph nodes

42
Q

________ are when cancerous cells break free from original tumor, travel to other sites in the body, and establish new tumors

A

Metastasis

43
Q

How many sets of tonsils are there?

A

3

44
Q

What are tonsils?

A

patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx

45
Q

What do tonsils guard against?

A

ingested or inhaled pathogens

46
Q

What are the 3 main sets of tonsils?

A

palatine, lingual, pharyngeal (adenoids)

47
Q

The ____ is the largest lymphatic organ

A

Spleen

48
Q

What is the spleen also known as?

A

erythrocyte graveyard”

49
Q

What are some functions of the spleen?

A

Blood production
Blood reservoir
RBC disposal
Immune reactions

50
Q

What are the 2 categories of lymphatic defenses?

A

Innate (nonspecific) immunity
Adaptive (specific) immunity

51
Q

What defense requires no prior exposure?

A

innate (nonspecific) immunity

52
Q

____ results from prior exposure

A

adaptive (specific) immunity-

53
Q

how many lines of defenses against pathogens?

A

Three

54
Q

What are defensins?

A

peptides, from neutrophils attack microbes by creating holes in their membranes

55
Q

Where is lysozyme found?

A

In mucous, tears and saliva

56
Q

What are the phagocytic cells?

A

the 5 types of leukocytes

57
Q

What histamine and what does it do?

A

a vasodilator that increases blood flow to infected area

58
Q

What is heparin and what does it do?

A

an anticoagulant that prevents immobilization of phagocytes

59
Q

What are the 2 families of microbial proteins?

A

Interferons and complement system

60
Q

____ are proteins that alert neighboring cells and prevents them from becoming infected

A

Interferons

61
Q

What do T cells attack?

A

Foreign cells and diseased host cells

62
Q

What the 3 major classes of T cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)
Helper T cells: (T_H)
Memory T cells: (T_M)

63
Q

____ cells carry out attack of enemy cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells

64
Q

____ cells help promote Tc cell and B cell action and nonspecific (innate) defense mechanisms

A

helper T cells

65
Q

____ cells descend from the (TC) and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity

A

Memory cells

66
Q

What is there a lack of in severe combined immunodefiency?

A

Hereditary lack of T and B cells

67
Q

What are the most common means of transmission?

A

Sexual intercourse (vaginal, anal, oral)
Contaminated blood products
Contaminated needles

68
Q

What causes AIDs?

A

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

69
Q

What are the types of antibodies?

A

IgA: mucus, saliva, tears, milk (passive immunity to newborns), intestinal secretions, prevents adherence to epithelia
IgD: thought to function in B cells activitation by antigen
IgE: stimulates release of histamines, attracts eosinophils; immediate hypersensitivity reactions (inflammation & allergy)
IgG: 80% circulating, crosses placenta to fetus, 2 “secondary” immune response, complement fixation
IgM: 10% in plasma, 1 “primary” immune response, agglutination, complement fixation

70
Q

What is the cisterna chyli?

A

A sac-like structure in the lymphatic system that serves as a collection point for lymph fluid from the lower half of the body. In the abdominal region

A & P 2 (12 decks)

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