Urinary system Flashcards
nephr/o, ren/o
kidneys
filters the blood to remove waste products, maintain electrolyte concentrations, and remove excess water to maintain the fluid volume within the body
pyel/o
renal/pelvis
collects urine produced by the kidneys
ur/o, urin/o
urine
liquid waste products to be excreted
ureter/o
ureters
transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder
cyst/o
urinary bladder
stores urine until it is excreted
urethr/o
urethra
transports urine from the bladder through the urethral meatus, where it is excreted
prostat/o
prostate
a gland of the male reproductive system that surrounds the male urethra. Disorders of this gland can disrupt the flow of urine
-cele
hernia, tumor, swelling
cyst/o
urinary bladder, cyst, or sac of fluid
dia-
through, between, apart, or complete
-ectasis
stretching, dilation, enlargement
glomerul/o
glomerulus
lith/o
stone, calculus
-lysis
breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening
nephr/o
kidney
-pexy
surgical fixation
pyel/o
renal pelvis, bowel of kidney
-tripsy
to crush
ur/o
urine, urinary tract
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
-uria
urination, urine
ablation
the removal of a body part of the destruction of its function
anuria
the absence of urine formation by the kidneys
benign prostatic hyperplasia
an abnormal enlargement of the prostate
chronic kidney disease
the progressive loss of renal function over months or years
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
cystocele
a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall; also called a prolapsed bladder
cystolith
a stone located in the urinary bladder
cystopexy
the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
cystoscopy
the visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope
dialysis
a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function
diuresis
the increased output of urine
edema
excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues
end-stage renal disease
the final stage of chronic kidney disease that is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are successfully replaced by dialysis or with a successful kidney transplant
enuresis
the involuntary discharge of urine
epispadias
the congenital abnormality affecting the opening of the urethral opening. In the male, the opening is located on the upper surface of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is located in the region of the clitoris
extracorporeal shockway lithotripsy
the use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel to break up kidney stones into fragments, which are then excreted in the urine
glomerulonephritis
a form of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine
hemodialysis
a procedure that filers waste products directly from the patient’s blood to replace the function of damaged kidneys
hydronephorosis
the dilation of one or both kidneys that is the result of an obstruction of the flow or urine
hydroureter
distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked
hyperproteinuria
the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine
hypoproteinemia
the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood
hypospadias
a congenital abnormality in the placement of the urethral opening. In the male, the urethral opening is on the under surface of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is into the vagina
incontinence
the inability to control the excretion of urine and/or feces
interstitial cystitis
a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder
intravenous pyelography
a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters using a contrast medium to diagnose changes in the urinary tract
nephrolith
a stone located in the kidney; also known as renal calculus or a kidney stone
nephrolithiasis
the presence of a stone or stones in the kidney
nephrolysis
a freeing of a kidney from adhesions
nephrons
the microscopic functional units of each kidney where urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
nephropathy
any kidney disease including degenerative and inflammatory conditions
nephroptosis
the prolapse, or dropping down, of a kidney into the pelvic area where the patient stands; also known as floating kidney
nephropyosis
suppuration of the kidney
nephrostomy
the placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body
nephrotic syndrome
a groups of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost in the urine, resulting in abnormally low levels of protein in the blood
neurogenic bladder
a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination
nocturia
frequent and excessive urination during the night
nocturnal enuresis
urinary incontinence during sleep
oliguria
scanty urination
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
the surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back
peritoneal dialysis
dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood
polycystic kidney disease
an inherited kidney disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys leading eventually to kidney failure
polyuria
excessive urination
prostatism
a disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatichyperplasia
pyelotomy
a surgical incision into the renal pelvis
suprapubic catherization
the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made in the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone
uremia
a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which urea and other waste products are retained in the blood; also known as uremic poisioning
ureterectasis
the distention of a ureter
ureterolith
a stone located anywhere along the ureter
ureterorrhagia
the discharge of blood from a ureter
ureterorrhaphy
the surgical suturing of a ureter
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
urethroplasty
the surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra
urethrorrhagia
bleeding the urethra
urethrostenosis
narrowing of the urethra
urethrotomy
a surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture
urinary catheterization
the insertion of a tube into the bladder in order to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes, to drain urine from the bladder when the patient is unable to urinate, or to place medication into the bladder
vesicovaginal fistula
an abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina
voiding cystourethrography
a diagnostic procedure in which fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra
wilms tumor
a rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children
Homeostasis
is the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.
The Urinary system performs many functions that are important in maintaining homeostasis
Functions of homeostasis:
-Maintaining the proper balance of water, salts, and acids in the body by filtering the blood as it flows through the kidneys
-Constantly filtering the blood to remove urea, creatinine, uric acid, and other waste materials from the bloodstream.
-Converting these waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys are excreting them from the body via the urinary bladder
urea
is the major waste product of protein metabolism
creatinine
is a waste product of muscle metabolism
urinary tract (system) consists of:
two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder and one urethra. The adrenal glands, which are part of the endocrine system, are located on the top of the kidneys
genitourinary tract
located in close proximity to the reproductive organs, so these two body systems are sometime referred together as this
kidney
constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water. These are excreted as urine, which is 95% water and 5% urea and other body wastes
how many quarts are processed every day for the average person and how much urine does it produce
200 quarts of blood and an average of 2 quarts of urine. The kidneys also help the body maintain the proper level of fluid, hormones that control blood pressure and make red blood cells, and activate vitamin D to maintain healthy bones
renal
means pertaining to the kidneys
ren
means kidneys
retroperitoneal
means behind the peritoneum, which is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity the kidneys are located here - one on each side of the vertebral column below the diaphragm and the lower edge of the rib cage
renal cortex
is the outer edge of the kidney. This layer of tissue contains more than one million microscopic units called nephrons.
cortex
means the outer portion of an organ
nephrons
are the microscopic functional units of each kidney. It is here that the urine is produced through the process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
reabsorption
is the return to the blood of some of the substances that were removed during filtration
glomerulus
which is a cluster of capillaries, surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the Bowman’s capsule, and a renal tubule
renal artery
blood enters the kidney through the renal artery and flows into the nephrons
renal vein
after passing through the filtration system of the glomerulus, the filtered blood containing protein and blood cells leaves the kidney and returns to the bloodstream through the renal vein
-the remaining filtrate flows into the renal tubules, where elements, including some water, sugar and salts, are returned to the bloodstream via a nearby capillary
-remaining waste products are continuously converted into urine, which is transported to the renal pelvis and collected in preparation for entry into the ureters. If waste products are not efficiently removed from the bloodstream, the body cannot maintain homeostasis, with a stable balance of salts and other substances
renal pelvis
is the funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla. This is where the newly formed urine from the nephrons collects before it flows into the ureters
ureters
are two narrow tubes, each about 10 to 12 inches long, which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder.
Peristalsis
which is a series of wave-like contractions, move urine down each ureter to the bladder. Peristalsis is also part of the digestive process
uretral orifices
urine drains from the ureters into the bladder through the ureteral orifices in the wall of the urinary bladder
orifice
means opening
urinary bladder
is an oval hollow, muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body
-The bladder is located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity behind the pubic symphysis. The average adult bladder stores more than one pint of urine
-The the stomach, the bladder is lined with rugae. These folds allow it to expand when full and contract when empty
urethra
is the tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body.
urinary sphincters
there are two, one located at either end of the urethra. These muscular rings control the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra and out of the urethra through the urethral meatus.
Sphincter
is a ring-like muscle that closes a passageway
urethral meatus
also known as the urinary meatus, is the external opening of the urethra
meatus
means the external opening of a canal
female urethra
is approximately 1.5 inches long, and the urethral meatus is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina. In the female, the urethra transports only urine
male urethra
is approximately 8 inches long, and the urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis. The urethra transports both urine and semen
prostate gland
which is part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra. Most disorders of the prostate affect the male’s ability to urinate.
urination
also known as voiding or micturition, is the normal process of excreting urine
-as the bladder fills up with urine, pressure is placed on the base of the urethra, resulting in the urge to urinate or micturate
-urination requires the coordinated contraction of the bladder muscles and relaxation of the sphincters. This action forces the urine through the urethra and out through the urethral meatus
nephrologist
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys
nephr
means kidney
urologist
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males
ur-
means urine
nephropathy
means any disease of the kidney. This definition includes both degenerative and inflammatory conditions.
Diabetic nephropathy
is kidney disease resulting from late-stage diabetes mellitus
renal failure
also known as kidney failure, is the inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions. The body cannot replace damages nephrons, and when too many nephrons have been destroyed, the result is kidney failure
azotemia
is an elevation of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney. Uremia can occur when this excess becomes toxic
uremia
also known as uremic poisoning, is a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea and other waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood
-emia
means blood condition
acute renal failure (ARF)
has sudden offset and is characterized by uremia. It can be fatal if not reversed promptly. This condition can be caused by the kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration or a sudden drop in blood volume or blood pressure from injury, burns, or a severe infection.
chronic kidney disease (CKD)
also known as chronic renal disease, or kidney failure, is the progressive loss of renal function over months or years. This common condition, which can be life-threatening, may result from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or a family history of kidney disease
-the buildup of waste in the blood from chronic kidney disease can be a contribution factor in heart attacks and stroes
End-Stage renal disease (ESRD)
is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, and this condition is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are replaced by dialysis, or with a successful kidney transplant
Nephrotic syndrome
also known as nephrosis, is a group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through the urine. This condition, which is usually caused by damage to the glomeruli, results in abnormally low levels of protein in the blood
edema
is excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues that can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney disease. This swelling can be in the area around the eyes, the abdomen, or the legs and feet
hyperproteinemia
is the presence of abnormally low concentrations in the blood. This condition of often associated with hyperproteinuria
minimal change disease
causes of nephrotic syndrome includes diabetes mellitus, infection, and kidney disorders. Called because the nephrons look normal under a regular microscope, is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children
hydronephrosis
is the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys. This condition can be caused by problems associated with the backing up of urine due to an obstruction such as nephrolith (kidney stone) or a stricture (narrowing) in the ureter
nephritis
is an inflammation of the kidney or kidneys. The most common causes of nephritis are toxins, infection, or an autoimmune disease
glomerulonephritis
is a type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine
glomerul/o
means glomeruli
neph-
means kidney
nehproptosis
also known as a floating kidney, is the prolapse, or dropping down, of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands
prolapse
means slipping or falling out of place
nephropyosis
also known as pyonephorosis, is suppuration of the kidney. Suppuration means the formation or discharge of pus
py
means pus
suppuration
means the formation or discharge of pus
polycystic kidney disease
is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. These cysts, which slowly replace much of the mass of the kidney, reduce the kidney function, which eventually leads to kidney failure
renal colic
is an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith (kidney stone). Colic means spasms of pain in the abdomen. Renal colic pain sometimes comes in waves due to the peristaltic movement of the ureters
Wilms tumor
is a rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children. There is a high cure rate for this condition when treated promptly
Stone
Also known as calculus, is an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body and is named for the organ or tissue where it is located. These stones vary in size from small sand-like granules that pass through the body unnoticed to stone the size of marbles that can become lodged, causing acute pain
-The urinary system, stones form when waste products in the urine separate and crystallize. Normally, urine contains chemicals to prevent this from happening; however, dehydration and other factors may disrupt this balance
nephrolithiasis
describes the presence of stones in the kidney. As these stones travel with the flow of urine, they are named for the location where they become lodged
nephrolith
also known as a kidney stone or a renal calculus, is found in the kidney
ureterolith
is a stone located anywhere along the ureter
cystolith
is a stone located within the urinary bladder
hydroureter
is the distention (swelling) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked. Hydroureter always accompanies hydronephorosis, discussed earlier.
Ureterectasis
is the distention (swelling) of a ureter due to hydroureter or congenital abnormalities
urethrorrhagia
is the discharge of blood from the ureter
-rrhagia
means bleeding
Cystalgia and cystodynia
both mean pain in the bladder
cyst
means bladder
-algia
means pain
cystocele
also known as a prolapsed bladder, is a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall. This sometimes occurs as a result of pregnancy or childbirth
interstitial cystitis
is a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder. The symptoms of this condition are similiar to those of cystitis; however, they do not respond to traditional treatment.
Interstitial
means relating to spaces within a tissue or organ
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
is the backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder. It is most common in infants and children
vesicovaginal fistula
is an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina. A fistula is an abnormal passage between two organs. A vesicovaginal fistula may be caused by prolonged labor during childbirth or surgery such as a hysterectomy
vagin
vagina
vesic/o
means bladder
neurogenic bladder
is a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination. Normal urinary function depends on nerves to sense when the bladder is full and to control the muscles that either retain the urine or allow the bladder to empty
-depending on the type of neurological disorder causing the problem, the bladder may empty spontaneously, resulting in incontinence, which is discussed in a later section
-In contrast, the problem can prevent the bladder from emptying at all or from emptying completely. This can result in urinary retention with overflow leakage.
-Some of the causes of this condition are a tumor of the nervous system, trauma, neuropathy, or an inflammatory condition such as multiple sclerosis.
Neuropathy
is any disease or damage to a nerve
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
also known as benign prostatic hypertrophy or enlarged prostate, is an enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than age 50. This condition can make urination difficult and causes other urinary-tract problems for men.
Hyperplasia
is an increase in cell numbers typically associated with tumor growth; however, in this case, it is not caused by cancer or infection
prostatism
is a disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. This can produce difficulties with urination, including urinary retention
prostate cancer
is one of the most common cancers among men. The disease can grow slowly with no symptoms, or it can grow aggressively and spread throughout the body
prostatitis
is a group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland
chronic nonbacterial prostatitis
most common type of prostatitis. With no single known cause
bacterial prostatitis
usually results from bacteria transported in the urine
urethrorrhagia
is bleeding from the urethra
urethrorrhea
is an abnormal discharge from the urethra. This condition is associated with some sexually transmitted diseases.
urethrostenosis
or urethral stricture, is narrowing of the urethra. This condition occurs almost exclusively in men and is caused by scarring from infection or injury
epispadias
is a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. In the male with epispadias, the urethral opening is located on the upper surface of the penis. In the female with epispadias, the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris
hypospadias
is a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. In the male with hypospadias, the urethral opening is on the ventral surface (underside) of the penis. In the female with hypospadias, the urethra opens into the vagina
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
usually begins in the bladder; however, such an infection can affect all parts of the urinary system. These common infections are caused by bacteria, most often E. Coli, entering the urinary system through the urethra. They occur more frequently in women because the urethra is short and located near the opening of the rectum.
cystitis
is an inflammation of the bladder.
pyelonephritis
is an inflammation of both the renal pelvis and kidney. This is usually caused by a bacterial infection that has spread upward from the bladder
urethritis
is an inflammation of the urethra
Anuria
is the absence of urine formation by the kidneys. This condition is often caused by kidney failure or a urinary tract obstruction
diuresis
is the increased output of urine
dysuria
is difficult or painful urination. This condition is frequently associated with urinary tract infections
enuresis
is the involuntary discharge of urine
en-
means into
-uresis
means urination
nocturnal enuresis
is urinary incontinence during sleep. It is also known as bed-wetting. Nocturnal means pertaining to night
nocturia
is frequent and excessive urination during the night
noct
means night
oliguria
means scanty urination. This can be caused by dehydration, renal failure, or a urinary tract obstruction. Oliguria is the opposite of polyuria
polyuria
means excessive urination and is a common symptom of diabetes. Polyuria is the opposite of oliguria
urinary hesitancy
is difficulty in starting a urinary stream. This condition is most common in older men with enlarged prostate glands. In younger people, the inability to urinate when another person is present is known as bashful bladder syndrome
urinary retention
also known as ischuria, is the inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate. This condition is also more common in men and is frequently associated with enlarged prostate gland
incontinence
is the inability to control the excretion of urine, feces, or both
urinary incontinence
is the inability to control the voiding of urine
overflow incontinence
is continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not empty completely. It is usually caused by a blocked urethra and is prevalent in older men with enlarged prostates
stress incontinence
is the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing, or coughing. This condition occurs more often in women than in men.
overactive bladder (OAB)
also known as urge incontinence, occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate. The urinary sphincters’ relaxation in response to this urgent need to urinate may result in increased urinary frequency or accidental urination. This is a common condition in adults older than 40 and may be caused by excessive consumption of caffeine or alcohol, urinary tract infections, neurological diseases, or bladder or prostate problems
urinalysis
is the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements. These tests, which are used to diagnose diseases and pregnancy as well to detect the presence of substances such as drug
bladder ultrasound
is the use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or for elevation for the bladder by an enlarged prostate after urination. A normal bladder holds between 300 and 400 mL of urine. When more than this amount is still present after urination, the bladder described as being distended, or enlarged.
urinary catherization
is the insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes. It is also used to drain urine from the bladder when the patient is unable to urinate for other reasons. Another use is to place medication into the bladder.
cystoscopy
is the visual examination of the urinary bladder with the use of a specialized type of endoscope known as a cystoscope.
endoscope
is an instrument used for visual examination of internal structures. A specialized cystoscope is also used for treatment procedures such as the removal of tumors or the reduction of an enlarged prostate gland
voiding cystourethrography
is a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra. This procedure is often performed after cystography
computed tomography
also known as a CT scan, is more commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed and provides additional imaging of the abdomen, which may reveal other potential sources for the patient’s symptoms
nephrotomography
is the use of a CAT scan to examine the kidneys
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
is a blood test to check how well the kidneys are functioning at filtered blood. This test can help diagnose chronic kidney disease and kidney failure. The Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test, also an indicator of kidney function
cystography
is a radiographic, or x-ray, examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter. The resulting film is a cystogram
intravenous pyelography
also known as excretory urography, is a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters. A contrast medium is administered intravenously to clearly define these structures in the resulting image, which is called an intravenous pyelogram (IVP). This test is used to diagnose changes in the urinary tract resulting from nephroliths, infections, enlarged prostate, tumors, and internal injuries after an abdominal trauma
KUB (Kidneys, ureters, bladder)
is a radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium.. This study, also referred to as a flat-plate of the abdomen, is used to detect bowel obstructions and nephroliths. Despite its name, a KUB x-ray odes not show the ureters
retrograde urography
is a radiograph of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract. Retrograde means moving backward
digital rectal examination
is performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and to look for indications of prostate cancer or tumors of the rectum. In this context, the term digital means using a finger. Palpate means the use of touch to examine a body part
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
blood test used to screen for prostate cancer. This test measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen that is present in a blood specimen. The prostate-specific antigen is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland to help liquefy semen. The higher a mans’ PSA level, the more likely cancer is present
diuretics
are medications administered to increase urine secretion, primary to rid the body of excess water and salt. Some foods and drinks, such as coffee, tea, and alcoholic beverages, also have a diuretic effect
-other drugs used to treat urinary tract problems including antibiotics for urinary tract infections and antispasmodics to block the signals that cause urinary incontinence
nutritional interventions
important dietary considerations for people with kidney disease include monitoring the amounts of sodium, potassium, protein, and phosphorus in their diet
dialysis
is a procedure to remove waste products, such as urea, creatinine, and excess water from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function. The two types of dialysis in common use are hemodialysis an peritoneal dialysis. Patients can sometimes choose the type of long-term dialysis they prefer
hemodialysis
is the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient’s blood. Treatment is performed on an external hemodialysis unit, sometimes referred to as an artificial kidney. Hemodialysis is the most common type of dialysis
shunt
implanted in the patient’s arm is connected to the hemodialysis unit, the arterial blood flows through the filters of the unit. A shunt is an artificial passage that allows the blood to flow between the body and the hemodialysis unit
dialysate
dialysis filters contain this, which is a sterilized solution made up of water and electrolytes. This solution cleanses the blood by removing waste products and excess fluids
electrolytes
are the salts that conduct electricity and are found in the body fluid, tissue and blood
-the cleansed blood is returned to the body through a vein
-these treatments each take around 4 hours and must be repeated about three times a week. They can be done at a hospital, a dialysis clinic, or at home with the necessary equipment
peritoneal dialysis
is the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood. The sterile dialysate flows into the peritoneal cavity around the intestine through a catheter implanted in the abdominal wall. This fluid is left in for a period of time to absorb waste products and then drained out through the tube
-the process is normally repeated several times during the day can be done using an automated system. This type of dialysis has some advantages; for example, it can be done at home by the patient. however, it is considered less effective than hemodialysis
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
provides ongoing dialysis as the patient goes about his or her daily activities. In this procedure, the dialysate solution is instilled from a plastic container worn under the patient’s clothing. About every 4 hours, the used solution is drained back into this back and the bag is discarded. A new bag is then attached, the solution is instilled, and the process continues
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) or automated peritoneal dialysis (APD)
uses a machine to cycle the dialysate solution during the night while the patient sleeps
nephrolysis
is the surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions. An adhesion is a band of fibers that holds structures together abnormally.
-lysis
means setting free; however, it also means destruction. Therefore, the term nephrolysis can also describe a pathologic condition in which there is destruction of renal cells
nephropexy
also known as nephrorrhaphy, is the surgical fixation of nephroptosis, or floating kidney.
nephrostomy
is the placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body. In a kidney affected by hydronephrosis, this allows urine from the kidney to be drained directly through the lower back. Nephrostomy tubes are also used to gain access to the kidneys for diagnostic procedures
pyelotomy
is a surgical incision into the renal pelvis. This procedure is performed to correct obstructions such as a stone lodged in the junction between the renal pelvis and the ureter
renal transplantation,
commonly known as a kidney transplant, is the grafting of a donor, kidney, from either a living or nonliving donor, into the body to replace the recipient, although a tissue match increases the success rate. A single transplanted kidney is capable of adequately performing all kidney functions and frees the patient from the needs of dialysis
treatment of nephroliths
most small nephroliths (kidney stones) pass out of the urinary tract naturally over a period of two days to three weeks. This process can be quite painful and is sometimes accompanied by vomiting due to the pain. Larger stones may require surgical intervention
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)
is the most common kidney stone treatment. High-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel are used to break the stone into fragments, which are then excreted in urine. Extracorporeal means situated or occurring outside the body
-lithotripsy is also used to break up calculi in the ureter, bladder or urethra
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
is the surgical removal of the nephrolith through a small incision in the back. A small tube is temporarily inserted through the incision into the kidney. First urine is removed; then the stone is crushed and the pieces are removed. This procedure is used if ESWL has not been successful, if an infection is present, or if the stone is particularly large. Percutaneous means performed through the skin
ureterectomy
is the surgical removal of a ureter
ureterorrhaphy
is the surgical suturing of a ureter
ureteroscopy
is a treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter. A specialized instrument called a ureteroscope is inserted through the urethra and bladder into the ureter. If possible, the nephrolith is removed intact through the scope. If the stone is too large, a laser is used to break it up and the pieces are then removed.
cystectomy
is the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder. This procedure is usually performed to treat bladder cancer
ileal conduit
or a urinary ileostomy is the use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen
cystopexy
is the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
cystorrhaphy
is the surgical suturing of a wound of defect in the bladder
-plexy
means surgical fixation
lithotomy
is the surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith for the bladder. Although this surgery is no longer common, its name is still used to describe a physical examination position for procedures involving the pelvis and lower abdomen
urinary catheterization
also known as cathing, is performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to allow urine to drain freely, or to place a fluid such as chemotherapy solution into the bladder.
indwelling catheter
remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need. indwelling means residing within. This can be either a urethral or a suprapubic catheter
urethral catheterization
is performed by inserting a plastic tube called a catheter through the urethra and into the bladder
suprapubic catheterization
is the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone
foley catheter
is the most common type of indwelling catheter. This device is made of flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place in the bladder. It is commonly used on post surgical patients and is named for its inventor, surgeon Frederic Foley
intermittent catheter
also known as a short-term catheter, is inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder
meatotomy
is a surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening
urethroplasty
is the surgical repair of damage of a defect in the walls of the urethra
urethrotomy
is a surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture. A stricture is an abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage
ablation
is the term used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer. This treatment involves the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function through the use of surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery, or other methods. Electrocautery is the use of high-frequency electrical current to destroy tissue
prostatectomy
is the surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland. This procedure is performed to treat prostate cancer or to reduce an enlarged prostate gland; however, this treatment can lead to erectile difficulties. A radical prostatectomy is the surgical removal of the entire prostate gland in cases where it is extremely enlarged or when cancer is suspected
transurethral prostatectomy (TURP)
is the removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope
resctoscope
is a specialized endoscopic instrument that resembles a cystoscope
retrograde ejaculation
is when an orgasm results in semen flowing backward into the bladder instead of out through the penis. This is the most common long-term complication of a TURP.
radiation therapy and hormone therapy
are additional treatments used to control prostate cancer. Watchful waiting is often the prescribed course of action in older patients because this disease normally progresses slowly
kegel exercises
named after Dr. Arnold Kegel, are a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor. They are used to control urinary stress incontinence in both sexes, in men to treat prostate pain and swelling, and in women to condition the muscles so that they will recover quickly after childbirth
bladder retraining
is behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule, with increasingly longer time intervals as the bladder increases its capacity. The goal is to reestablish voluntary bladder control and to break the cycle of frequency and urgency that results from urge incontinence
ARF
acute renal failure
benign prostatic hyperplasia
BPH
TURP
transurethral resection of the prostate
cyst/o
urinary bladder
glycos/o
sugar, glucose
hydr/o
relating to water
olig/o
scanty, few
py/o
pus
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ur/o
urine
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
dia-
complete, through
-lithiasis
presence of stone
-lysis
separation
-osis
abnormal condition
-tripsy
to crush
-uria
urination, urine
urethropexy
which is the surgical fixation of the urethra, is usually performed to correct urinary stress incontinence
cortex
the outer portion of an organ
digital
using a finger
extracorporeal
occurring outside the bdoy
hypertrophy
enlargement of an organ due to increased size of its cells
meatus
a natural body opening. The urinary meatus is the opening of the urethra at the body’s surface
percutaneous
performed through the skin
peristalisis
a series of wave-like contractions
DRE
digital rectal exam
ESWL
extracorporeal shockwave lithrotripsy
GFR
glomerular filtration rate
RRT
renal replacement therapy
5 stages of kidney disease
stage 1 - mildest form with slightly diminished kidney function
stage 2 - mild kidney damage, such as protein in the urine
stage 3 - kidneys are moderately damaged
stage 4 - kidneys are severely damaged
stage 5 - esrd. This is complete kidney failure that requires dialysis or a kidney transplant to sustain the life of the patient
vascular assess
is the term used to describe the place on the body where blood flows from and returns to the body during hemodialysis.
arteriovenous (AV) fistula
is considered the “Gold standard” for vascular access. An AV fistula is a surgical connection between an artery and a vein that allows increased blood flow through the vein, which helps enlarge and strengthen the vein. An AV fistula allows a higher rate of blood to flow back and forth to a dialysis machine
