Exam 3 (GI, Hepatobiliary)

Question 1

The retrograde flow of gastric acid and contents into the esophagus Is called:

gastroesophageal reflux disease
hiatal hernia
gastroenteritis
Hirschsprung disease

Answer 1

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): An Incompetent cardiac sphincter allowing the backward flow of gastric acid and contents into the esophagus.

Gastroenteritis: General grouping of a number of inflammatory disorders of the stomach and Intestines.

Hiatal hernia: Protrusion of any structure, especially some portion of the stomach, Into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.

Hirschsprung disease Absence of neurons In the bowel wall, typically in the sigmoid, preventing relaxation of the colon and normal peristalsis; also known as congenital megacolon.

Question 2

Excessive and chronic alcohol consumption can lead to which of these conditions?

1. chronic pancreatitis
2. hepatic steatosis
3. cancers (esophagus, liver, colon, etc.)
4. cirrhosis

4 only
1 and 2 only
1, 3 and 4 only
1,2, 3, and 4

Answer 2

1,2, 3, and 4

chronic pancreatitis
hepatic steatosis
cancers (esophagus, liver, colon, etc.)
cirrhosis

hepatic steatosis- This results in an excess of fatty acids within the liver, which leads to fatty infiltration of the liver

Alcohol-induced liver disease: Liver damage caused by alcohol consumption, resulting in hepatitis, portal venous hypertension, hepatic steatosis (fatty liver), and cirrhosis of the liver. Esophageal varices may also result.

Drinking alcohol raises your risk of getting several kinds of cancer:
-Mouth and throat.
-Voice box (larynx).
-Esophagus.
-Colon and rectum.
-Liver.
-Breast

Chronic pancreatitis does impair the histologic makeup of the pancreas, resulting in irreversible changes in pancreatic function. Its causes include excessive and chronic alcohol consumption, obstruction of the hepatopancreatic ampulla by a gallstone or tumor, trauma, surgery, viral Infections (mumps, cytomegalovirus, and AIDS), steroid use, and even the injection of contrast media during ERCP.

Question 3

An erosion or ulceration of the mucous membrane of the lower end of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum; associated with helicobacter pylori.

hiatal hernia
esophageal varices
dilation disease
peptic ulcer

Answer 3

peptic ulcer

Question 4

A procedure performed in patients with ascites, during which a needle is inserted into the peritoneal cavity to obtain ascitic fluid.

paracentesis
pancreaticoduodenectomy
transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent
laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Answer 4

paracentesis

Paracentesis: A procedure performed in patients with ascites, during which a needle Is Inserted into the peritoneal cavity to obtain ascitic fluid.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent (TIPSS) An interventional angiography procedure In which a catheter Is used to connect the jugular vein to the portal vein to reduce the flow of blood through a diseased liver.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a surgical technique that allows a less traumatic entry, excision, and removal of the gallbladder, resulting in shortened hospitalization and reduced costs.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple’s Procedure): consists of a partial pancreatectomy, duodenectomy, and cholecystectomy, and may or may not include a distal gastrectomy.

Question 5

Varicose veins are abnormally lengthened, dilated, and superficial veins; those in the esophagus are referred to as:

hematemesis
tracheoesophageal fistula
portal vein hypertension
esophageal varices

Answer 5

esophageal varices

Question 6

Any disease that comes on slowly and does not have obvious symptoms at first:

insidious onset
diffuse disease
acute onset
focal disease

Answer 6

insidious onset

Question 7

How does cirrhosis lead to esophageal varices?

Scarring cuts down on blood flowing through the liver. As a result, more blood flows through the veins of the esophagus causing them to bulge.

Lipids accumulate within the hepatocytes, forming free radicals and resulting in an excess of fatty acids within the liver, which leads to fatty infiltration of the liver.

Fluid volume in the peritoneal cavity is decreased due to alcoholism.

A viral Infection causes inflammation of the liver cells.

Answer 7

Scarring cuts down on blood flowing through the liver. As a result, more blood flows through the veins of the esophagus causing them to bulge.

Scarring (cirrhosis) of the liver is the most common cause of esophageal varices. This scarring cuts down on blood flowing through the liver (portal venous hypertension). As a result, more blood flows through the veins of the esophagus. The extra blood flow causes the veins In the esophagus to balloon outward forming esophageal varices.

Viral Hepatitis- A viral Infection causes inflammation of the liver cells.

Ascites: Fluid volume In the peritoneal cavity is increased. Ascites, the accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity, as a result of portal hypertension and the leakage of excessive fluids from the portal capillaries.

Fatty Liver disease (hepatic steatosis) - lipids accumulate within the hepatocytes, forming free radicals. At some point, the liver cannot rid itself of the excessive triglycerides. This results in an excess of fatty acids within the liver, which leads to fatty infiltration of the liver, termed steatosis, and fatty liver disease.

Question 8

Regional enteritis (Crohn disease) Is considered a inflammatory disease starting in the small intestine affecting all layers of the bowel wall, while ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease of the large intestine affecting only the mucosal layer.

True or False

Answer 8

True

Regional enteritis, also known as Crohn disease (CD) Is a chronic IBD of unknown cause. It is a type of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, that causes swelling of the tissues in the digestive tract, affecting all layers of the bowel wall, It usually begins in the terminal ileum and cecum and descends through the bowel, often with skip areas, it rarely produces megacolon or bowel perforations. Radiographic signs include “cobblestone” appearance on barium studies, and “string sign” of the terminal Ileum.

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic, recurrent ulceration of the colon mucosa of unknown cause. It typically involves only the mucosal layer and begins at the rectum and ascends, often resulting in megacolon and bowel perforations and frequently progressing to cancer.

Question 9

A modified barium swallow study is:

conventional (non-fluoroscopic) imaging that focuses on the motility of the esophagus.
MRI cholecystogram
Sonography examination of the thyroid.
fluoroscopic examination that assesses swallowing safety.

Answer 9

fluoroscopic examination that assesses swallowing safety.

A modified barium swallow study is fluoroscopic examination that assesses swallowing safety.

To evaluate disorder of esophageal motility (achalasia), esophageal manometry and an esophagram are typically ordered.

Question 10

The esophagus and stomach are distinguished by the difference in the mucosal folds; demonstration of the stomach in the thoracic cavity Is a case of:

gastric reflux
hiatal hernia
esophagitis
Barrett esophagus

Answer 10

hiatal hernia

Question 11

Abnormal passage between the trachea and esophagus, associated with esophageal atresia.

pylorospasm
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
tracheoesophageal fistula
hypoplasia

Answer 11

tracheoesophageal fistula

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis- A congenital anomaly of the stomach in which the pyloric canal is greatly narrowed because of hypertrophy (abnormal enlargement) of the pyloric sphincter.

Hypoplasia- Less than normal development

Pylorospasm- is an incomplete obstruction of fluid flow into the duodenal bulb resulting from spasmodic changes in pyloric muscle tone.

fistula-an abnormal tube-like passage from one structure to another

tracheoesophageal fistula- abnormal passage between the trachea and esophagus, associated with esophageal atresia.

Question 12

A pedunculated polyp in the bowel is:

attached to the bowel wall by a narrow stalk.
an abnormal passage or opening between two organs.
attached directly to the bowel wall with a wide base. an outpouching of the bowel lumen.

Answer 12

attached to the bowel wall by a narrow stalk.

Colonic polyps are small masses of tissue arising from the bowel wall to project inward within the lumen. Sessile polyps attach directly to the bowel wall with a wide base. Pedunculated polys are attached by a narrow stalk to the bowel wall.

Diverticula/diverticulum are outpouches in the lumen of bowel wall.

A fistula is an abnormal passage or opening between two organs or between an organ and the body’s surface.

Question 13

Celiac disease is a type of:

tistula.
diverticulum.
hernia
malabsorption syndrome.

Answer 13

malabsorption syndrome.

Gluten-sensitive enteropathy, formally known as celiac sprue or celiac disease, is an autoimmune hereditary disorder involving increased sensitivity to gluten. Gluten is an agent found in wheat, barley, and rye products such as bread, which interferes with normal digestion and absorption of food through the small bowel.

Question 14

In adults, when ___ is visible in the peritoneal cavity on abdominal radiographs, bowel perforation may be a concern.

string sign
free air
lead pipe sign
fat stranding

Answer 14

free air

Question 15

The presence of stones within the common bile duct is termed

Cholelithiasis
Cholangitis
Choledocholithiasis
Choleliths

Answer 15

Choledocholithiasis

Choledocholithiasis: Presence of gallstones in the common bile duct
Choleliths- gallstones
Cholangitis: inflammation of the biliary ductal system
Cholelithiasis The presence of gallstones
Cholecystitis: An acute inflammation of the gallbladder most frequently caused by obstruction

Question 16

This condition Is a strict contraindication for barium enema examinations.

Crohn disease
Meckel diverticulum
toxic megacolon
esophageal strictures

Answer 16

toxic megacolon

Hirschsprung disease Absence of neurons in the bowel wall, typically in the sigmoid, preventing relaxation of the colon and normal peristalsis; also known as congenital megacolon. Toxic megacolon develops from bacterial overgrowth leading to fluid and electrolyte imbalances that could result in death. Barium enema examination Is strictly contraindicated in persons with known or suspected toxic megacolon.

Question 17

What modality Is preferred for imaging of suspected cholelithiasis?

abdominal radiography
sonography
MRI
computed tomography

Answer 17

sonography

Sonography Is the primary choice for imaging the gallbladder. Sonography has advantages as it is non-invasive, performed without exposure to ionizing radiation, less expensive, and the gallbladder can be imaged in almost all individuals who are fasting regardless of the body habitus or clinical condition of the person. When sonography Is performed by a skilled sonographer, it has been proven to be almost 100% accurate in detecting gallstones, with the capability of detecting stones as small as 2 mm In size.

Question 18

Benign strictures of the esophagus are often:

unsmooth mucosa and irregular contours with acute or “shouldered” margins.
smooth with tapered or obtuse margins.
ragged and nodular.
abnormally dilated.

Answer 18

smooth with tapered or obtuse margins.

A stricture is an abnormal narrowing. Strictures may be benign or malignant. Benign strictures are often smooth with tapered or obtuse margins. The mucosa of a benign stricture may be normal or abnormal.

Malignant strictures often have unsmooth mucosa and irregular contours with acute or “shouldered” margins.

A “shoulder” sign is when a tumor margin abruptly transitions from the intraluminal component to the adjacent normal mucosa, forming a shouldered edge. For example, shouldered margins on an esophagus in a radiograph can be a sign of a malignant tumor, such as esophageal cancer.

Question 19

What do these terms all have in common: laparoscopic, fluoroscopic, endoscopic?

all refer to a “surgical connection that is created between tubular structures”
all refer to “through the skin”
all refer to “inspection by a camera”
all refer to “surgical removal of an organ”

Answer 19

all refer to “inspection by a camera”

“-scope, -scopy or-scopic” all refer to “inspection by a camera”, i.e. “endoscopy”: “flouroscopy”, etc

An anastomose is a “surgical connection that is created between tubular structures”.

“-ectomy” which means “surgical removal of…”. l.e., duodenectomy, refers to the surgical removal of the duodenum

“trans”- refers to across- l.e., transhepatic = across the liver.

“per-“ refers to pass through - i.e., percutanous = pass through the skin.

Question 20

A type of cancer that develops in the flat cells lining the Gl tract (epithelium). AKA: epidermoid carcinoma.

adenocarcinoma
hemangioma
squamous cell carcinoma
cyst

Answer 20

squamous cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma arises from squamous cells. Squamous cells are flat, thin cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. They are found in the following tissues:
-The surface of the skin
-The lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts
-The lining of hollow organs, such as the bladder, kidney, and uterus

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in glandular cells, also known as adenomatous cells, which produce mucus and digestive juices. Adenocarcinoma can develop in many organs, including the breast lung, prostate, and gastrointestinal tract.

Cysts and Hemangiomas are benign. A hemangioma Is a benign tumor of dilated blood vessels.

Question 21

This pathology develops as lipids accumulate within the hepatocytes, forming free radicals; also called hepatic steatosis and is classified generally as either alcoholic or non-alcoholic.

hepatocellular carcinoma
hemangioma
fatty liver disease
portal hypertension

Answer 21

fatty liver disease

Question 22

The recommended initial imaging evaluation in cases of suspected bowel obstruction.

CT
MRI
sonography
acute abdominal series

Answer 22

acute abdominal series

An acute abdominal series is the recommended first radiologic evaluation in cases of suspected bowel obstruction. Abdominal radiographs that are positive for bowel obstruction often direct the subsequent imaging workup

Question 23

A malignancy of the bile ducts:

cholangitis
cirrhosis
cholangiocarcinoma
pancreatic cancer

Answer 23

cholangiocarcinoma

Question 24

A rare, serious disorder in which one part of the intestine slides inside an adjacent part. It is the most common cause of Intestinal obstruction In children younger than 3 years old.

paralyte ileus
stricture
intussusception
volvulus

Answer 24

intussusception

Vulvulus: An Intestinal obstruction caused by a twisting of the bowel about its mesenteric base.

Intussusception is a rare, serious disorder in which one part of the intestine slides Inside an adjacent part. Intussusception is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in children younger than 3 years old. The cause of most cases of intussusception in children is unknown.

Question 25

___ are benign, rarely symptomatic and usually an incidental finding during cross-sectional imaging studies of the liver.

Simple hepatic cysts
Lymphoma
Liver metastases
Multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma

Answer 25

Simple hepatic cysts

Question 26

This bacteria is responsible for about 80% of cases of gastritis, gastric ulcers, and duodenal ulcers.

gluten
streptococcus pneumonia
salmonella
helicobacter pylori

Answer 26

helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori alters the mucosa, making it more susceptible to the effects of acid normally residing in the GI tract. H. pylori Is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacillus, which was identified in 1983, It is responsible for about 80% of cases of gastritis, gastric ulcers, and duodenal ulcers. Researchers believe that H. pylori bacteria increase gastrin production, making the mucosa more susceptible to acid damage.

Question 27

What does a neoplasm with “well circumscribed” margins indicate?

A malignant mass with Irregular borders.
An obscured mass (partially hidden by adjacent tissue).
A benign mass with a clearly defined borders, or margins.
A spiculated mass (characterized by lines radiating from the mass).

Answer 27

A benign mass with a clearly defined borders, or margins.

The margins of neoplasms can be described as circumscribed, microlobulated, obscured (partially hidden by adjacent tissue), Indistinct (Ill-defined), or spiculated (characterized by lines radiating from the mass).

A well circumscribed mass has clearly defined borders, or margins, along at least 75% of its surface. Circumscribed oval and round masses are usually benign. An irregular shape suggests a greater likelihood of malignancy.

Question 28

A liver condition commonly associated with alcohol abuse is:

hemangioma
biliary obstruction
cholelithiasis
cirrhosis

Answer 28

cirrhosis

Question 29

A benign smooth muscle tumor appearing as a homogeneous mass of soft tissue on CT and as a filling defect on esophagram Images:

leiomyoma
Barrett esophagus
squamous carcinoma
esophagectomy

Answer 29

leiomyoma

leiomyoma: A benign smooth muscle tumor appearing as a homogeneous mass of soft tissue on CT and as a filling defect on esophagram images

esophagectomy: surgical removal of part of the esophagus, typically followed by anastomosis of the remaining esophagus with the stomach (esophagogastric anastomosis.

Barrett esophagus: a condition related to severe reflux esophagitis, In which the normal squamous cell lining of the lower esophagus is destroyed and replaced by columnar epithelium (cells) similar to that of the stomach. Barrett esophagus has an unusually high propensity for development of malignancy in the columnar cell-lined portion. These tumors are almost always adenocarcinomas, which are otherwise very rare in the esophagus (accounting for approximately 5% of esophageal cancers).

squamous cell carcinomas arise from squamous epithelium and most commonly occur in the body of the esophagus. These malignant tumors typically appear with irregular contours, narrowing with ulceration.

Question 30

A procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (Gl) endoscopy and fluoroscopy to find and treat problems of the bile and pancreatic ducts

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaography cholecystectomy
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
choledocholithiasis

Answer 30

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaography

Question 31

These tubes are used to remove gas and fluids in the prevention and treatment of abdominal distention in the Gl tract. Examples include Miller-Abbott, Harris, and Cantor

nasoenteric decompression tube
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube
gastrostomy rude
endotracheal tube

Answer 31

nasoenteric decompression tube

Nasoenteric decompression tubes are used to remove gas and fluids in the prevention and treatment of abdominal distention. Millier-Abbott, Harris, and Cantor tubes are types of nasoenteric decompression tubes

The Dobhoff tube Is a common radiopaque enteral tube. An enteral tube Is a small-caliber tube used to deliver a liquid diet directly to the duodenum or jejunum.

A gastrostomy tube G-tube), is a tube surgically placed through the wall of the stomach, whereas a duodenostomy or a jejunostomy tube (J-tube) is specific to that portion of the small intestine.

A percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube Is a G-tube that is placed endoscopically

A G/-tube Is one tube placed into the stomach with continuation through the duodenum Into the jejunum.

Question 32

When indicated, a double contrast barium enema examination is preferred over a single contrast study for colorectal cancer screening because:

the mucosal lining of the bowel is better visualized.
single contrast transits more readily
the barium appears more dense.
single contrast fills the bowel better

Answer 32

the mucosal lining of the bowel is better visualized.

DEBE has been noted to produce more accurate diagnoses compared with the limited single-contrast study because of the enhanced display of subtle mucosal abnormalities otherwise masked by a dense barium column.

Question 33

What disease is known for demonstrating the pathologic disorders known as the “string sign” and “skip areas”?

diverticulum
regional enteritis
esophageal varices
intussusception

Answer 33

regional enteritis

Regional enteritis (Crohn disease): the string sign is demonstrated when the terminal ileum is so diseased and stenotic that the barium mixture can only trickle through a small opening that looks like a string.

Skip areas are disease-free areas adjacent to diseased areas.

Diverticulum: A pouch formed at a weakened area of wall in a hollow organ structure.

Intussusception: The prolapse of a segment of bowel Into a distal segment.

Question 34

In abdominal radiography, free air within the peritoneum can be best seen in which of these positions, if the patient cannot stand:

supine
right lateral decubitus
left lateral decubitus
prone

Answer 34

left lateral decubitus

Free air should not be visible in the peritoneal cavity and is indicative of a bowel perforation or other pathologic entitles that introduce air Into the peritoneum. Erect abdominal radiographs must Include the diaphragm to assess for free air, and in instances in which the Individual is unable to stand, a left lateral decubitus abdomen should be obtained.

Question 35

The yellowish discoloration of the skin associated with jaundice is caused by:

presence of bilirubin In blood.
accumulation of milk of calcium.
transmission of Infected blood or blood products. loss of normal intestinal paralysis.

Answer 35

presence of bilirubin In blood.

Question 36

The appearance of a Schatzki ring Is associated with a(n) ___ hernia.

umbilical
myelocele
inguinal
sliding hiatal

Answer 36

sliding hiatal

Hernia: The protrusion of a part of an organ, like a loop of bowel, through a small opening In the wall of a cavity.

A hiatal hernia is a weakness of the esophageal hiatus that permits some portions of the stomach to herniate Into the thoracic cavity.

A sliding, or axial, hiatal hernia occurs when a portion of the stomach and esophagogastric junction are both situated above the diaphragm. This type of hernia constitutes the outstanding majority (about 95%) of all hiatal hernias. A Schatzki ring is often visible with this condition and consists of a concentric narrowing of the lumen at the esophagogastric junction.

Question 37

Which vessel associated with the liver is formed by the union of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins and returns venous blood from the abdominal viscera to the Inferior vena cava?

portal vein
aorta
hepatic artery
pulmonary trunk

Answer 37

portal vein

Question 38

Complete reversal of all abdominal organs, Is known as:

carpe diem.
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
iatrogenic.
situs inversus.

Answer 38

situs inversus.

situs Inversus- Complete reversal of all abdominal organs

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis- A congenital anomaly of the stomach in which the pyloric canal is greatly narrowed because of hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter

Carpe diem means “seize the day”.

iatrogenic: Pertains to any adverse condition that occurs in a patient as a result of medical treatment

Question 39

Refers to a bowel obstruction that occurs as a result of blockage of the bowel lumen:

mechanical bowel obstruction
pyloric stenosis
esophageal atresia
paralytic or adynamic ileus

Answer 39

mechanical bowel obstruction

mechanical bowel obstruction: bowel obstruction that occurs as a result of blockage of the bowel lumen.

paralytic or adynamic Ileus: A failure of bowel peristalsis, often seen after abdominal surgery, which may result in bowel obstruction.

pyloric stenosis: Abnormal narrowing of the pyloric canal.

atresia: Congenital absence or abnormal closure of a normal anatomic opening.

Question 40

Cancer that forms in the glandular tissues:

benign neoplasm
adenocarcinoma
sarcoma
lymphoma

Answer 40

adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma: Cancer that forms in the glandular tissue.

benign neoplasm, the suffix “oma” is added to the word root-i.e., adenoma

Cancer that starts in epithelial tissue is called carcinoma.

Sarcoma is a rare cancer that starts in the body’s connective tissues, which include bones, cartilage, tendons, and fibrous tissue. Sarcomas are less common than carcinomas.

Leukemia is a type of cancer that arises from blood cells

A lymphoma is a type of cancer that arises from lymphatic cells

Question 41

A fluid collection in the pancreas with a defined fibrous capsule that typically develops 4 to 6 weeks after the onset of acute pancreatitis

paracentesis
pancreatic pseudocyst
pancreatic cancer
Parenteral

Answer 41

pancreatic pseudocyst

Question 42

What are the advantages of CT over upper Gl or small bowel barium studies for diagnosing mechanical bowel obstructions?

1. there is no overlap of structures
2. better tolerated by patients
3. surgical intervention is required
4. less contrast media is used or not needed at all

1 only
1,2 and 4 only
1 and 4 only
1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer 42

1,2 and 4 only

there is no overlap of structures
better tolerated by patients
less contrast media is used or not needed at all

Question 43

Unnatural position of the intestines caused by failure of normal rotation during embryologic development:

duodenal atresia
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
malrotation
Hirschsprung disease

Answer 43

malrotation

Malrotation - Unnatural position of the intestines caused by failure of normal rotation during embryologic development

Atresia- Congenital absence or abnormal closure of a normal anatomic opening.

Duodenal atresia is a congenital anomaly in which the lumen of the duodenum does not exist, resulting in complete obstruction of the Gi tract at the duodenum. A radiographic indication of duodenal atresia Is the “double bubble sign.” Gaseous distention of the stomach creates one bubble, and gas in the proximal duodenum creates a second bubble

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis - A congenital anomaly of the stomach in which the pyloric canal is greatly narrowed because of hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter

Hirschsprung disease (congenital aganglonic megacolon) refers to the absence of neurons in the distal large bowel wall, typically in the sigmoid colon, subsequently impairing normal colon peristalsis.

Question 44

An Inflammation of the liver, most frequently resulting from a viral infection but can also result from variety of causes.

hepatitis
cirrhosis
hepatic metastases
ascites

Answer 44

hepatitis

Hepatitis: An inflammation of the liver, most frequently resulting from a viral infection but can also result from variety of causes. Associated with interference with the liver’s ability to excrete bilirubin, resulting in jaundice.

Cirrhosis: Chronic, end-stage liver condition in which the parenchyma and architecture are destroyed and replaced by fibrous tissue and regenerative nodules due to chronic liver damage.

Ascites- an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

hepatic metastases: cancerous tumors that have spread (metastasized) to the liver from another part of the body.

Question 45

When interpreting abdominal radiographs, radiologists often employ some version of this mnemonic:

Bones, Stones, Gasses, and Masses
So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb
Right, Left, Up and Down
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle

Answer 45

Bones, Stones, Gasses, and Masses

Question 46

Inflammation of a diverticulum:

diverticulosis
diverticulitis
diverticula
Zenker diverticulum

Answer 46

diverticulitis