Muskoskeloteal System and Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Ankyl/o
Crooked, bent, stiff
Arthr/o
Joint
Burs/o
Bursa
Chondr/o
Cartilage
Cost/o
Rib
Crani/o
Skull
Fasci/
Fascia
Fibr/o
Fibrous Tissue
Kyph/o
Bent, hump
Muscul/o
Muscle
Myel/o
Bone marrow, spinal cord
My/o
Muscle
Orth/o
Straight, normal
Oste/o
Bone
Ped/o
Food
Phalang/o
Bones of the fingers and toes
Pod/o
Foot
Scoli/o
Curved, bent
Spondyl/o
Vertebrae, vertebral column
Synovi/o
Synovial membrane or fluid
Ten/o, Tendin/o
Tendon
Vertebr/o
Vertebra
-desis
fixation of a bone or joint, bind together, fuse
-ectomy
surgical excision (removal)
-itis
inflammation
-listhesis
slipping
-lysis
loosening or setting free
-malacia
abnormal softening
-necrosis
tissue death
-oma
tumor
-osis
condition
-penia
deficiency
-plasty
surgical repair
-plegia
paralysis
-porosis
porous condition
-rrhaphy
surgical suturing
-rrhexis
rupture
-scopy
visual examination
-tomy
cutting into the organ or area
arthrodesis
a surgical procedure to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow or shoulder
arthrolysis
surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
arthroscopy
the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
comminuted fracture
fracture is one of which the bone is splintered or crushed
compression fracture
a broken bone that occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself
crepitation
is the crackling sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
dual x-ray absorptiometry
is a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone denisty
hemathrosis
blood within a joint
hemopoietic
means pertaining to the formation of blood cells
kyphosis
is an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
lumbago
is pain in the lumbar region of the spine, also known as low back pain
orthotic
is a mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace or splint, that specifically designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function
osteoclasis
is the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
osteopenia
is thinner than average bone density in a young person
oseoporosis
is marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that frequently associated with agining
Paget’s disease
is a bone disease of unknown cause that is characterized by excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation
prosthesis
is an artificial substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated
scoliosis
is an abnormal latera curvature of the spine
spina bifida
is a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
abduction
is the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
adduction
is the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
adhesion
is a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
atrophy
is weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
circumduction
is the circular movement at the far end of a limb
electromyography
is a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
exercise physiologist
a specialist who works under physician supervision to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fittness
hemiparesis
is slight paralysis of one side of the body
hemiplegia
is the total paralysis of one side of the body
myasthenia gravis
is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of the voluntary muscles
myoparesis
is a weakness or slight paralysis of the muscle
paralysis
weakness or slight paralysis of the muscle
paralysis
is the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
paraplegia
is the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
physiatrist
a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation
pronation
is the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
quadriplegia
is paralysis of all four extremities
scarcopenia
is the age-related reduction in skeletal muscle mass in the elderly
singultus
is myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm, also known as hiccups
tenodesis
is the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
tenolysis
to free a tendon from adhesions
ACL
Anterior crucial ligament (of the knee)
ADLs
Activities of daily living (dressing, bathing, feeding, toileting)
AKA
above-the-knee amputation
BKA
Below-the knee amputation
C1-C7
Cervical vertebrae
C-spine
cervical spine
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
DXA
Dual x-ray absorptiometry
DJD
degenerative joint disease
EMG
electromyography
Fx
fracture
L1-L5
Lumbar vertebrae
LBP
Low back pain
Mets
metastasis
NSAID
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
OA
osteoarthritis
OP
osteoporsis
ORIF
open reduction internal fixation
Ortho
orthopedics
OT
occupational therapy
PT
physical therapy
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
RICE
Rest, Ice, compression, elevation
ROM
range of motion
SI Joint
sacroiliac joint
SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosus
T1-T12
Thoracic vertebrae
TKR
Total knee replacement
TMJ
Temporomandibular joint
Bones
Bone is a living tissue which allows it to grow and repair itself. Bone is made mostly of collagen and calcium. Collagen is a protein that provides a soft framework, and calcium is a mineral that adds strength and hardness. This combination of collagen and calcium makes bone flexible and strong enough to withstand stress.
Joints
A joint is the point at which two or more bones are connected
Cartilage
Cartilage is a lining that keeps the bones from grinding against each other. It is softer and more flexible than bone and is found in many other body parts, such as the rib cage, external ear, tip of the nose, and intervertebral disks
Ligaments
Ligaments are strong, elastic bands of tissue that join bones to other bones
Bursa
A bursa is a fluid-filled sac that cushions areas subject to friction, such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints
Skull
The bones of the skull can be divided into two groups-those of the cranium and those of the face. The eight bones that form the cranium protect the brain. The eight bones that form the cranium protect the brain. There are 14 bones that form the face. The auditory ossicles are the three tiny bones in each middle ear.
Rib cage
The rib cage protects the heart and lungs. It consists of 24 ribs, sternum (breastbone), and 12 thoracic vertebrae of the spinal column
Spinal column
Also known as the vertebral column, the spinal column supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord. The bony structures of the spinal column are called vertebrae. There are 26 vertebrae- 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, and 1 coccyx. Intervertebral disks act as shock absorbers that separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other.
The Axial Skeleton
Skull, Rib cage, Spinal column
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the upper limb, Shoulder girdle, Bones of the lower limb, and pelvic girdle
Appendicular Skeleton
attached to the axial skeleton through joints and muscles. The bones of the appendicular skeleton support the appendages, which are parts that extend from the trunk (that is, arms and legs).
Bones of the upper limb
includes the bones of the arms, forearms, wrists, hands and fingers.
Shoulder girdle
shoulder girdle, or pectoral girdle, is a set of bones which connects the arms on each side. These bones are highly mobile to enhance the range of upper limb movements.
Bones of the lower limb
includes the bones of the hips, legs, thighs, ankles, feet and toes
Pelvic girdle
the pelvic girdle is a largely immobile bony, weight-bearing structure that provides a strong foundation for the upper body as it rests on top of the mobile lower limbs.
Three types of muscle tissue
cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and smooth muscle
Muscle
a band of fibrous tissue that has the ability to contract
Skeletal muscles
attached to the bones and help limbs and other body parts move. These muscles are under conscious, or voluntary, control. They are also known as striated muscles because, under a microscope, the dark and light bands in the muscle fibers created a striped appearance. Striated means striped.
Smooth
named because they do not have striations, make up the walls of hollow organs (intestine, stomach, urinary bladder, uterus) blood vessels, and internal muscles of the eye. These muscles are under involuntary control which means they are not consciously directed.
Myocardial
Myocardial, or cardiac, muscles make up the wall of the heart and are responsible for the forceful contractions of the heart. The action of these muscles are also involuntary.
Fascia
the densely woven sheath of connective tissue that supports muscles, bones, nerves, arteries, and veins and surrounds virtually every internal organ of the human body, including the heart, lungs, brain, and spinal cord. It is not just a system of separate coverings but is actually one continuous structure that exists uninterrupted from head to toe. Collagen is the major component of fascia, completely flexible to allow muscle movement
Tendons
Tough cords of tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones. Tendons and muscles work together and exert a pulling force to move the bone. The largest tendon in the body is the Achilles tendon, which attaches the calf muscle to the hell bone
Pathological fracture
the bone breaks in an area that is weakened by disease, such as osteoporosis, some cancers, infection, and certain inherited bone disorders.
Stress Fracture
Common among athletes, this is a small crack in a bone caused by overuse and repetitive activity
Closed fracture
The broken bone doesn’t break the skin
Open fracture
the ends of the broken bone tear through the skin, putting the patient at a higher risk of infection
Greenstick fracture
The bone bends and cracks instead of breaking into pieces
Comminuted fracture
the bone is splintered or crushed into small pieces
Spiral fracture
at least one part of the bone has been twisted
Oblique
the break occurs at an angle across the bone
Transverse
the break occurs straight across the bone
Colles’ fracture
A break of the radius bone close to the wrist that results from a fall onto an outstretched hand
Hairline fracture
the bone is broken in a thin crack. This type of fracture is hard to detect on routine x-ray.
Arthritis
a term that refers to more than 100 types of joint diseases. The most common is osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA)
also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD) is a “wear and tear” arthritis.
3 most common types of arthritis that fall into autoimmune disease
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis and systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
painful autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks the joints with uncontrolled inflammation. RA most commonly affects the joints of the hands, wrists, elbows, knees, ankles, and feet.
Psoriatic arthritis
causes joint pain, stiffness, and swelling and may result in permanent joint damage if not treated aggressively.
30% of people diagnosed with psoriasis (a skin disease) also develop ___
psoriatic arthritis
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
overactive and misdirected immune disease. SLE is a systemic disease, meaning it affects the entire body. It can cause joint pain, fatigue, hair loss, sensitivity to light, fever, rash, and kidney problems.
Spondylolisthesis
degenerative disorder in which lumbar vertebra slips forward onto the bone below it, either another vertebra or sacrum.
Kyphosis
abnormal curvature of the spine in the thoracic region, caused by a compression fracture of osteoporosis
Lordosis
abnormal increase of the forward curvature in the lumbar region, commonly known as sway back
Metabolic bone disorders are caused by ______________ that result in a decrease in bone strength.
Abnormalities of minerals (Calcium and phosphorous), Vitamin D, or bone structure
Osteoporosis
Means porous bone. Bones become porous, fragile and prone to fractures, especially in the hips, spine, and wrists. Treating osteoporosis involves stopping the bone loss and rebuilding bone with healthy lifestyle choices or medication
Primary bone cancer
malignant tumor that originates in a bone and destroys healthy bone tissue. Primary bone cancers are a specific subtype of a group of cancers known as sarcomas
Sarcomas
cancers that start in bone, muscle, connective tissue, blood vessels or fat, and can be found anywhere in the body.
Secondary bone cancer
Also known as bone metastasis because the cancer has metastasized, or spread, to bones from other organs. The bone is a common site of metastasis for breast cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer and lung cancer
Plantar Fasciitis
Inflammation of the fascia (fibrous band of tissue) on the sole of the foot that connects the heel bone to the base of the toes.
Plantar
sole of the foot
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
Carpal tunnel is a passageway in the wrist, about and inch wide that protects the median nerve and flexor tendons that bend the fingers and thumb. CTS occurs when this passageway becomes swollen and puts pressure on the median nerve, resulting in pain and numbness in the hand.
Fibromyalgia
Chronic condition with a wide range of symptoms, including diffuse (widespread) muscle pain and fatigue. No cure.
Paralysis
the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle control. Injury to the spinal cord is the most common cause of paralysis because of its anatomy of nerve fibers going up and down and to and from the brain. There are 4 main categories of paralysis
4 main categories of paralysis
Monoplegia, Hemiplegia, Paraplegia, Quadriplegia
Monoplegia
paralysis of a single area of the body, usually one limb.
Hemiplegia
Paralysis of an arm and leg on the same side of the body
Paraplegia
Paralysis below the waist affecting both hips and legs
Quadriplegia
Paralysis below the neck affecting all four limbs, as well as the torso
-paresis
weakness or partial loss of movement
Osteogenesis imperfecta
brittle bone disease
Heart
Card/o, Cardi/o
Receives blood from the veins and pumps blood into the arteries
Blood Vessels
Angi/o, Vas/o
Transport blood to and from all areas of the body
Arteries
Arteri/o
Transport blood away from the heart to all parts of the body
Capillaries
Capill/o
Permit the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and the blood and the cells
Veins
Phleb/o, Ven/o
Return blood from all body parts to the heart
Blood
hem/o, hemat/o
Brings oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away waste
Angi/o
blood or lymph vessel
aort/o
aorta
arteri/o
artery
ather/o
plaque, fatty substance
brady-
slow
cardi/o
heart
-crasia
a mixture or blending
-emia
blood, blood condition
erythr/o
red
hem/o, hemat/o
blood, relating to the blood
leuk/o
white
phleb/o
vein
tachy-
fast, rapid
thromb/o
clot
ven/o
vein
ACE inhibitor
blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessel to contract, resulting in hypertension
anemia
a lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood
aneursym
a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery
angina
a condition of episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
angioplasty
the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel
anticoagulant
Medication that slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming
aplastic anemia
a condition characterized by the absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
arrhythmia
the loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat
atherectomy
surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior lining of an artery
artheroma
a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall
atherosclerosis
Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
arterial fibrillation
when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the muscular heart wall
automated external defibrillator
electronic equipment that automatically samples the heart’s electrical rhythms and when necessary, externally shocks the heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm
beta-blocker
a medication that reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat
blood dyscrasia
any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood
bradycardia
an abnormally slow resting heart rate
cardiac arrest
an event which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively
cardiac catherterization
a diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or an artery and is guided into the heart
cardiomyopathy
the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle
carotid endarterectomy
surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain
cholesterol
a fatty substance that travels through the body and is found in all parts of the body
chronic venous insufficiency
a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves
coronary artery disease
arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces blood supply to the heart muscle
coronary thrombosis
damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery
defibrillation
the use of electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythm; also known as cardioversion
diuretic
medication administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water
electrocardiogram
a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium
embolism
the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus
embolus
a foreign object, such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
erthrocytes
mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow
hemoglobin
the oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythocytes
hemolytic anemia
a condition of an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of these cells by the spleen
hemostasis
to stop or control bleeding
leukemia
a type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood
leukocytes
white blood cells that are involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances
leukopenia
a decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood
megaloblastic anemia
a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which red blood cells are larger than normal
myelodysplastic syndrome
a type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow
myocardial infarction
the occlusion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup; commonly known as heart attack
orthostatic hypotension
low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up; also known as postural hypotension
pericardium
the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart
pernicious anemia
a form of anemia caused by a lack of the protein that helps the body absorb vitamin B12, which is necessary for the formation of red blood cells
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
Raynaud’s disease
a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress
sepsis
a potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream
sickle cell anemia
a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle share that interferes with normal blood flow
tachycardia
an abnormally rapid resting heart rate
temporal arteritis
a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms
thallium stress test
a diagnostic test performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise
thrombocytopenia
a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platlets circulating in the blood
thrombolytic
medication that dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up; also known as a clot-busting drug
thrombosis
the abnormal condition of having thrombus
thrombotic occlusion
the blocking of an artery by thrombus
thrombus
a blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or an artery
transfusion reaction
a serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match
valvulitis
inflammation of a heart valve
varicose veins
abnormally swollen veins, usually occurring in the superficial veins of the legs
ventricular fibrillation
the rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles
ventricular tachycardia
a very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles
Blood
-a fluid tissue that transports oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues
-returns some waste products from these tissues to the kidneys and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs
-blood cells also play important roles in the immune system and in the endocrine system
the 3 major structures of the cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels and blood
Heart
a hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs. The size of a fist, effective pump that furnishes the power to maintain the blood flow needed throughout the entire body
Apex
the lower tip of the heart
Pericardium
also known as the pericardial sac is the double walled membranous sac that encloses the heart
Membranous
means pertaining to the membrane, which is a thin layer of pliable tissue that covers or encloses a body part
Parietal pericardium
a fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart
Pericardial fluid
is found between these two layers, where it acts as lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats
visceral pericardium
is the inner layer of the pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart. When referred to as the outer layer of the heart, it is known as the epicardium
epicardium
is the external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium
myocardium
is the middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers (also known as the myocardial muscle) consists of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is capable of the constant contraction and relaxation that creates the pumping movement necessary to maintain the flow of blood throughout the body.
Endocardium
this is the surface that comes into direct contact with the blood as it is being pumped through the heart
coronary arteries
supply oxygen-rich blood into the myocardium
atria
are the two upper chambers of the heart and these chambers are divided by the interatrial septum
septum
a wall that separates two chambers
ventricles
are the two lower chambers of the heart and these chambers are divided by the interventricular septum
ventricle
also defined as a normal hollow chamber of the brain
tricuspid valve
controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle
tricuspid
means having three cusps (points) and this describes the shape of this valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
pulmonary
pertaining to the lungs
semilunar
half moon
mitral valve
located between the left atrium and left ventricle - this valve is known as a bicuspid valve
mitral
shaped like a bishop’s mitre (hat)
bicuspid
having two cusps (points)
aortic semilunar valve
located between the left ventricle and the aorta
oxygenated
oxygen right or containing adequate supply of oxygen
Deoxygenated
oxygen poor, or not yet containing an adequate supply of oxygen
right atrium (RA)
receives oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs, through the superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood flows out of the RA through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
right ventricle (RV)
pumps oxygen poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs
left atrium (LA)
receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins. The blood flows out the LA, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle
left ventricle (LV)
receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium. Blood flows out of the LV through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta, which carries it to all parts of the body, except the lungs
pulmonary circulation
the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs
where is the oxygen-poor blood returned to
the venae cavae to the right atrium and then the cycle continues
pulmonary arteries
carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs. This is the only place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins
pulmonary veins
carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. This is the only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood
systemic circulation
includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs
-oxygenated blood flows out of the left ventricle and into arterial circulation
-the veins carry deoxygenated blood into the right atrium
-from here the blood flows into the pulmonary circulation before being pumped out of the heart into the arteries again
heartbeat
is the ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body; the contraction and relaxation (beating) of the heart must occur in exactly the correct sequence
conduction system
these electrical impulses are controlled by the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and the bundle of His.
sinoatrial node
which is often referred to as the SA node, is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava
-the SA node establishes basic rhythm and rate of heartbeat. For this reason, it is known as the natural pacemaker of the heart
-The impulse in the right atrium spreads over the muscles of both atria, causing them to contract simultaneously. This contraction forces blood into the ventricles
Atrioventricular node
impulses from the SA node also travel to the atrioventricular node which is also known as the AV node
-The AV node is located on the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum. From here, it transmits the electrical impulses onward to the bundle of His
the bundle of His (HISS)
is a group of fibers located within the interventricular septum. These fibers carry an electrical impulse to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions. These electrical impulses travel onward to the right and left ventricles and the Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers
specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles. These fibers, named for Jan Purkyne, relay the electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles, and it is this stimulation that causes the ventricles to contract. This contraction of the ventricles forces blood out of the heart and into the aorta and pulmonary arteries
sinus rhythm
refers to the normal beating of the heart
P wave
due to the stimulation (contraction) of the atria
QRS complex
shows the stimulation of the ventricles. The atria relax as the ventricles contract
T wave
the recover (relaxation) of the ventricles
arteries
large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body
endarterial
within an artery of pertaining to the inner portion of an artery
arterial blood
is bright red in color because it is oxygen rich. The pumping action of the heart causes blood to spurt out when an artery is cut
aorta
largest blood vessel in the body. begin from the left ventricle of the heart and forms the main trunk of the arterial system
carotid arteris
are the major arteries that carry blood upward to the heard
carotid arteries carotid artery
is located on each side of the neck
internal carotid artery
brings oxygen-rich blood into the brain
external carotid artery
brings blood to the face
arterioles
smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries. As it enters one end of the capillary bed, it is here that the rate of flow of arterial blood slows
capillaries
which are only one epithelial cell in thickness, are the smallest blood vessels in the body.
-The capillaries form networks of expanded vascular beds that have the important role of delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the tissues
-the capillaries further slow the flow of blood to allow plasma to flow into the tissues. It is here that the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials occur within the surrounding cells.
-After leaving the cells, 90% of this fluid, which is now oxygen poor and contains some waste products, enter the opposite end of the capillary bedd through the venules
-the 10% of this fluid that is left behind in the tissues becomes lymph.
Veins
form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen poor blood to the heart
venules
are the smallest veins that join to form the larger veins
-the walls of the veins are thinner and less elastic than those of the arteries
-the venous blood continues its flow at an increased speed as it continues its return journey to the heart
ven
veins
-ules
means small ones
venous
means relating to, or contained in, the veins
superficial veins
are located near the body surface
deep veins
are located within the tissues and away from the body surface
the venae cavae
are the two largest veins in the body. These are the veins that return blood into the heart
singular: vena cava
superior vena cava
transports blood from the upper portion of the blood to the heart
inferior vena cava
transports blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart
pulse
the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart
blood pressure
is the measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries.
systolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles contract, is the highest pressure against the walls of the artery
systole
contraction of the heart
systolic
pertaining to this contraction phase
diastolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles are relaxed, is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery.
diastole
relaxation of the heart
diastolic
pertaining to this relaxation phase
blood
fluid tissue in the body. Composed of 55% liquid plasma and 45% formed elements
formed elements of the blood
erythrocytes, thrombocytes and leukocytes
plasma
straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Plasma is 91% water. The remaining 9% consists mainly of proteins including clotting proteins
serum
plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed
fibrinogen and prothrombin
are clotting proteins found in plasma. They have an important role in clot formation to control bleeding
Erythrocytes
also known as red blood cells, are mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow. They transport oxygen to the tissues
hemoglobin
oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes
leukocytes
also known as white blood cells are the blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances. There are several major groups of leukocytes
Major groups of leukocytes
-Neutrophils
-Basophils
-Eosinophils
-Lymphocytes
-Monocytes
Neutrophils
formed in the red bone marrow, the most common type of WBC. Through phagocytosis, neutrophils play a major role in the immune system’s defense against pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Phangocytosis
the process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them.
Basophils
formed in the red bone marrow, are the least common type of WBC. Basophils are responsible for causing the symptoms of allergies
Eosinophils
are formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body. These cells destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic relations
Lymphocytes
formed in red bone marrow, in lymph noes, and in the spleen. Lymphocytes identify foreign substances and germs (bacteria or viruses) in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them.
Monocytes
are formed in red bone marrow, lymph noes, and the spleen. Through phagocytosis, monocytes provide immunological defenses against main infectious organisms
Thrombocytes
also known as platelets are the smallest formed elements of the blood. They play an important role in clotting of blood
-When blood vessels are damaged, the thrombocytes are activated and become sticky
-this action causes the thrombocytes to clump together and form a clot to stop the bleeding
thromb/o
clot
Blood types
are classified according to the presence or absence of certain antigens
Antigen
any substance that the body regards as being foreign
Four major blood types
A, AB, B, and O
-The A, AB, and B Groups are based on the presence of the A and/or B antigens on the red blood cells
-In contrast in type O blood both the A and B antigens are absent
Rh factor
defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells. The Rh factor was so named because this antigen was first found in rhesus monkey
Blood gases
are gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood. 3 major types of blood gases
Major blood gases are:
Oxygen (O2), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Nitrogen (N2)
Hematologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases and disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissues
Vascular surgeon
a physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels
congenital
present from or before birth
Congenital heart defects
structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth.
Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease CAD, also known as coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic heart disease, is atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle. This creates an insufficient supply of oxygen that can cause angina (pain), a myocardial infarction (heart attack) or death
most common type of heart disease
CAD
End stage coronary artery disease
characterized by unrelenting angina pain and a severely limited lifestyle
Atherosclerosis
is hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
Plaque
found in the lumen of an artery, is a fatty deposit similiar to the buildup of rust inside a pipe.
Lumen
is the opening within these vessels through which the blood flows
atheroma
which is a characteristic of atherosclerosis, a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall (ather = plaque & -oma = tumor)
Ischemia
is a condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body
isch
means to hold back-
-emia
blood
cardiac ischemia
the lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle
angina
also known as angina pectoris, is a condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium. These are due to ischemia of the heart muscle and often progressively worsen as the blood flow continues to be compromised until a heart attack occurs
Stable angina
occurs during exertion (exercise) and resolves with rest
unstable angina
may occur either during exertion or rest and is precursor to a heart attack
Myocardial infarction
common known as heart attack, is the occlusion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup.
occlusion
means total blockage
infaction
sudden insufficiency of blood
infact
is a localized area of dead tissue caused by a lack of blood.
necrosis
tissue death (from the greek word death)
Most common symptoms of heart attack
pain or pressure in the middle of the chest that may spread to the back, jaw or left arm. (some may have mild or no symptoms)
Heart failure
also referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), happens most commonly in the elderly, often after the heart has been weakened or damaged by other health issues.
Congestion
describes a fluid buildup
Left-sided heart failure
causes an accumulation of fluid in the lungs also known as pulmonary edema. This occurs because the left side of the heart, which is its main pumping chamber, is unable to efficiently pump oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. The increase in pressure in the veins of the lungs results in localized fluid accumulation
Right sided heart failure
which is often the result of the left-sided heart failure, causes fluid buildup throughout the rest of the body. This occurs because the right side of the heart is unable to efficiently pump blood throughout the rest of the body. Due to the pressure of gravity, this edema, or swelling, is first noticeable in the feet and legs. As this swelling worsen, it can also affect the liver, gastrointestinal tract, or the arms.
Cardiomegaly
is the abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for its decreased pumping ability.
Carditis
is an inflammation of the heart
Endocarditis
is an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
Bacterial endocarditis
is an inflammation of the lining of valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. Once cause of this condition is bleeding during dental surgery because it allows bacteria from the mouth to enter the bloodstream
Pericarditis
is an inflammation of the pericardium. This inflammation causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac, and this excess fluid restricts the movement of the heart, reducing the ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body
Myocarditis
is an inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle) that develops as rarely seen complication of a viral infection
Cardiomyopathy
is the term used to describe all disease of the heart muscle
dilated cardiomyopathy
is a disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly. The progression of this condition is usually slow and only presents with symptoms when quite advanced.
Dilation
means the expansion of a hollow structure
Heart murmur
abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neighboring large blood vessels. Heart murmurs are most often caused by defective heart valves, but they do not usually require surgery unless they affect the patient’s quality of life
valvul
means valve
valvulitis
inflammation of a heart valve
valvular prolapse
the abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely
prolapse
means the failing of dropping down of an organ or internal part. this condition is named for the affected valve, such as mitral valve prolapse
valvular stenosis
is a condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart.
stenosis
the abnormal narrowing of an opening.
arrhythmia
is the loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. This can be a minor, temporary episode, or it can be a fetal event. The severity of this episode depends on how much the heart’s ability to pump blood is compromised. Rather than being an abnormality in the heart muscle, arrhythmias are usually caused by an abnormality in the electrical conduction system of the heart
Asystole
known as a flat line, is the complete lack of electrical activity in the heart. The resulting lack of heart contractions, with no blood pumping from the heart and no blood flow through the body, is one of the conditions required for a medical practitioner to certify death
Cardiac arrest
is an event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively
a-
means without
systole
contraction
Sudden cardiac death
results when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes
heart block
is a congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles
Bradycardia
is an abnormally slow resting heart rate. Term bradycardia usually applied to a heartbeat rate of less than 60 beats per minute. This condition can occur when the passage of electricity from top to bottom of the heart is partially or totally blocked.
Tachycardia
abnormally rapid resting heart heart rate. usually applied to heartbeat rate of greater than 100 beats per minute.
tachy-
rapid
Superventricular tachycardia
also known as paroxysmal supraventrical tachycardia, is an episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate at or above the atrioventricular (AV) node.
Ventricular tachycardia
also known as V-tach, is a very rapid heartbeat that beings within the ventricles. This condition is potentially fatal because the heart is beating so rapidly that it is unable to adequately pump blood through the body.
Fibrillation
describes a potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat, compared to the fast but regular rhythem of tachycardia.
Atrial fibrillation
also known as A-fib, is the most common type of tachycardia. It occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the muscular heart wall. This causes an irregular and quivering action of the atria. Some of the increased electrical impulses reach the ventricles, and this makes them contract more rapidly and less efficiently than normal, producing an irregular rate of 80-180 BPM or more
Ventricular fibrillation
also known as V-fib, consists of rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles. Instead of pumping strongly, the heart muscle quivers ineffectively. This condition is the cause of many sudden cardiac deaths
Palpitation
is a pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm. This condition is associated with certain heart disorders; however, it can also occur during a panic attac.
Vasculitis
is the inflammation of a blood vessel. There are many types of vasculitis, including phlebitis and angiitis or arteritis
phlebitis
under ‘veins’
angiitis or arteritis
inflammation of the arteries
Polyarteritis
is a form of vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time. Polyarteritis is a rare but serious blood vessel disease that occurs when certain immune cells attack the affected arteries
Temporal arteritis
also known as giant cell arteritis, is a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms. It is diagnosed when a biopsy shows the presence of abnormally large cells. Temporal arteritis can cause unilateral or bilateral blindness, and more rarely, a stroke
Angiostenosis
is the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel
hemangioma
is a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels
angi
means blood or lymph vessel
hypoperfusion
is a deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body party. Perfusion is the flow of blood through the vessels of an organ
Perfusion
is the flow of blood through the vessels of an organ
aneursym
is a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery. The rupture of an aneurysm can be fatal because of the rapid loss of blood. Aneurysms are named for the artery involved such as aortic aneurysm, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and popliteal aneurysm
arteriosclerosis
also known as hardening of the arteries, is any group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls
arteriostenosis
is the abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries
chronic venous insufficiency
also known as venous insufficiency, is a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves. This condition primarily affects the feet and ankles, and the leakage of venous blood into the tissues causes discoloration of the skin
Phlebitis
is the inflammation of the vein. It is also known as thrombophlebitis, because the walls of the vein are often infiltrated and clot (thrombus) formed. This condition usually occurs in a superficial vein
Varicose veins
are abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs. This condition occurs when the valves in these veins do not function properly, so blood pools in the veins, causing them to enlarge
thrombosis and embolisms are ____ that can result in the _____ of a blood vessel
serious conditions
blockage
thrombosis
is the abnormal condition of having a thrombus. Plural form is thromboses
thrombus
is a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein
thrombotic occlusion
is the blocking of an artery by a thrombus.
Thrombotic
caused by a thrombus.
occlusion
means blockage
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
is the condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein. Sometimes such a blockage forms in the legs of a bedridden patient or in someone who has remained seated too long in the airplane or car. The danger is that the thrombus (clot) will break loose and travel to a lung where it can be fatal by causing a blockage
Embolism
is the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus. The embolism is often named for the causative factor, such as an air embolism or a fat embolism, or its location such as pulmonary embolism.
embolus
is a foreign object, such as a blood clot, a a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circuclating in the blood
Peripheral vascular diseases
are disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and brain. These conditions usually involve narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to the legs, arms, stomach, or kidneys
Peripheral arterial disease
also known as peripheral arterial occlusive disease, is an example of a peripheral vascular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis. This condition is a common and serious problem affecting more than 20% of all patients over 70 years of age. Impaired circulation to the extremities and vital organs can cause changes in the skin color and temperature
Ankle-brachial index
One method of determining the severity of PAD is to compare the blood pressure at the ankle with the pressure in the arm using the ankle-brachial index
Raynaud’s Disease
is a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress. The symptoms, which are due to constricted circulation, include pallor (paleness), cyanosis (blue color), and redness of the fingers and toes
Blood dyscrasia
is any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood
-crasia
means a mixture or blending
Hemochromatosis
also known as iron overload disease, is a genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron. The excess iron that is absorbed enters the blood stream and accumulates in organs, where it causes damage.
Leukopenia
is a decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood. This condition, which is also known as a low white blood cell count, places the patient at an increased risk of developing or having difficulty fighting infections
Polycythemia
is an abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow
sepsis
also known as septicemia, is a potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream. This condition, sometimes referred to as blood poisoning, can result in damage to multiple organ systems as the chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body
Thrombocytopenia
is a condition in which there is an abnormally number of platelets circulating in the blood. Because these cells help the blood to clot, this condition is sometimes associated with abnormal bleeding
Thrombocytosis
is an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood
hemorrhage
is the loss of a large amount of blood in short time
transfusion reaction
is a serious potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match
Cholesterol
is a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body. It aids in the production of cell membranes, some hormones, and vitamin D. Some cholesterol comes from dietary sources, and some is created by the liver. Excessively high levels of certain types of cholesterol can lead to heart disease
Total cholesterol
measure in terms of milligrams (mg) per deciliter (dL) of blood.
-Desirable levels are below 200 mg/dL
-Borderline high are 200-239 mg/dL
-High levels are 240 mg/dL and above
deciliter
is equal to one-tenth of a liter
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)
LDL is referred to as bad cholesterol because excess quantities of LDL contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries
-Optimal levels are below 100 mg/dL
-Near optimal levels are 100-129 mg/dL
-Borderline high levels 130-159 mg/dL
-High levels are 160-189 mg/dL
-Very high are 190 mg/dL and above
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)
referred to as good cholesterol because it carries unneeded cholesterol back to the liver for processing and does not contribute to plaque buildup
-low levels below 40 mg/dL
-high levels are 60 mg/dL and above
Triglycerides
combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities
-normal levels below 150 mg/dL
-Borderline high levels are 150-199 mg/dL
-high levels are 200-499 mg/dL
-very high levels are 500 mg/dL and above
hyperlipidemia
is the general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood
-emia
means blood condition
Myelodysplastic syndrome
is a type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow. Some patients later develop acute myeloid leukemia
Leukemia
is a type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulation blood. Types of leukemia are named based on how quickly they progress and the type of white blood cells involved. There are 4 common types of leukemia
4 types of leukemia
acute, chronic myeloid leukemia and acute or chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
Anemia
is a lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes in the blood causing fatigue and shortness of breath. The severity of this condition is usually measured by a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. When inadequate hemoglobin is present, all parts of the body receive less oxygen and have less energy than is needed to function properly.
Aplastic anemia
is characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow. Anemia, a low red blood cell count, causes an increased risk of infection. Thrombocytopenia, a low platelet count results in bleeding especially from mucous membranes and skin
iron-deficiency anemia
is the most common form of anemia. Iron, an essential component of hemoglobin, is normally obtained through food intake and by recycling iron from old red blood cells. Without sufficient iron to help create hemoglobin, blood cannot carry oxygen effectively. This deficiency can be caused by blood loss, poor absorption or iron, or inadequate dietary intake of iron
Megaloblastic anemia
is a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal. This condition usually results from a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12.
blast
means immature
megalo-
means large
pernicious anemia
is caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract. Vitamin B12 is necessary for the formation of red blood cells
hemolytic anemia
is characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen. Hemolytic anemia can be inherited or acquired, the most common examples are two types that are hereditary: Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia
Hemolytic
means pertaining to hemolysis, the breaking down of red blood cells.
Sickle cell anemia
is a serious genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape. This sickle shape interferes with normal blood flow, resulting in damage to most of the body systems.
Thalassemia
is an inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal.
Hypertension (HTN)
commonly known as high blood pressure, is the elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system. Hypertension is the opposite of hypotension
Essential hypertension
also known as primary hypertension or idiopathic hypertension, is consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown cause
Idiopathic
means a disease of unknown cause.
Normal Blood pressure
Systolic (mm Hg) - Top number
less than 120
Diastolic (mm Hg) - bottom number
less than 80
Prehypertension
Systolic (mm Hg) - top number
between 120-139
Diastolic (mm Hg) - bottom number
between 80 and 89
Stage 1 Hypertension
Systolic (mm Hg) - top number
between 140 and 159
Diastolic (mm Hg) - bottom number
between 90 and 99
Stage 2 Hypertension
Systolic (mm Hg) - top number
160 or higher
Diastolic (mm Hg) - bottom number
100 or higher
Secondary hypertension
caused by a different medical problem, such as a kidney disorder or a tumor on the adrenal glands. When the other problem is resolved, the secondary hypertension usually improves
Malignant hypertension
characterized by very high blood pressure. This condition, which can be fatal, is usually accompanied by damage to the organs, the brain, and optic nerves, or failure of the heart and kidneys
Hypotension
lower-than-normal arterial blood pressure. Symptoms include dizziness, light-headedness, or fainting.
Orthostatic hypotension
also known as postural hypotension, is low blood pressure that occur upon standing up.
Orthostatic
relating to an upright or standing position
Angiography
is a radiographic (x-ray) study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium.
Angiogram
resulting film that is used to study blood flow in the arteries, veins, and blood vessels of the heart
Cardiac catherization
is a diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart. It is used to perform angiography and also during treatment.
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
uses angiography with computer assistance to clarify the view of the area of interest in the cardiovascular system by “subtracting” the soft tissue and bones from the images
Duplex ultrasound
is a diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels. This is a combination of diagnostic ultrasound to show the structure of the blood vessels and Doppler ultrasound to show the movement of the red blood cells through these vessels.
Venography
also known as phlebography, is a radiographic test that provides an image of specific veins after a contract dye is injected. The resulting film is a venogram. This is a very accurate test for detecting deep vein thrombosis
Electrocardiography
is the noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium. A noninvasive procedure does not require the insertion of an instrument of device through skin or body opening for diagnosis or treatment
electrocardiogram
is a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium
Holter monitor
portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24- or 48-hour period
Stress test
performed to assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress. This involves monitoring with an electrocardiograph while the patient’s heart rate if he or she is unable to use a treadmill. The test can be informed in conjunction with an echocardiogram
thallium stress test
performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise by injecting a small amount of thallium into the bloodstream. If it is not taken up equally by all heart muscle cells, it shows a decrease in blood flow to part of the heart
Compliance
accuracy and consistency with which the patient follows the physician’s instructions
antihypertensive
isa a medication administered to lower blood pressure. Some of these drugs are also used to treat other heart conditions
ACE inhibitor (angiotensin-converting enzyme)
blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension. When this enzyme is blocked, the blood vessels are able to dilate (enlarge), and this reduces the blood pressure. These medications are used primarily to treat hypertension and heart failure inhibitors
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
similiar action and effect to ACE
Beta-blocker
reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat. They are commonly prescribed to lower blood pressure, relive angina, or treat heart failure
calcium channel blocker agents
cause the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures. This relaxation reduces the workload of the heart by increasing the supply of blood and oxygen. Some calcium channel blocking agents are used to treat hypertension or to relieve and control angina
diuretic
is administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water. These medications are administered to treat hypertension and heart failure by reducing the amount of fluid circulating in the blood
Antiarrhythmic
is a medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat
anticoagulant
slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming
Coagulation
the process of clotting blood. Note that although these medications are sometimes referred to as blood thinners, they do not actually make the blood thinner
Coumadin
which is a brand name for warfarin, is an anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger. This medication is often prescribed for patients with clotting difficulties, certain types of heartbeat irregularities, or after a heart attack or heart attack or heart valve replacement surgery
Heparin
is another common anticoagulant. It works faster than Coumadin, but must be administered by injection or in an IV solution
Heparin
is another common anticoagulant. It works faster than Coumadin, but must be administered by injection or in an IV solution
Aspirin
taken in a very small daily dose, such as 81 mg, which is commonly known as baby aspirin, may be recommended to reduce the risk of a heart attack or struck by reducing the ability of the blood to clot
Cholesterol-lowering drugs
used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable cholesterol leels in the blood
Digitalis
available as the drug preparation digoxin, strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows the heart rate, and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues. The drug, which contains extracts from the foxglove plant (which belongs the plant genus Digitalis), is used to treat and prevent certain types of arrhythmias, and as well as from some other heart conditions
thrombolytic
also known as a clot-busting drug, dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up. The use of drugs to break up a thrombus is called thrombolytic therapy
Tissue plasminogen activator
is a thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke. If administered within a few hours after symptoms begin, this medication can dissolve the damaging blood clots
Vasoconstrictor
causes blood vessels to narrow. Examples of these medications include antihistamines and decongestants.
Vasodilator
causes blood vessels to expand
Nitroglycerin
is a vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart. This increases the blood flow and oxygen support to the heart. Nitroglycerin can be administered sublingually (under the tongue), transdermally (through the skin), or orally as a spray. In the even of myocardial infarction (heart attack), a patient with a prescription for nitroglycerin may be instructed to take it while awaiting emergency medical assistance
Nutritional Interventions
patients with hypertension as well as other cardiac issues such as heart failure often prescribed a diet with restricted sodium intake. Salty foods as well as most fast food and processed foods tent to be high in sodium. Patients with high cholesterol or other cardiac disease might be prescribed a diet limited in cholesterol. All foods that come from animals contain cholesterol
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)
also known as heart-lung machine, is a device sometimes used to maintain the circulation of blood and oxygen to the body during surgery. Bypassing the heart allows surgeons the opportunity to operate on the heart without it beating
Angioplasty
the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
also known as ballon angioplasty. This is a procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lume
Laser angioplasty
involves a laser on the end of a catheter, which uses beams of light to remove the plaque deposit. It can be used separately or in conjunction with PTCA
Stent
a wire-mesh tube that is commonly placed after the artery has been opened. This provides support to the arterial wall, keeps the plaque from expanding again, and prevents restenosis
Restenosis
describes the condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again
atherectomy
the surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery. A stent may be put in place after the artherectomy to prevent the artery from becoming blocked again
carotid endarterectomy
is the surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain. This procedure is performed to reduce the risk of a stroke caused by a disruption of the blood flow to the brain.
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
also known as bypass surgery. In this operation, which requires opening the chest, a piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve the flow of blood to the heart
Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass
also known as a keyhole bypass or a buttonhole bypass, is an alternative technique for some bypass patients. This procedure is performed with the aid of a fiber-optic camera through small openings between the ribs
Defibrillation
also known as cardioversion, is the use of electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythm. This shock is provided by a device known as a defibrillator
automated external defibrillator (AED)
designed for use by nonprofessionals in emergency situations when defibrillation is required. This piece of equipment automatically samples the electrical rhythms of the heart and, if necessary, externally shocks the heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm
artificial pacemaker
is used primarily as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation, although it is sometimes used to treat other heart conditions. This electronic device can be attached externally or implanted under the skin with connections leading into the heart to regulate the heartbeat.
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
a double pacemaker
1. constantly regulates the heartbeat to ensure that the heart does not beat too slowly
2. if a dangerous disruption of the heart’s rhythm occurs, it acts as an automatic defibrillator
cardiac ablation
also called catheter ablation, is a procedure that uses radio-frequency (heat) or cryoablation (extreme cold) to scar or destroy the heart tissue triggering an abnormal heart rhythm.
Valvuloplasty
the surgical repair of a heart valve
Heart valve replacement
is a surgery to replace one of the heart’s four valves, usually the aortic or mitral valve. The defective valve is replaced with either a mechanical valve or one made up of animal or human tissue
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
a relatively new, minimally invasive procedure in which the existing valve is left in place. A fully collapsible replacement valve is delivered to the valve site through a catheter, and after it is expanded within the defective valve, it takes over the function of the valve.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Commonly known as CPR, is an emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression
Cardiopulmonary
means pertaining to the heart and lungs
Compression-only resuscitation
can be effective in keeping a patient suffering from cardiac arrest alive until professional responders arrive, although artificial respiration is still recommended for children, drowning victims, and drug overdoses
aneurysmectomy
the surgical removal of an aneurysm
aneurysmorrhaphy
also known as aneurysmoplasty, is the surgical suttering of an aneurysm
aneurysm clipping
is surgical method to isolate an aneurysm from the rest of the circulatory system by placing a small clip across its neck. This titanium clip, which remains permanently in place, prevents blood from flowing into the aneurysm
arteriectomy
is the surgical removal of part of an artery
Hemostasis
means to stop or control bleeding. This can be accomplished by the formation of a blood clot by the body or through the external application of pressure to block the flow of blood
Plasmapheresis
also known as plasma exchange, is the removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood’s cellular elements. The red blood cells and platelets are suspended in saline or plasma substitute and returned to the circulatory system. For blood donors, this makes more frequent donations possible. Patients with certain autoimmune disorders receive their own red blood cells and platelets back cleansed of antibodies
