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A & P 2 > Chapter 18: The Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 18: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major divsions of the circulatory system?

A

Pulmonary and systemic circuit

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2
Q

The pulmonary circuit is on the ____ side of the heart while the systemic circuit is on the ____ side.

A

Right
Left

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3
Q

What circuit carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to the heart?

A

Pulmonary

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4
Q

t

What does the systemuc circuit do?

A

Supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart.

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5
Q

Fully oxygenated blood arrives from ____ via ______

A

Lungs
pulmonary veins

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6
Q

What part of the body sends blood to all organs of the body?

A

The aorta

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7
Q

What sends blood to the lungs?

A

The pulmonary trunk

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8
Q

The heart is located in the ____, between the ______

A

Mediastinum, lungs

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9
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Double-walled sac that encloses the heart, allowing the heart to beat without friction, providing room to expand and resisting excessive expansion

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10
Q

The heart is anchored to the ____ inferiorly and to the ____ anteriorly.

A

Diaphraghm and sternum

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11
Q

What is the difference between the parietal and visceral pericardium?

A

The parietal is an outer tough fiborous layer of connective tissue while the visceral is the inner, thin smooth serous membrane that covers the heart

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12
Q

What can the visceral pericardium also be called?

A

Epicardium

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13
Q

How much pericardial fluid is in the pericardial cavity?

A

5 to 30 mL

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14
Q

____ is the painful inflammation of membranes

A

Pericarditis

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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium, myocardium and the endocardium

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16
Q

Describe the epicardium (AS A LAYER OF THE HEART)

A

Outer layer, serous membrane that covers the heart

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17
Q

What is the function of the myocardium?

A

Provides structural support and attachment for cardiac muscle

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18
Q

Describe the endocardium

A

Inner layer that lines the heart

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19
Q

What are the 4 heart chambers?

A

Right and left atria and right and left ventricles

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20
Q

The atrias is ____ while the ventricles are ______.

A

Superior and inferior

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21
Q

What does the atria do?

A

Receives blood returning to the heart

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22
Q

What do the ventricles do?

A

Pump blood into the arteries

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23
Q

What does the atrioventricular (coronary) sulus grooves seperate?

A

The atria, ventricles

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24
Q

What do the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci grooves seperate?

A

Ventricles

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25
Q

____ is the wall that seperates atria

A

Interatrial septum

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26
Q

____ are the internal ridges of myocardium in right atrium and both auricles

A

Pectinate muscles

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27
Q

____ the muscular wall that seperates ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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28
Q

____ is the internal ridges in both ventricles

A

Trabeculae carnae

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29
Q

What may the trabeculae carneae prevent?

A

May prevent ventricle walls from sticking together after contraction

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30
Q

What do heart valves do?

A

They prevent the backflow of blood, ensuring a one-way flow of blood through the heart

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31
Q

What valve controls the blood flow between atrias and ventricles?

A

Atrioventicular valve

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32
Q

The right AV valve has ____ cusps, so it’s called _____-

A

3
tricuspid valve

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33
Q

The left AV has ____ cusps, so its called _____

A

2, mitral valve, used to be bicuspid

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34
Q

What does the chordae tendinae prevent?

A

It prevents AV valves from flipping or bulging into atria when ventricles contract

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35
Q

Each papillary muscle has ____ attachments to the heart floor.

A

2 - 3

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36
Q

The ____ valve controls the flow into the great arteries, and open and close because of blood flow and pressure

A

Semilunar

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37
Q

What are the 2 types of semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary and aortic

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38
Q

What causes mitral valve prolapse?

A

When one or both mitral valve cusps bulge into atria during ventricular contraction

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39
Q

What are some symptoms of mitral valve prolapse?

A

Chest pain and shortness of breath

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40
Q

When ventricles relax?

A

When the pressure drops inside the ventricles and AV valves open

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41
Q

When do ventricles contract?

A

When pressure rises inside the ventricles and AV valves close

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42
Q

____ % of blood pumped by the heart is pumped to the heart itself through the coronary circulation to sustain its strenous workload

A

5

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43
Q

When does coronary flow peak?

A

During ventricular relaxation

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44
Q

What is the condition where there is partial obstruction of cornory blood flow, which can cause chest pain?

A

Agina

45
Q

____ is complete of coronary blood flow which causes death of cardiac cells in affected area

A

Myocardial infection

46
Q

What is venous drainage refered to as?

A

The route by which blood leaves an organ

47
Q

Mycardial infection is responsible for about ____ % of deaths in the US

A

27%

48
Q

What do the small thesbian veins do?

A

Drains 5 to 10% of coronary blood directly into the right atrium and ventricle

49
Q

How does most coronary blood return to the right atrium?

A

The coronary sinus

50
Q

What are the 3 main inputs of the coronary sinus?

A

Great cardiac, posterior interventricular and left marginal veins

51
Q

Give a brief description of cardiomyoctes?

A

Striated, short, branched cells with one nucleus

52
Q

____ join cardiomyocytes end to end

A

Intercalated discs

53
Q

What are the 2 types of mechanical junctions that tightly join cardiomyocytes?

A

Fascia adherens and desmosomes

54
Q

____ are gap junctions which forms channels that allow ions to flow from the cytoplasm from one cell directly to the next

A

Electrical junctions

55
Q

Cardiac muscle depends almost exclusively on ____ to make ATP

A

aerobic respiration

56
Q

What is cardiac muscle rich in?

A

Myoglobin and glycogen

57
Q

Why is cardiac muscle fatigue resistant?

A

Because it makes little use of anaerobic fermentation or oxygen debt mechanisms and doesn’t fatigue for a lifetime

58
Q

The ____ controls the route and timing of electrical condunction so all 4 chambers are in sync with eachother

A

Cardiac conduction system

59
Q

What does the cardiac conduction system coordinate?

A

The heartbeat

60
Q

What is the order in which the cardiac conduction system generates and conducts rhythmic electrical signals?

A

SA (Sinoatrial) node, AV (atrioventricular) node, AV (atrioventricular) bundle/bundle of histones, right and left bundle branches, Pukinje fibers

61
Q

What do the cardiomyocytes do in regards to the Purkinje fibers?

A

They pass signal from cell to cell through gap junctions

62
Q

Give the steps of the cardiac conduction system.

A
  1. SA node fires
  2. Excitation spreads through the atrial myocardium
  3. AV node fires
  4. Excitation spreads down AV bundle - right and left AV bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibers distribute excitation through ventricular myocardium
63
Q

What do sympathetic nerves do?

A

Increase heart rate and contraction and strength

64
Q

What do parasympathetic nerves do?

A

Slow the heart rate

65
Q

Systole is ____, while diastole is ____-

A

Contraction and relaxation

66
Q

Although systole and diastole can refer to contraction and relaxation of either chamber, they usually refer to ______

A

The action of the ventricles

67
Q

What is the normal heartbeat triggered by the SA node called?

A

Sinus rhythm

68
Q

Adult at rest bpm is typically _____

A

70 to 80 bpm

69
Q

What is ectopic foci?

A

Any region of spontaneous firing other than the SA node like if the SA node is damaged

70
Q

What are some causes of premature ventricular contraction?

A

Hypoxia, electroyte imbalance, stress

71
Q

What is abnormal cardiac rhythm called?

A

Arrhythmia

72
Q

What is the major cause of arrhythmia?

A

Heart block

73
Q

Each depolarization of the SA node creates ______

A

One heartbeat

74
Q

An ____ is a composite of all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified and recorded by electrodes on arms, legs and chest

A

Electrodiagram/ ECG/EKG

75
Q

What happens in the P wave?

A

SA node fires, atria depolarize and contract

76
Q

Atrial systole occurs in the ____ wave

A

P

77
Q

Ventricular depolarization occurs in the ______.

A

QRS complex

78
Q

Why is there a complex shape of spikes in the QRS complex?

A

Different thickness and shape of the two ventricles

79
Q

Ventrical systole occurs in the ____, which corresponds with _______-

A

ST segment
Plateau in myocardial action potential

80
Q

There is ventricular repolarization and relaxation in the ____ wave.

A

T

81
Q

What are the steps of the electrical activity of the myocardium?

A
  1. Atrial depolarization begins
  2. Atrial depolarization complete
  3. Ventricles begin to depolarize at apex; atria reploarizes
  4. Ventricular depolarization completre
  5. Ventricles begin to repolarize at apex
  6. Ventricular repolarization complete
82
Q

What are some things that could cause deviations of ECG?

A

Myocardial infections, abnormalities in conduction pathways, heart enlargement, electrolyte and hormone imbalances

83
Q

____ is serious arrythmia caused by electrical signals traveling randomly

A

Ventricular fibrilation

84
Q

What is the strong electrical shock that is used with intent to depolarize entire myocardium and reset heart to sinus rhythm?

A

Defibrillation

85
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation a hallmark for?

A

Heart attacks

86
Q

____ is listening to sounds made by the body

A

Auscultation

87
Q

Describe the first heart sound.

A

Long and loud ‘lubb’, occuring with closure of AV waves

88
Q

Describe the second heart sound.

A

Softer and sharper ‘dupp’, occuring with the closure of semilunar waves

89
Q

What heart sound is rarely heard in people over 30?

A

The 3rd heart sound

90
Q

How long does it take to complete the entire cardiac cycle?

A

Less than 1 second

91
Q

The failure of either ventricle to eject blood effectively is called ______

A

conjestive heart failure

92
Q

What can cause congestive heart failure?

A

Myocardial infraction
Chronic hypertension
Valvular insufficiency
Congenital defects in heart structure

93
Q

What is the average HR of infants?

A

120 bpm or more

94
Q

What is the average HR of young adult females?

A

72 to 80 bpm

95
Q

What is the average HR of young adult males?

A

64 to 72

96
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

average adult HR above 100 bpm

97
Q

What is tachycardia caused by?

A

Stress, anxiety, drugs, heart disease and fever

98
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

average HR of less than 60 bpm

99
Q

Positive chronotropic agents ____ the heartrate while negative chronotropic agents ____ the heartrate

A

Raise and lower

100
Q

What does the cardioaccelatory center do?

A

Stimulates sympathetic cardiac nerves to SA node

101
Q

The stimulated cardiac nerves in the cardioacceleratory center secrete ______

A

Noreopinephrine

102
Q

What does the cardioinhibitory center do?

A

Stimulates vagus nerves

103
Q

What does the cardioinbitory center secrete?

A

Acetylcholine

104
Q

What are chemoreceptors sensitive to?

A

Blood pH, CO2 and oxygen

105
Q

What is a coronary artery?

A

A constriction of the coronary arteries

106
Q

____ is usually the result of arherosclerosis.

A

Coronary artery disease

107
Q

Give a cause of arteriosclerosis

A

Inflammation

108
Q

One major risk factor for coronary artery disease is ____.

A

Excess of low-density lipoprotein

A & P 2 (12 decks)

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