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A & P 2 > Chapter 16: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 16: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are some differences between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Exocrine - has ducts, caries secretion to a surface or organ cavity

Endocrine - No ducts, capillary networks which allow hormones to be taken into the bloodstream, intracellular effects like altering target cell metabolism

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2
Q

The endocrine system uses ___________ while the nervous system uses ________.

A

Hormones and neurotransmitters

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3
Q

What do cells need to to in order to maintain homeostasis?

A

Communicate with eachother

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4
Q

What is a very specialized cell that looks/acts like a neuron but secretes hormones into the bloodstream called?

A

Neuroendocrine cells

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5
Q

What are the 3 principal mechanisms of communication between cells divided into?

A

Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine

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6
Q

What is the endocrine system composed of?

A

Glands, tissues and cells that secrete hormones

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7
Q

What’s are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance away.

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8
Q

Why do target cells respond to hormones?

A

When they have the specific receptor for that hormone and when they express specific enzymes that activate otherwise inactive versions of hormones

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9
Q

What is the most importantly part of the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

Where are and what are the functions carried out by the hypothalamus?

A

Many of the functions are carried out in the pituitary gland and they regulate functions like water balance, thermoregulation, sex drive, childbirth etc

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11
Q

What is tropic hormone?

A

A hormone that stimulates secretion of another hormone by another endocrine gland

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12
Q

How many hormones are produced in the hypothalamus?

A

8

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13
Q

How many releasing and inhibiting hormones are there that stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary and what are they called?

A

There’s 6 of them and they are TSH, PRL, ACTCH, FSH, LH and GH

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14
Q

What does PIH inhibit the secretion of?

A

Prolactin

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15
Q

What does somatostatin inhibit the secretion of and how?

A

The growth hormone (GH) and the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by the anterior pituitary

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16
Q

What are the other hypothalamic hormones that are both stored and released by the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and anti diuretic hormone (ADH)

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17
Q

What is oxytocin produced by?

A

The paraventricular nuclei

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18
Q

What is ADH produced by?

A

The supraoptic nuclei

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19
Q

What is adenohypophysis known and how much is there?

A

Anterior (3/4 of the pituitary)

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20
Q

What is the neurohypophysis known as?

A

Posterior (1/4 of the pituitary)

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21
Q

Where does the anterior pituitary arise from?

A

Hypophyseal pouch

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22
Q

Where does the posterior pituitary arise form?

A

The brain (extension of hypothalamus)

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23
Q

What are the 2 gonadotropin hormones that target gonads?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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24
Q

What is the function of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

A

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

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25
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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26
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

It stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

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27
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

It stimulates mammary glands to produce milk

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28
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation

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29
Q

ADH and oxytocin are produced in the ___________ and transported to the ________

A

Hypothalamus and posterior lobe of the pituitary

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30
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Increases water retention, reducing urine volume and preventing dehydration

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31
Q

What is ADH also called and why?

A

Vasopressin because it can cause vasoconstriction

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32
Q

What are some functions of oxytocin?

A

Stimulates labor contractions during childbirth, lactation (breast milk release), promotes feelings of sexual satisfaction and emotional bonding between partners

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33
Q

When is GH mainly secreted?

A

At night

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34
Q

When does LH peak?

A

In the middle of menstrual cycle

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35
Q

When does oxytocin surge?

A

During labor and breast feeding

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36
Q

All hormones have ______.

A

Half-life

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37
Q

What is half-life?

A

Time required for 50% of hormone to be cleared from the blood

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38
Q

GH has a half-life of ____ while IFGs are about _____.

A

6 - 20 minutes and 20 hours

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39
Q

What sparring effects does GH have?

A

Glucose sparing and protein sparing

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40
Q

What stimulates and what suppresses GH synthesis?

A

Stimulants - Stress, hypoglycemia, trauma, high-protein meals, ghrelin
Suppress - High carb diets

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41
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

Stomach hormone mediating hunger

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42
Q

What is the second most important part of the endocrine system?

A

Pineal gland

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43
Q

What is the peak time for the pineal gland?

A

Peak secretion time from ages 1 - 5 and is 75% less by puberty due to involution

44
Q

What is involution?

A

Shrinkage of an organ/gland

45
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

It produces serotonin by day and converts it to melatonin at night, , playing a role in circadian rhythms and mood disorders

46
Q

What is SAD and PMS?

A

SAD - Seasonal Affective Disorder
PMS - Premenstural Syndrome

47
Q

What systems does the thymus play a role in?

A

The endocrine, lymphatic and immune systems

48
Q

What hormones does the thymus secrete and what does this do?

A

Thymopoetin, thymosin and thymulin and this stimulates the development of other lymphatic organs

49
Q

What is the largest pure endocrine gland?

A

The thyroid gland

50
Q

What connects the 2 parts of the thyroid gland?

A

Isthmus

51
Q

Whaat are the thyroid hormones?

A

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (t3), called that because of the iodine atoms

52
Q

What do the thyroid hormones do?

A

Increases metabolic rate, O2 consumption, heat production, appetite, growth hormone secretion

53
Q

What’s is the shape of the follicular cells?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

54
Q

What does the thyroid follicle do?

A

Secretes T3 and T4 in response to TSH

55
Q

What do C (parafollicular) cells do?

A

Secrete calcitonin which stimulates osteoblast activity and bone formation, decreasing blood calcium levels

56
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there usually?

A

4 embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

57
Q

What does the parathyroid gland secrete?

A

The parathyroid hormone

58
Q

How do the parathyroid glands increase blood calcium levels?

A

Promotion of synthesis of calcitriol
Increases absorption of Ca
Decreases Ca excretion
Increases bone resorption

59
Q

What nervous system is the adrenal medulla a part of?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

60
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do?

A

Prepares the body for physical activity, increases alertness, anxiety or fear, BP, heart rate, airflow

61
Q

What are the catecholamines?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

62
Q

What surrounds the medulla and secretes hormones known as corticosteroids?

A

Adrenal cortex

63
Q

What surrounds the medulla and secretes hormones known as corticosteroids?

A

Adrenal cortex

64
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa (outer)
Zona fasciculata (middle)
Zona reticularis (inner)

65
Q

What kind of hormone is found in the zona glomerulosa?

A

Mineralococorticoids

66
Q

What kind of hormone is found in the zona fasciculata?

A

Glucocorticoids

67
Q

What kind of hormone is found in the zona reticularis?

A

Sex steroids like androgen and estrogen

68
Q

What cell secretes glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

69
Q

What cells secrete insulin, and what does this antagonize?

A

Beta, anatogonizing glucagon

70
Q

What cells secrete somatostatin?

A

Delta cells

71
Q

Whst is the difference between hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic hormones and give examples of each.

A

Hyperglycemic hormones raise blood glucose concentration eg. Glucagon, GH, cortisol and corticosterone

Hypoglycemic hormones lower blood glucose eg insulin

72
Q

Ovaries and testes are both ___ and _____.

A

Endocrine and exocrine

73
Q

Examples of ovarian hormones

A

Estradiol, progesterone, inhibin

74
Q

Examples of testicular hormones

A

Testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen and inhibin

75
Q

What does the secretion of inhibin by the ovaries and the testes suppress?

A

FSH

76
Q

What does the skin do in regards to the endocrine system?

A

Keratinocytes convert a cholesterol-like steroid into cholecalciferol (D3) using UV from the sun

77
Q

What does the liver do in regards to the endocrine system?

A

Converts D3 (cholecalciferol) into calcidiol

Secretes 15% of erthropoeietin

78
Q

What does the kidney do in the endocrine system?

A

Produces 85% of erythropoietin and secretes renin

79
Q

What part of the body converts calcidiol to calcitriol?

A

Kidney

80
Q

What does the heart do for the endocrine system?

A

It releases the atrial natriuretic peptide with an increase in BP

81
Q

What are 2 hormones the stomach secretes?

A

Gastrin and ghrelin

82
Q

What are the 2 hormones the small intestine secretes?

A

Cholecystokinin and peptide YY

83
Q

What does adipose tissue secrete?

A

Leptin, slowing appetite

84
Q

What is secreted by osteoblasts?

A

Osteocalcin

85
Q

What does placenta secrete?

A

Estrogen, progesterone and others

86
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

A

Steroid hormones, peptide hormones and mono amines

87
Q

Monoamines and peptides are both _____.

A

Hydrophilic

88
Q

Steroids and thyroid hormones are ______.

A

Hydrophobic

89
Q

Where are most transport proteins in blood plasma made?

A

Liver

90
Q

What are the the 3 hormone interactions?

A

Synergistic, permissive and antagonist

91
Q

Describe synergistic effect in hormone interactions.

A

When hormones work together for greater affect than separate (FSH and testosterone on sperm production)

92
Q

Describe permissive effect in hormone interactions.

A

This is when one hormone allows another hormone to have its full effect eg thyroid hormone hormone having permissive effect on epinephrine

93
Q

Describe antagonistic effect in hormone interactions.

A

Opposes each other (Insulin lowers blood glucose and glucagon raises it)

94
Q

Where are most hormones taken up and degraded?

A

In the liver and kidney

95
Q

What are chemical messengers that diffuse short distances and stimulate nearby cells?

A

Paracrine secretions eg. Histamine, nitric oxide, somatostatin, catecholamines

96
Q

What are some examples of anti-inflammatory drugs?

A

Aspirin, ibuprofen and Celecoxib

97
Q

What are the causes of endocrine disorders?

A

Hypersecretion - Excessive hormone release (tumor or autoimmune disorder)

Hyposecretion - Inadequate hormone release (tumor or lesion destroys gland)

98
Q

What is acromegaly caused by and what kind of disorder?

A

Hyper secretion of growth hormone and is a pituitary disorder, thickening of cones and soft tissues in adults

Also gigantism

99
Q

What disease would occur with hyposecretion of growth hormone?

A

Pituitary dwarfism

100
Q

What are some thyroid/parathyroid disorders?

A

Congenital hypothyroidism - Low
Myxedema - Low
Goiter (graves) -High
Hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism

101
Q

Explain some adrenal disorders

A

Cushing syndrome - Excess cortisol secretion
Adrenogenital syndrome - Adrenal androgen hypersecretion

102
Q

The most prevalent metabolic disease in the world is ____ and it is caused by.

A

Diabetes mellitus and caused by issues with metabolism due to hyposecretion or inaction of insulin

103
Q

What percentage of cases of diabetes mellituis is type 1?

A

5 to 10%

104
Q

What is always used to treat type 1?

A

Insulin

105
Q

What percent of diabetics have type 2 and what is the problem?

A

Problem is insulin resistance - Failure of target cells to respond to insulin resistance

106
Q

How can you treat type 2 diabetes?

A

Weight-loss program and exercise

107
Q

How can you treat type 2 diabetes?

A

Weight-loss program and exercise

A & P 2 (12 decks)

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