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Pathology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

-Bacterial infection of the calyces and renal pelvis, usually due to stagnation or obstruction to urine flow in the urinary tract
-Symptoms include fever, flank pain, and general malaise; pyuria (pus i.e. white blood cells) is demonstrated in a urinalysis

medullary sponge kidney
pyelonephritis
bright disease
polycystic kidney disease

A

pyelonephritis

bright disease (Glomerulonephritis)- An antigen–antibody reaction in the glomeruli causes an inflammatory reaction of the renal parenchyma

polycystic kidney disease- Innumerable tiny, nonfunctioning cysts replace the renal collecting tubules within the nephron unit.

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2
Q

This Neoplastic Disease is usually asymptomatic and affects the lower pole of the kidney. The treatment if needed is an aspiration of the contents.

renal cysts
nephrosclerosis
renal cell carcinoma
hydronephrosis

A

renal cysts

nephrosclerosis- thickening of kidney vessels

renal cell carcinoma- A malignant tumor arising from renal tubular epithelium in the cortex of the kidney

hydronephrosis- obstructive disease of the urinary system that causes dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces with urine

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3
Q

A malignant tumor arising from renal tubular epithelium in the cortex of the kidney. Symptoms include hematuria with possible flank pain, fever, or a palpable mass.

renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
nephroblastoma
bladder carcinoma
Wilm’s tumor

A

renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

nephroblastoma (wilm’s tumor)- A malignant tumor of the kidney generally occurring
in children under 5 years of age

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4
Q

Hematuria is:

blood in urine
pus in urine
excessive amounts of urine
urinary tract infection

A

blood in urine

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5
Q

-In this fusion anomaly, one kidney lies across the midline and is fused with the other kidney
-Urine drainage may be impaired by malposition of the affected ureter within the renal pelvis

nephroptosis
horseshoe kidney
crossed ectopy
hyperplasia

A

crossed ectopy

nephroptosis- kidney prolapse

horseshoe kidney- condition in which the lower poles of the kidney are joined across midline by a band of soft tissues, resulting in a rotation anomaly on one or both sides

hyperplasia- overdevelopment of a kidney

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6
Q

-Placed within the urinary bladder using sterile technique, this is the most common indwelling urinary catheter
-The catheter is usually connected to a bag that collects urine as it flows through the catheter to the outside of the body
-At all times the urine collection bag must be placed at a level lower than the patient’s bladder to prevent reflux of urine back into the bladder that could lead to a urinary tract infection (UTI)
-These catheters must be placed prior to performing cystography or cystourethrography

nephrostomy tube
ureteral stent
suprapubic catheter
Foley catheter

A

Foley catheter

nephrostomy tube- Connects the renal pelvis to the outside of the body. Provides drainage of an obstructed kidney or allow for retrieval of a calculus with a basket catheter

ureteral stent- placed in cases of ureteral obstruction. Placed surgically or via cystoscopy, with the upper portion of the stent in the renal pelvis and the lower portion within the urinary bladder. Each end of the stent forms a loop, commonly called a “pigtail,” to help secure its placement. The stent maintains patency (open) of the diseased ureter and enables urine to flow normally.

suprapubic catheter- may be used instead of a Foley catheter. Involves a needle puncture through the skin and into the bladder, just above the pubic symphysis, to feed a guidewire and then pull away sheath through which the catheter is introduced. Used for individuals such as those with quadriplegia (paralyzed) who require long-term catheterization. May also be placed in a person who requires urinary catheterization but has urethral trauma or disease, such as a stricture, that prevents traditional urinary catheter insertion.

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7
Q

-Radiographically, this cyst-like dilation of a ureter nears its opening in the bladder presents in the bladder as a “cobra head” appearance
-These result due to congenital stenosis (narrowing) of the ureteral orifice

ureteral diverticula
aplasia
ureterocele
medullary sponge kidney

A

ureterocele

ureteral diverticula- Congenital anomaly and represents a dilated, branched ureteric remnant.

Renal Agenesis (Aplasia)- Congenital absence of a kidney

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8
Q

-The imaging procedure that is used to demonstrate reflux and grade its severity
-Normally iodinated water-soluble contrast media is injected into the bladder via a urinary catheter that is inserted through the urethra

renal angiography
cystography
intravenous urogram (IVU)
retrograde pyelography

A

cystography

intravenous urogram (IVU)- involves injecting a contrast dye into your arm, then taking a series of X-ray images at timed intervals as the dye travels through your kidneys, ureters, and into your bladder

retrograde pyelography- Placement of a catheter into the ureteric orifice in a retrograde fashion. The contrast agent is injected through the ureter into the affected kidney, opposite to the normal direction of urine flow.

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9
Q

Which of the following lab values demonstrate a contraindication for contrast administration?

eGFR of 25 mL/min/1.73 m2
BUN of 15 mg/ dL
Creatinine of 0.8 mg/ dL
All of the above

A

eGFR of 25 mL/min/1.73 m2

Normal kidney function values:
○ GFR values: Greater than 90 mL/min
○ BUN: Lower than 50 mg/dL
○ Creatinine: Lower than 3 mg/dL

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10
Q

A kidney located out of its normal position is termed

prolapsed
cross fused
ectopic
malrotation

A

ectopic

prolapsed- sag down

cross fused-one kidney lies across the midline and is fused with the other kidney. Urine drainage may be impaired by malposition of the affected ureter within the renal pelvis

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11
Q

A congenital, familial kidney disorder that may be classified as either autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant is

medullary sponge kidney
polycystic kidney disease
renal agenesis
crossed ectopy

A

polycystic kidney disease

Renal Agenesis (Aplasia)- Congenital absence of a kidney

crossed ectopy- one kidney lies across the midline and is fused with the other kidney. Urine drainage may be impaired by malposition of the affected ureter within the renal pelvis

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12
Q

What type of catheter connects the renal pelvis to the outside of the body?

Nephrostomy tube
Suprapubic catheter
Ureteral stent
Foley catheter

A

Nephrostomy tube

Nephrostomy tube- Connects the renal pelvis to the outside of the body. Provides drainage of an obstructed kidney or allow for retrieval of a calculus with a basket catheter

Ureteral stent- placed in cases of ureteral obstruction. Placed surgically or via cystoscopy, with the upper portion of the stent in the renal pelvis and the lower portion within the urinary bladder. Each end of the stent forms a loop, commonly called a “pigtail,” to help secure its placement. The stent maintains patency (open) of the diseased ureter and enables urine to flow normally.

Suprapubic catheter- may be used instead of a Foley catheter. Involves a needle puncture through the skin and into the bladder, just above the pubic symphysis, to feed a guidewire and then pull away sheath through which the catheter is introduced. Used for individuals such as those with quadriplegia (paralyzed) who require long-term catheterization. May also be placed in a person who requires urinary catheterization but has urethral trauma or disease, such as a stricture, that prevents traditional urinary catheter insertion.

Foley catheter- Placed within the urinary bladder using sterile technique, this is the most common indwelling urinary catheter. The catheter is usually connected to a bag that collects urine as it flows through the catheter to the outside of the body

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13
Q

An obstructive disorder of the urinary system that causes dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces with urine is

hydronephrosis
glomerulonephritis
hematuria
nephrosclerosis

A

hydronephrosis

glomerulonephritis (brights disease)- An antigen–antibody reaction in the glomeruli causes an inflammatory reaction of the renal parenchyma

hematuria- blood in the urine

nephrosclerosis- thickening of kidney vessels

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14
Q

Which of the following statements are true regarding the anatomy and function of the urinary system?

  1. The amount of urine formed in a typical day is about 1L to 1.5L.
  2. Urine is formed and excreted in the nephron, the microscopic unit of the kidney.
  3. The left kidney lies lower than the right because of the spleen’s presence above it.

2 and 3
1 and 3
1, 2, and 3
1 and 2

A

1 and 2

The amount of urine formed in a typical day is about 1L to 1.5L.
Urine is formed and excreted in the nephron, the microscopic unit of the kidney.

The left kidney is usually slightly higher than the right kidney because of the presence of the liver superior to it.

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14
Q

The American College of Radiology’s imaging modality of choice for a patient presenting with an acute onset of flank pain or other symptoms that suggest the presence of renal calculi is

abdominal CT with and without contrast
abdominal MR with and without contrast
renal sonogram
CT stone study

A

CT stone study

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15
Q

The kidneys:

  1. sit perpendicular to the mid-coronal plane (MCP)
  2. are located between T-12 and L-3.
  3. are anterior to the spleen.

1, 2, and 3
2 and 3 only
1 and 2 only
2 only

A

2 only

are located between T-12 and L-3.

16
Q

Vesicoureteral reflux is the backward flow of urine out of the bladder and into the urethra.

True or False

A

False

Vesicoureteral reflux- The backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters

17
Q

Which of the following predisposing conditions may increase the risk of an adverse reaction to an iodinated contrast agent?

  1. Dehydration
  2. Heart disease
  3. Asthma

1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 2 only
1, 2, and 3

A

1, 2, and 3

Dehydration
Heart disease
Asthma

18
Q

The Nephrogram phase of an IVU study occurs within

15 minutes
10 minutes
30 secs to 1 minute after contrast injection
5 minutes

A

30 secs to 1 minute after contrast injection

19
Q

Retrograde filling technique of contrast medium is

not a term
no direction
in the normal direction of flow (urine)
in the opposite direction of flow (urine)

A

in the opposite direction of flow (urine)

20
Q

Congenital anomalies of the urinary system are often evaluated in the fetus using which of the following modalities?

MRI
CT
Sonography
Radiography

A

Sonography

21
Q

Bladder cancer may be treated with which of the following procedures?

  1. Cryoablation
  2. Radiofrequency ablation
  3. Total cystectomy

2 and 3 only
1 and 3 only
1, 2, and 3
1 and 2 only

A

1, 2, and 3

Cryoablation
Radiofrequency ablation
Total cystectomy

22
Q

This tube provides drainage of an obstructed kidney or allow for retrieval of a calculus with a basket catheter

Foley
Ureteral
Suprapubic
Nephrostomy

A

Nephrostomy

Nephrostomy tube- Connects the renal pelvis to the outside of the body. Provides drainage of an obstructed kidney or allow for retrieval of a calculus with a basket catheter

Ureteral stent- placed in cases of ureteral obstruction. Placed surgically or via cystoscopy, with the upper portion of the stent in the renal pelvis and the lower portion within the urinary bladder. Each end of the stent forms a loop, commonly called a “pigtail,” to help secure its placement. The stent maintains patency (open) of the diseased ureter and enables urine to flow normally.

Suprapubic catheter- may be used instead of a Foley catheter. Involves a needle puncture through the skin and into the bladder, just above the pubic symphysis, to feed a guidewire and then pull away sheath through which the catheter is introduced. Used for individuals such as those with quadriplegia (paralyzed) who require long-term catheterization. May also be placed in a person who requires urinary catheterization but has urethral trauma or disease, such as a stricture, that prevents traditional urinary catheter insertion.

Foley catheter- Placed within the urinary bladder using sterile technique, this is the most common indwelling urinary catheter. The catheter is usually connected to a bag that collects urine as it flows through the catheter to the outside of the body

23
Q

A loop commonly called as “pigtail” is used to secure the placement of

Nephrostomy Tube
Ureteral Stent
Suprapubic Tube
Foley Catheter

A

Ureteral Stent

Nephrostomy tube- Connects the renal pelvis to the outside of the body. Provides drainage of an obstructed kidney or allow for retrieval of a calculus with a basket catheter

Ureteral stent- placed in cases of ureteral obstruction. Placed surgically or via cystoscopy, with the upper portion of the stent in the renal pelvis and the lower portion within the urinary bladder. Each end of the stent forms a loop, commonly called a “pigtail,” to help secure its placement. The stent maintains patency (open) of the diseased ureter and enables urine to flow normally.

Suprapubic catheter- may be used instead of a Foley catheter. Involves a needle puncture through the skin and into the bladder, just above the pubic symphysis, to feed a guidewire and then pull away sheath through which the catheter is introduced. Used for individuals such as those with quadriplegia (paralyzed) who require long-term catheterization. May also be placed in a person who requires urinary catheterization but has urethral trauma or disease, such as a stricture, that prevents traditional urinary catheter insertion.

Foley catheter- Placed within the urinary bladder using sterile technique, this is the most common indwelling urinary catheter. The catheter is usually connected to a bag that collects urine as it flows through the catheter to the outside of the body

24
Q

Congenital absence of a kidney is termed

Supranumery Kidney
Renal hyperplasia
Renal Agenesis
Hypoplasia

A

Renal Agenesis (Aplasia)

Renal hyperplasia- overdevelopment of a kidney

Hypoplasia- kidney that has developed less than normal in size but contains normal nephron structure

25
Q

Urinary system disorders may be suggested by an abnormal:
1. Blood urea nitrogen level
2. Creatinine blood level
3. Coloration of urine

1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3

A

2 and 3

Creatinine blood level
Coloration of urine

26
Q

Horseshoe kidney is an anomaly of:

Fusion
Number
Position
Size

A

Fusion

horseshoe kidney- condition in which the lower poles of the kidney are joined across midline by a band of soft tissues, resulting in a rotation anomaly on one or both sides

27
Q

Which of the following statements are true of urinary system anomalies?
1. Crossed ectopy exists when one kidney lies across the midline, fused to the other.
2. Nephroptosis and a pelvic kidney are identical conditions.
3. Ureteroceles are ureteral dilatations near the ureter’s termination.

1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3

A

1 and 3

Crossed ectopy exists when one kidney lies across the midline, fused to the other.
Ureteroceles are ureteral dilatations near the ureter’s termination.

Nephroptosis- kidney prolapse (sag down)

Pelvic Kidney- a kidney that is located in the pelvis instead of the abdomen

Ureterocele- cyst-like dilation of a ureter nears its opening in the bladder presents in the bladder as a “cobra head” appearance. Results due to congenital stenosis (narrowing) of the ureteral orifice.

Nephroptosis is distinguished from a pelvic kidney by the length of the ureter; if the ureter is short, it is a congenital pelvic kidney.

28
Q

Arterial and venous renal blood flow in a person who has received a kidney transplant is best assessed by using:

Computed tomography
Conventional urography
Doppler sonography
Magnetic resonance imaging

A

Doppler sonography

29
Q

Which of the following conditions can make the kidneys appear smaller than normal?

  1. Atrophy following obstruction
  2. Chronic pyelonephritis
  3. Hypoplasia

1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3

A

1, 2, and 3

Atrophy following obstruction
Chronic pyelonephritis
Hypoplasia

Atrophy- shrinking

Chronic pyelonephritis- often bilateral and leads to destruction and scarring of the
renal tissue, with cortical atrophy and marked dilation of the calyces.

Hypoplasia- kidney that has developed less than normal in size but contains normal nephron structure

30
Q

Which of the following procedures would most likely be performed to image a nonfunctioning kidney?

  1. Computed tomography
  2. Intravenous urography
  3. Renal sonography

1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3

A

1 and 3

Computed tomography
Renal sonography

31
Q

Renal failure is characterized by the abnormal retention of which of the following substances in blood?

Bilirubin
Calcium
Pus
Urea

A

Urea

Pathology (14 decks)

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