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Chapter 1: Medical Terms > Lymphatic and Immune Systems > Flashcards

Lymphatic and Immune Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Primary function of the lymphatic system

A

cleanse the body’s cellular environment by draining toxins back into the blood

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2
Q

primary function lymphatic system

A

works in cooperation with the immune system to protect the body from harmful substances (bodys first response against disease)

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3
Q

lymph/o

A

the fluid that removes cellular waste products, pathogens, and dead blood cells from the tissues

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4
Q

lymphangi/o

A

the capillaries, vessels, and ducts that return lymph from the tissues to the venous bloodstream

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5
Q

lymphaden/o

A

bean-shaped structures of the lymphatic system where pathogens and other harmful substances are filtered from the lymph by specialized cells of the immune system

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6
Q

tonsill/o, adenid/o

A

lymphoid structures of the lymphatic system that protect the entry to the respiratory system

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7
Q

splen/o

A

a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue with protective roles in both the immune and lymphatic systems

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8
Q

myel/o

A

produces lymphocytes, which are specialized leukocytes (white blood cells). Myel/o also means spinal cord

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9
Q

thym/o

A

a gland located in the upper chest with specialized roles in both the lymphatic and immune systems

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10
Q

anti-

A

against

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11
Q

carcin/o

A

cancerous

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12
Q

immun/o

A

immune, protection, safe

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13
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph, lymphatic tissue

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14
Q

lumphaden/o

A

lymph node or gland

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15
Q

lymphangi/o

A

lymph vessel

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16
Q

neo-, ne/o

A

new, strange

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17
Q

-oma

A

tumor, neoplasm

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18
Q

onc/o

A

tumor

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19
Q

phag/o

A

eat, swallow

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20
Q

-plasm

A

formative material of cells

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21
Q

sarc/o

A

fresh, connective tissue

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22
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

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23
Q

-tic

A

pertaining to

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24
Q

tox/o

A

poison, poisonous

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25
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

The most advances and fatal stage of an HIV infection

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26
Q

allergen

A

a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual

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27
Q

anaphylaxis

A

a severe response to an allergen which the symptoms develop quickly, and without help the patient can die within a few minutes

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28
Q

antibiotics

A

a medication that is capable of inhibiting the growth of or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms

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29
Q

antibody

A

a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

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30
Q

antifungal

A

an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi

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31
Q

antigen

A

any substance that the body regards as foreign

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32
Q

antigen-antibody reaction

A

the binding of antigens to antibodies

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33
Q

autoimmune disorder

A

any of a large group of disease characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies to work against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens

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34
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria

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35
Q

bacteria

A

a group of one-celled microscopic organisms, some of which are pathogenic

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36
Q

benign

A

not life-threatening

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37
Q

candidiasis

A

an infection caused by yeast, a type of fungus

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38
Q

carcinoma

A

a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

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39
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues

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40
Q

complement system

A

a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. When needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells

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41
Q

cytokines

A

a group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells that act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response

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42
Q

cytomegalovirus

A

a group of large herpes-type viruses found in most body fluids and most often causing an infection without signs or symptoms. Can cause a serious illness when the individual has a weakened immune system or when passed from mother to unborn child

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43
Q

cytotoxic drug

A

medication that kills or damages cells

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44
Q

ductal carcinoma in situ

A

breast cancer at its earliest stage, before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct

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45
Q

hemolytic

A

describes the function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes (red blood cells) and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse

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46
Q

herpes zoster

A

an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of the inflamed nerve

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47
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

a malignancy of the lymphatic system that is distinguished from non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes

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48
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

A

a blood-borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system

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49
Q

immunoglobulins

A

bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response

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50
Q

immunosuppressant

A

a substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response

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51
Q

immunotherapy

A

a treatment of disease by either stimulating or repressing the immune response

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52
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

an infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes

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53
Q

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

A

breast cancer that starts in the milk duct, breaks through the wall of that duct, and invades the surrounding fatty breast tissue; also known as invasive ductal carcinoma

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54
Q

interferons

A

produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. They activate the immune system, fight viruses, and signal other cells to increase their defenses

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55
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes

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56
Q

lymphangioma

A

a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system

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57
Q

lymphedema

A

swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues

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58
Q

lymphocytes

A

one of three types of cells that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells that act as specialized antibodies

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59
Q

lymphoma

A

a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues

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60
Q

lymphoma

A

a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues

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61
Q

lymphoscintigraphy

A

a diagnostic test to detect damage or malformations of the lyphatic vessels

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62
Q

macrophage

A

a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells

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63
Q

malaria

A

a disease caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito

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64
Q

malignant

A

becoming progressively worse and life-threatening

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65
Q

mammography

A

a radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells

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66
Q

metastasis

A

the process by which cancer is spread to a new site; may refer to the tumor itself

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67
Q

metastasize

A

to spread from one place to another

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68
Q

myoma

A

a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue

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69
Q

myosarcoma

A

a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue

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70
Q

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

the term used to describe all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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71
Q

opportunistic infection

A

caused by a pathogen that normally does not cause illness in healthy humans, but is able to cause an infection in a weakened host

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72
Q

osteosarcoma

A

a hard-tissue sarcoma usually involving upper shaft of long bones, the pelvis, or the knees

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73
Q

parasite

A

a plant of an animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism

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74
Q

rabies

A

an acute viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva or an infected animal

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75
Q

rickettsia

A

small bacteria that live in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites that transmit infection to humans

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76
Q

rubella

A

a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash; also known as German measles or 3-day measles

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77
Q

sarcoma

A

a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue; plural, sarcomas or sarcomata

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78
Q

spirochetes

A

long, slender spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement

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79
Q

splenomegaly

A

abnormal enlargement of the spleen

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80
Q

staphylococci

A

group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes

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81
Q

streptococci

A

bacteria that form a chain

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82
Q

systemic reaction

A

a severe reaction to an allergen; also described as anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock

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83
Q

teletherapy

A

radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body that is precisely targeted with the use of three-dimensional computer imaging

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84
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

a parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces

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85
Q

varicella

A

a highly contagious disease caused by a herpes virus characterized by a fever and rash; also known as chickenpox

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86
Q

3 main functions of the lymphatic system are to:

A
  1. absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins through the lacteals of the small intestine
  2. Remove waste products from the tissues and cooperate with the immune system in destroying invading pathogens
  3. Return filtered lymph to the veins at the base of the neck
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87
Q

villi

A

the lining of the small intestine, small fingerlike projections contains lacteals and blood vessels

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88
Q

lacteals

A

specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorbs those fats that cannot be transported by the blood stream. These dietary fats are transformed in the cells of the lacteals. The lymphatic vessels then return them to the venous circulation so they can be used throughout the body as nutrients.
The blood vessels absorb the nutrients, fats, and fat-soluble vitamins from the digested food directly into the blood stream for use throughout the body.

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89
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

also known as intercellular or tissue fluid, is plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues.
-This fluid delivers nutrients, oxygen and hormones to the cells
-when interstitial fluid leaves the cells, it brings with it waste products and protein molecules that were created within the cells. About 90% of this fluid returns to the bloodstream.

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90
Q

Lymph

A

is made up of the remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid. Lymph is a clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins. It plays essential roles in the lymphatic system as it works in close cooperation with the immune system.
-Lymph collects the protein molecules created within the cells as it leaves. Lymph also removed dead cells, debris, and pathogens (including cancer cells) from the intercellular spaces
-The lymph enters very small capillaries within the tissues and then flows into progressively larger vessels and ducts as it travels in a one-way trip upward toward the neck.
-At this stage, the lymph begins to play an active role in cooperation with the immune system to protect the body against invading microorganisms and diseases. These functions are described in the discussion of the immune system

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91
Q

lymphatic circulatory system

A

and blood circulatory system work closely together, and because of these similarities the lymphatic circulatory system is often referred to as the secondary circulatory system.
- Blood circulates throughout the entire body in a loop, pumped by the heart. The blood stream flows in an open system in which it leaves and reenters the blood vessels through the capillaries
-Since the lymphatic system does not have a pump-like organ, it must depend on the pumping motion of muscles to move the fluid.
-Lymph flows in only one direct. From its point of origin, lymph can move only upward until it returns to the circulatory system at the base of the neck. Once lymph enters a lymphatic capillary, it must continue this upward flow.

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92
Q

Blood is filtered by ____

A

the kidneys, and waste products are excreted by the urinary system. Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes, which are located alone lymphatic vessels. These nodes contain specialized cells of the immune system.

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93
Q

Blood color makes

A

the arteries and veins readily visible. Since lymph is a clear fluid, the lymphatic vessels are not readily visable

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94
Q

Lymphatic Capillaries

A

are microscopic, blind-ended (sealed on one end) tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness. These cells separate briefly to allow the lymph to enter the capillary. Then the action of the cells as they close forces the lymph to flow upward and forward.

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95
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph flows from the lymphatic capillaries into progressively larger lymphatic vessels, which are located deeper within the tissues. Like veins, lymphatic vessels have valves to prevent the backward flow of lymph.

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96
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm. The right lymphatic duct empties into the right subclavian vein.

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97
Q

Subclavian vein

A

is the proximal part of the main vein of the arm

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98
Q

thoracic duct

A

the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both legs. The thoracic duct empties into the left subclavian vein

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99
Q

lymph nodes

A

small, bean-shaped node containing specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens. Unfiltered lymph flows into the nodes, and here, the lymphocytes destroy harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, and malignant cells. Additional structures within the node filter the lymph to remove other impurities. After these processes are complete, the lymph leaves the node and continues its journey to become part of the venous circulation again.

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100
Q

Cervical lymph nodes

A

located along side the neck

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101
Q

Cervic

A

neck

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102
Q

axillary lymph nodes

A

located under the arms in the area known as the armpits

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103
Q

axill

A

armpit

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104
Q

inguinal lymph nodes

A

located in the inguinal (groin) area of the lower abdomen

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105
Q

inguin

A

groin

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106
Q

Lymphocytes

A

also known as lymphoid cells, are leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells. Lymphocytes work together with the body’s organs to defend the body against antigens

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107
Q

antigen

A

any substance that the body regards as being foreign. This includes viruses, bacteria, toxins, and transplanted tissues

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108
Q

Three types of lymphocytes

A

natural killer cells, B cells, and T cells

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109
Q

Maturation

A

process of becoming mature

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110
Q

Differentation

A

means to be modified to perform a specific function. These changes enable these lymphocytes to act as specialized antibodies that are capable of attacking specific antigens

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111
Q

Natural killer cells (NK Cells)

A

play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses

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112
Q

B Cells

A

also known as B lymphocytes, are specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies. Each lymphocyte makes a specific antibody that is capable of destroying a specific antigen
-B cells are the most effective against viruses and bacteria that are circulating in the blood. When a B cell is confronted with the antigen that is coded to destroy, that B cell is transformed into a plasma cell

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113
Q

Plasma cells

A

develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens

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114
Q

T cells

A

also known as T Lymphocytes, get the T in their name from their origin in the thymus. These lymphocytes play a central role in cell-mediated immunity.

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115
Q

Cytokines

A

are a group of protein such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells. These cells act as intracellular signals to begin the immune respone

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116
Q

Interferons

A

are produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. Interferons active the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication, and signal other cells to increase their defenses

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116
Q

Interleukins

A

play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate

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116
Q

Tonsils

A

are three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat. The tonsils play an important role in the immune system by preventing pathogens from entering the respiratory system when breathing through the nose and mouth

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117
Q

adenoids

A

also known as the nasopharyngeal tonsils, are located in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the pharynx

118
Q

palatine tonsils

A

located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth. Palatine describes the hard and soft palates that form the roof of the mouth

119
Q

lingual tonsils

A

are located at the base of the tongue, however, they are not readily visible. Lingual means pertaining to the tongue

120
Q

thymus

A

which is a mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size at puberty and becomes smaller with age.
As part of the endocrine system, the thymus secretes a hormone that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells
-These T cells, which are essential to the immune system, leave the thymus through the bloodstream and lymphatic system

121
Q

vermiform appendix

A

commonly referred to as the appendix, hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, which is the first section of the large intestine. Although its purpose was unknown for many years, recent research indicates that the appendix may play an important role in the immune system

122
Q

Spleen

A

a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to (below) the diaphragm and posterior to (behind) the stomach
-The spleen filters microorganisms and other foreign materials from the blood
-The spleen forms lymphocytes and monocytes, which are specialized leukocytes (white blood cells) with important roles in the immune system
-The spleen has the hemolytic function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes (red blood cells) and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse)
-The spleen also stores extra erythrocytes (red blood cells) and maintains the appropriate balance between these cells and the plasma of the blood

123
Q

Primary function of the immune system is to:

A

maintain good health and to protect the body from harmful substances such as:
-pathogens (disease producing microorganisms)
-Allergens (substances that produce allergic reactions)
-toxins (poisonous or harmful substances)
-malignant cells (which are potentially life-threatening cancer cells)
-the immune system uses a complex system of chemical signaling between specialized cells to identify, attack, and remember antigens
-after encountering an antigen once, the immune system’s memory of the invader enables the body to mount a more efficient future defense against that antigen

124
Q

Immune system’s first line of defense

A

-Intact skin: that wraps the body i na physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body.
-Respiratory system: traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs and the moist mucous membrane lining of the respiratory system. the tonsils form a protective ring around the entrance to the throat. If foreign matter gets past these barriers, coughing and sneezing help expel it.
-Digestive system: uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food
-lymphatic system and specialized leukocytes (white blood cells) work together in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body

125
Q

Intact

A

means that there are no cuts, scrapes, open sores, or breaks in the skin. The skin is also covered with an acid mantle

126
Q

Acid mantle

A

makes it an inhospitable environment for most bacteria

127
Q

Antigen-antibody reaction

A

also known as the immune reaction, involved binding antigens to antibodies. This reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system. The immune system immediately responds to the presence of any antigen

128
Q

tolerance

A

refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen. The term is also used to describe a decline in the effective response to a drug, usually due to repeated use

129
Q

antibody

A

disease fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen. The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably

130
Q

immunoglobulins

A

bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response. There are 5 primary types of immunoglobulins, which are secreted by plasma cells

131
Q

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

A

the most abundant class of antibodies, and they are found in blood serum and lymph. These antibodies are active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and foreign particles

132
Q

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

A

is the class of antibodies produced predominantly against antigens. These antibodies are found in body secretions such as saliva, sweat or teas, and they function to prevent the attachment of viruses and bacteria to the epithelial surfaces that line most organs

133
Q

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

A

is the class of antibodies that are found in circulating body fluids. These are the first antibodies to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen

134
Q

Immunoglobulin D (IgD)

A

Is the class of antibodies found only on the surface of B cells. these antibodies are important in B cell activation

135
Q

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

A

is the class of antibodies produced in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. These antibodies are responsible for allergic reactions

136
Q

Phagocytes

A

specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis.

137
Q

Phag/o

A

to eat or swallow

138
Q

Phagocytosis

A

is the process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them. Phagocytes include monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells.

139
Q

monocytes

A

are leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms. Macrophages derive from monocytes after they leave the bloodstream and enter into the tissue. Monocytes replenish macrophages and dendritic cells.

140
Q

macrophage

A

a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells. Macrophages also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells

141
Q

dendritic cells

A

specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections. When such a cell is found, the dendritic cell grabs it, swallows it, and alerts B and T cells to act against this specific antigen

142
Q

macro-

A

large

143
Q

-phage

A

cell that eats

144
Q

complement system

A

a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. When needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells

145
Q

complement

A

means to complete or make whole

146
Q

immunity

A

is the state of being resistant to a specific disease. This resistance can be present naturally, or it can be acquired

147
Q

natural immunity

A

also known as passive immunity, is resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease. Natural immunity is present at birth, and can be augmented when breast milk passes from a nursing mother to her baby

148
Q

acquired immunity

A

is obtained by having had a contagious disease. Being vaccinated against a contagious disease provides protection against that disease, such as measles or polio, without having been exposed to the risk of actually having the disease

149
Q

vaccine

A

is a preparation containing an antigen, consisting of whole or partial disease-causing organisms, which have been killed or weakened. For some diseases, such as tetanus a periodic booster shot is required to maintain the effectiveness of the immunity

150
Q

vaccination

A

provides protection against the disease; however, for some conditions a periodic booster is required to maintain the effectiveness of the immunization

151
Q

allergist

A

specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions

152
Q

immunologist

A

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system

153
Q

immun

A

means protected

154
Q

lymphologist

A

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system

155
Q

oncologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer

156
Q

onc

A

means tumor

157
Q

Lymphadenitis

A

commonly known as swollen glands, is an inflammation of the lymph nodes. The term lymph nodes and lymph glands are sometimes used interchangeably. Swelling of the lymph nodes is frequently an indication of an infection

158
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

is any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes

159
Q

lymphaden/o

A

means lymph node

160
Q

lymphangioma

A

a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system

161
Q

angi

A

means lymph vessel

162
Q

ruptured spleen

A

is a medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn, usually the result of a blow to the abdomen. Splenorrhagia may result

163
Q

Splenorrhagia

A

is bleeding from the spleen

164
Q

-rrhagia

A

means bleeding

165
Q

Splenomegaly

A

is an abnormal enlargement of the spleen. This condition can be due to bleeding caused by an injury, an infectious disease such as mononucleosis or abnormal functioning of the immune system

166
Q

lymphoscintigraphy

A

is a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels. A radioactive substance is injected into lymph ducts, and scanner or probe is used to follow the movement of the substance on a computer screen

167
Q

Lymphedema

A

is swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues. This is not the type of swelling that occurs due to an injury such as a sprained ankle. It is caused by damage to the lymphatic system that prevents lymph from draining properly. Because lymph is rich in protein, which is an environment that pathogens thrive in, lymphedema is often associated with infections

168
Q

primary lymphedema

A

is a hereditary condition of the lymphatic system that develops with swelling beginning in the feet and progressing into the ankles and in an upward direction along the legs. The disorder occurs most frequently in females when the symptoms begin to appear during puberty

169
Q

secondary lymphedema

A

is caused by damage to lymphatic vessels that is most frequently due to cancer treatment, surgery, trauma, or burns.
-Primary and secondary lymphedema are most commonly treated with compression and exercise to control the swelling and to minimize the infections. Although this treatment helps, at this time it is not possible to cure lymphedema

170
Q

bioimpedance spectroscopy

A

is a noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema. It measures the resistance to an electrical current passed through the affected limp, with abnormally low results showing a buildup of lymph. If this condition can be diagnosed with this technique at an early stage, there is hope that it will not develop any further

171
Q

the effectiveness of the immune system depends upon the individuals:

A

-general health. if the immune system is compromised by poor health, it cannot be fully effective.
-age. older individuals usually have more acquired immunity; however, their immune system tends to respond less quickly or effectively to new challenges. Babes and very young children do not yet have as much acquired immunity, and their bodies sometimes have difficulty resisting challenges to the immune system
-heredity. Genes and genetic disorders affect the individual’s general health and the functioning of his or her immune system

172
Q

allergic reaction

A

occurs when the body’s immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it were a dangerous invader

173
Q

allergy

A

also known as hypersensitivity, is an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen.

174
Q

allergen

A

is a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual

175
Q

localized allergic response

A

also known as a cellular response, includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen. For example, contact with poison ivy can cause a localized allergic response in the form of an itchy rash. Although the body reacts mildly the first time it is exposed to the allergen, sensitivity is established, and future contacts can cause much more severe symptoms.

176
Q

systemic reaction

A

also described as anaphylaxis or as anaphylactic shock, is a severe response to an allergen. the symptoms of this response develop quickly. Without prompt medical aid, the patient can die within a few minutes.

177
Q

scratch test

A

is a diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens such as tree pollen and ragweed. Swelling and itching indicate an allergic reaction

178
Q

allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) blood test

A

sometimes used to determine whether a person is allergic to a particular substance

179
Q

antihistamines

A

are medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever, which is a common allergy to wind-borne pollens, and other types of allergies. Antihistamines work by preventing the effects of histamine, which is a substance produced by the body that causes the itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes of an allergic reactions

180
Q

autoimmune disorder

A

also known as an autoimmune disease, is any of the large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens.
-this abnormal functioning of the immune system appears to be genetically transmitted and predominately occurs in women during the childbearing years
-It is estimated that 3% of Americans have an autoimmune disorder, with women affected 2.7 times more often than men. Autoimmune disorders affect most body systems.

181
Q

Skeletal system autoimmune disorder

A

Rheumatoid arthritis affects joints and connective tissue

182
Q

muscular system autoimmune disorder

A

myasthenia gravis affects nerves and muscle synapes

183
Q

cardiovascular system autoimmune disorder

A

pernicious anemia affects the red blood cells

184
Q

Digestive system autoimmune disorder

A

Crohn’s Disease affects the intestines, ileum, or the colon

185
Q

nervous system autoimmune disorder

A

multiple sclerosis affects the brain and spinal cord

186
Q

integumentary system autoimmune disorder

A

scleroderma affects the skin and connective tissues

187
Q

endocrine system autoimmune disorder

A

Grave’s disease affects the thyroid gland

188
Q

immunodeficiency disorder

A

occurs when the immune response is compromised.

189
Q

severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

A

is an inherited condition in which abnormalities in the immune system cause an increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections. Although the condition is rare, it is now normally part of infants’ newborn screen

190
Q

HIV (human immunodeficiency Virus

A

commonly known as HIV, is a blood-borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections

191
Q

opportunistic infection

A

is caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans. However, when the host is debilitated, these pathogens are able to cause an infection.

192
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

commonly known as AIDS, is the most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection
-treatment of HIV includes a regimen of antiretroviral drugs sometimes referred to as a “cocktail” because they must be taken in combination with each other. Although there is no cure for HIV, these drugs help control the impact of the disease on the immune system

193
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

is an example of an opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV. This cancer causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin; in the lining of the mouth, nose and throat; or in other organs

194
Q

ELISA

A

acronym for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is a blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies, as well as Lyme disease and other infectious conditions

195
Q

western blot test

A

blood test that produces more accurate results than the ELISA test. The western blot test is performed to confirm the diagnosis when the result of the ELISA test are positive for HIV. This is necessary because the ELISA test sometimes produces false positive result in which the test erroneously indicates the presence of HIV

196
Q

immunotherapy

A

also called biological therapy, is a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response
-In the treatment of cancers, immunotherapy is used to stimulate the immune response to fight the malignancy.
-In the treatment of allergies, immunotherapy is used to repress the body’s sensitivity to a particular allergen. This treatment is also known as allergy desensitization

197
Q

Synthetic immunoglobulins

A

also known as immune serum, are used as a post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis. Post-exposure means that the patient has been exposed to the virus, for example, by being bitten by an animal with rabies. The goal of this treatment is to prevent the disease from developing by providing temporary immunity

198
Q

synthetic interferon

A

is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis c, and some cancer

199
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

are any class of antibodies produced in the lab by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells. These artificially produced antibodies are used to enhance the patient’s immune response to certain malignancies, including some non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, and colon cancer.

200
Q

monoclonal

A

means pertaining to a single clone of cells .

201
Q

immunosuppression

A

is treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens

202
Q

immunosuppressant

A

is a substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response. This medication is administered to prevent the rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune disorders

203
Q

corticosteroid drug

A

a hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant. The natural production of corticosteroids by the endocrine system

204
Q

cytotoxic drug

A

is a medication that kills or damages cells. These drugs are used as immunosuppressants or as antineoplastics

205
Q

pathogen

A

is a microorganism that causes a disease in humans.

206
Q

microorganism

A

is a living organism that is so small it can be seen only with the aid of a microscope

207
Q

pathogenic

A

capable of producing disease

208
Q

Bacteria

A

are one-celled microscopic organisms. Most bacteria are not harmful to humans. The following list shows some of the bacteria that are pathogenic:
-Bacilli
-Anthrax
-rickettsia
-Spirochetes
-lyme disease
-staphlococci
-staphlococcus aureus
-streptococci

209
Q

Bacilli

A

rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria (singular is bacillus

210
Q

anthrax

A

is a contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with bacillus anthracis. Spores grown in labs have been used in biological warfar

211
Q

rickettsia

A

small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks and mites (plural, rickettsiae). Rocky-Mountain spotted fever is caused by a rickettsia that is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick

212
Q

spirochetes

A

are long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement

213
Q

lyme disease

A

is transmitted to humans by the bite of a tick that has had contact with a deer infected with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. It is named for Only Lyme, Connecticut, where it was first diagnosed. Symptoms of lyme disease include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash known as erythema migrans. If left untreated, lyme disease can spread to the joints, heart, and nervous system. Syphilis is also caused by sirochetes

214
Q

Staphylococci

A

are a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes. Most Staphylococci are harmless and reside normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms; however, others are capable of producing very serious infections

215
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

also known as staph aureus, is a form of staphylococcus that often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poisioning

216
Q

streptococci

A

are bacteria that form a chain. Many streptococcal species are harmless; however, other members of this group are responsible for serious illnesses such as strep throat, meningitis, endocarditis, and necrotizing faciitis

217
Q

antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A

occur when antibiotics fail to kill all of the bacteria they target. When this occurs, the surviving bacteria become resistant to this particular drug. As more and more bacteria become resistant to first-line antibiotics, the consequences are severe because the illness lasts longer, and the risk of complications and death increases. Originally these infections were nosocomial (hospital or clinic acquired) but now these antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasingly common in the general population

218
Q

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

A

commonly known as MRSA, is one of several types of bacteria that are now resistant to most antibiotics
-first symptoms of MRSA look like small, red bumps with a black top. These bumps soon become accesses that require immediate care.
-MRSA infections are serious, difficult to treat, can be fatal, and often occur repeatedly as breaks in the skin allow the bacteria entry. These infections are becoming increasingly present in the general population

219
Q

fungus

A

is a simple parasitic organism. Some of these fungi are harmless to humans; others are pathogenic.
-Tinea pedis, commonly known as athletes food, is a fungal infection that develops between the toes

220
Q

Yeast

A

is a type of fungus. An example is candidiasis, which is known as a yeast infection. Yeast infections occur on the skin or mucous membranes in warm, moist areas such as the vagina or mouth and are caused by the pathogenic yeast candida albicans. Oral thrush is a yeast infection that occurs in the mouth, whereas viginal candidiasis occurs in the vagina

221
Q

parasite

A

is a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism

222
Q

malaria

A

is caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. Symptoms develop from 1 to 4 weeks after being infected and include fever, shaking, chills, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue.

223
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

is a parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces. A pregnant woman should avoid such contact because it can cause diseases in the developing chip such as microcephalous (excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brian)

224
Q

viruses

A

are very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells. After invading the cell, the virus reproduces and then breaks the wall of the infected cell to release the newly formed viruses. These viruses spread to other cells and repeat the process.

225
Q

ebola

A

is a rare and generally fatal disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids infected with the Ebola virus. Ebola can only be transmitted when symptoms are present. Early symptoms, which usually appear within 21 days of exposure, include high fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. Late symptoms include massive internal bleeding and organ failure

226
Q

influenza

A

commonly known as the flu, is a highly contagious viral respiratory infection that usually occurs in seasonal epidemics. Flu symptoms include fever, sore throat, muscle aches, cough, runny nose, and fatigue. Complications can include pneumonia. A vaccine is available annually to protect against the most common strains of influenza

227
Q

measles

A

is an acute, highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus. Symptoms include red, itchy, rash over the entire body, a high fever, runny nose, and coughing. Serious complications of measles can include photophobia, which is a severe sensitivity to light

228
Q

mumps

A

is an acute viral infection that is characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands, which are the salivary glands located just in front of the ears. In adults, mumps can also cause painful swelling of the ovaries or testicles

229
Q

rubella

A

also known as german measles or three-day measles is a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash. Although not usually severe or long-lasting, rubella is serious in woman during early pregnancy because it can cause defects in a developing fetus

230
Q

MMR (Measles, mumps and rubella) vaccination

A

immunization can prevent these three viral illnesses and should be administered in early childhood

231
Q

rabies

A

is an acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal. an infected animal is said to be rabid. If risk is suspected, it is necessary to undergo testing immediately so that post-exposure treatment can be stated as quickly as possible. Without testing and treatment, the signs and symptoms of rabies usually occur 30-90 days after the bite, and once symptoms have developed, rabies is almost always fatal

232
Q

west nile virus

A

is spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. A mild form of this condition has flu-like symptoms. A more severe variety spreads to the spinal cord and brain. West Nile virus is a member of the flavivirus genus, which also includes the virus that cause the mosquito-borne tropical disease dengue fever

233
Q

Group of viruses that cause herpesviruses

A

varicella zoster, Epstein-Barr, Cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex

234
Q

cytomegalovirus (CMV)

A

is found in most body fluids. It is most often present as a silent infection in which the individual has no signs or symptoms of the infection, although it can potentially cause a serious illness when the individual has a weakened immune system, or when it is transmitted from the mother to her unborn child. this transmission can cause serious congenital disabilities to the chidl

235
Q

varicella

A

also known as chickenpox, is caused by the herpes virus varicella zoster and is highly contagious. The condition is characterized by a fever and rash consisting of hundreds of itchy, fluid-filled blisters that burst and form crusts

236
Q

herpes zoster

A

commonly known as shingles, is an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed never. This inflammation occurs when the dormant varicella (chickenpox) virus is reactivated later in life. A vaccine is available to help prevent shingles, and is recommended for adults 60 years and older

237
Q

postherpetic neuralgia

A

is a complication that may follow herpes zoster if nerve fibers have been damaged during the outbreak. The resulting pain can be severe and persistent

238
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

also known as mono, is caused by the EBV. This condition is characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes. Swelling of the spleen or liver involvement can also develop

239
Q

antibiotics

A

are medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms. Inhibit means to slow the growth or development. Antibiotics are effective against most bacterial infections; however, they are not effective against viral infections

240
Q

bactericide

A

is a substance that causes the death of bacteria. This group of antibiotics includes penicillins and cephalosporins

241
Q

bacteriostatic

A

agent slows or stops the growth of bacteria. this group of antibiotics include tetracycline, sulfonamide, and erythromycin

242
Q

antifungal

A

is an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi. Lotrimin is an example of a topical anti-fungal that is applied to treat or prevent athlete’s foot. This type of medication is also known as an antimycotic

243
Q

antiviral drug

A

such as acyclovir, is used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity

244
Q

oncology

A

is the study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer. Most cancers are named for the part of the body where the cancer originated. Cancer can attack all body systems and is the second leading cause of death in the US after heart disease

245
Q

tumor

A

which is also known as a neoplasm, is an abnormal growth of body tissue. within this mass, the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid and progressive

246
Q

benign tumor

A

is not a form of cancer, and it is not life-threatening. Benign means not life-threatening, although this type of tumor can cause damage as it grows and places pressure on adjacent structures

247
Q

myoma

A

is an example of a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue

248
Q

malignant tumor

A

is a form a cancer. it is capable of spreading to distant body sites, including to other body systems, and it is potentially life-threatening. Malignant means becoming progressively worse and life-threatening

249
Q

myosarcoma

A

is an example of a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue

250
Q

angiogenesis

A

is the process through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply. Angiogenesis is the opposite of antiangiogenesis

251
Q

antiangiogenesis

A

is a form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply the tumor. Antiangiogenesis is the opposite of angiogensis

252
Q

cancer

A

is a class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues, either by invasion through direct growth into adjacent tissue or by spreading into distant sites by metastasizing

253
Q

metastasize

A

means to spread from one place to another. Cancer sometimes moves from its primary site and metastasizes (spreads) to a secondary site, often through the circulatory or lymphatic system. The most common site of metastatic tumors are the bones, liver, and lungs

254
Q

metastasis

A

describes the process by which cancer is spread to a new site, and the term is used to describe the tumor itself (plural metastases). A metastasis can be in the same body system or within another body system at a distance from the primary site. Metastasis is a Latin word meaning transition

255
Q

carcinomas

A

is a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue forms the protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
-Carcinomas tend to infiltrate and produce metastases (new cancer sites) that can affect any organ or part of the body
-carcinoma in situ is a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues.
-in situ means in the place where the cancer first occurred
-adenocarcinoma is any one of the large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue

256
Q

sarcoma

A

is a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard, soft, and liquid connective tissues

257
Q

sarc

A

means flesh

258
Q

hard-tissue sarcomas

A

arise from bone or cartilage. For example, an osteosarcoma is a hard-tissue sarcoma that usually involves the upper shaft of the long bones, pelvis, or knee

259
Q

soft-tissue sarcomas

A

are cancers of the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, or other supporting tissue, including the synovial tissues that line the cavities of joints. For example, a synovial sarcoma is a tumor of the tissues surrounding a synovial joint such as the knees or elbows

260
Q

Liquid-tissue sarcomas

A

arise from blood and lymph. For example, leukemia is a cancer of the white blood-forming cells in the bone marrow.

261
Q

stagin

A

is the process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient’s prognosis. Stages can be indicated by letters, numbers or Roman numerals. Specific staging systems are used for different types of cancer

262
Q

Lymphoma

A

is a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues. This includes lymph nodes, the spleen, liver and bone marrow. The two most common types of lymphomas are Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

263
Q

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

also known as Hodgkin’s disease, is a cancer of the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells. The spread of these cells compromises the body’s ability to fight infection

264
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

which is the more common type, refers to all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma. There are many different types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, all of which originate in the lymphocytes. Some are aggressive (fast growing) and some are indolent (slow growing)

265
Q

Breast cancer

A

is a carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites. The majority of all breast cancers are ER-positive, which means that they grow in response to to the hormone estrogen

266
Q

BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (Breast Cancer 1 and 2)

A

are abnormal genes that carry a higher risk of breast, ovarian, and certain other cancers. These genes are often a factor in inherited cancers

267
Q

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

A

is breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct.

268
Q

infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC)

A

starts in the milk duct and invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct. This is the most common form of breast cancer.

269
Q

inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)

A

is a rare but aggressive form of breast cancer in which the cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast. IBC grows rapidly, and the symptoms include pain, rapid increase in breast size, redness or a rash on the breast, and swelling of nearby lymph nodes

270
Q

Male breast cancer

A

can occur in the small amount of breast tissue that is normally present in men. The types of cancers are similar to those occurring in women.

271
Q

Stages of Breast Cancer

A

Stage 0: cancer cells are found only in one location, such as ductal carcinoma in situ
Stage I: Cancer cells have moved beyond the duct but have not yet reached outside the breast into the lymph nodes
Stage II: Cancer has increased in size, and/or has reached one to three axillary (armpit) lymph nodes
Stage III: Cancer has spread to the cervical (neck) lymph nodes and/or the tissues surrounding the breast, such as the chest wall or skin. Inflammatory breast cancer is classified as stage III breast cancer
Stage IV: Cancer has spread to other organs, most commonly the brain, lungs, liver, or bones. This stage is also known as invasive or metastatic cancer

272
Q

Early detection of breast cancer is important using:

A

-Breast self-examination: is a self- care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer. The focus of self-examination is checking for a new lump or for changes in an existing lump, the shape of the nipple, or the skin covering the breast.
-Palpation of the breast: is a test performed by a trained health care provider to check the texture, size, and consistency of the breast.
-Mammography: is a radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells
-Molecular breast imaging (MBI): a nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particularly dense breast tissue
-Ultrasound: is often used as an initial follow-up test when an abnormality is found by mammography.
-Breast MRI: uses magnets and radio waves, and the insertion of a contract medium via IV, to get more detailed information from those already diagnosed with cancer or to look for signs of cancer in patients at high risk
-needle breast biopsy: is a technique in which an X-ray or MRI guided needle is used to remove small samples of tissue from the breast for diagnosis and the planning of treatment. It is less painful and disfiguring than a surgical biopsy
-Surgical biopsy: is the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis. After a diagnosis has been established, treatments then planned based on the the stage of the cancer.
-sentinel node biopsy is a biopsy of the first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination and start spreading into the rest of the body. After the sentinel lymph node has been identified, only this and other affected nodes are removed for biopsy
-Lymph node dissection: is a surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer in this area. For example, an axillary lymph node dissection is sometimes performed as part of the surgical treatment of the breast

273
Q

lumpectomy

A

is the surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue. The remainder of the tissue fo the affected breast is not removed

274
Q

mastectomy

A

is the surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple. Although simply described as a mastectomy, this procedure often includes the removal of axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm

275
Q

radical mastectomy

A

is the surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues

276
Q

modified radical mastectomy

A

is the surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent army

277
Q

Immediate breast reconstruction

A

begins during the same surgery as the mastectomy when an “expander” is placed to replace the tissue that was removed

278
Q

delayed breast reconstruction

A

may be necessary if the surgery is to be followed by radiation treatment. Several different techniques are used to restore the size and shape of the missing breast

279
Q

Cancer surgeries:

A

-removing the malignancy plus a margin of normal surrounding tissue
- laser surgery, which sues targeted beams of light to destroy cancer cells
-cryosurgery, in which cancerous cells are frozen and destroyed using a substance such as liquid nitrogen

280
Q

Chemotherapy

A

is the use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues

281
Q

chemoprevention

A

is the use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance that cancer will recur. Chemoprevention may also be used to reduce the size or slow the development of an existing tumor

282
Q

antineoplastic

A

is a medication that block the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells. Proliferation means to increase rapidly

283
Q

radiation therapy

A

-brachytherapy
-teletherapy
-tomotherapy

284
Q

Brachytherapy

A

is the use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated

285
Q

Teletherapy

A

is radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body. With the assistance of three-dimensional computer imaging, it is possible to aim doses more precisely

286
Q

Tomotherapy

A

is the combination of tomography with radiation therapy to precisely target the tumor being treated. In this type of therapy, radiation is delivered slice by slice to the tumor and is able to avoid the healthy tissue

287
Q

targeted therapy

A

is a developing form of anticancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells. A monoclonal antibody is a type of targeted therapy

288
Q

adjuvant therapy

A

is sometimes used after the primary cancer treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur. The term adjuvant refers to an agent intended to increase the effectiveness of a drug; however, adjuvant treatments from cancer can also include chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy

289
Q

clinical trials

A

involve testing new and promising cancer treatments that have not yet received FDA approval on patients who agree to be part of the research

290
Q

Three main functions of the lymphatic system are to:

A
  1. Absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins through the lacteals of the small intestine
  2. Remove waste products from the tissues and cooperate with the immune system in destroying invading pathogens
  3. Return filtered lymph to the veins at the base of the neck
291
Q

Absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins

A

Food is digested in the small intestine, which is lined with small fingerlike projections known as villi. Each villus (singular) contains lacteals and blood vessels

292
Q

Lacteals

A

are specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream. These dietary fats are transformed in the cells of the lacteals. The lymphatic vessels then return them to the venous circulation so they can be used throughout the body as nutrients.
The blood vessels absorb the nutrients, fats, and fat-soluble vitamins from the digested food directly into the bloodstream for use throughout the body.

293
Q

intersitital

A

Chapter 1: Medical Terms (17 decks)

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