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Chapter 1: Medical Terms > Muskoskeloteal System and Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Muskoskeloteal System and Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Ankyl/o

A

Crooked, bent, stiff

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2
Q

Arthr/o

A

Joint

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3
Q

Burs/o

A

Bursa

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4
Q

Chondr/o

A

Cartilage

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5
Q

Cost/o

A

Rib

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6
Q

Crani/o

A

Skull

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7
Q

Fasci/

A

Fascia

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8
Q

Fibr/o

A

Fibrous Tissue

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9
Q

Kyph/o

A

Bent, hump

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10
Q

Muscul/o

A

Muscle

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11
Q

Myel/o

A

Bone marrow, spinal cord

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12
Q

My/o

A

Muscle

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13
Q

Orth/o

A

Straight, normal

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14
Q

Oste/o

A

Bone

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15
Q

Ped/o

A

Food

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16
Q

Phalang/o

A

Bones of the fingers and toes

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17
Q

Pod/o

A

Foot

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18
Q

Scoli/o

A

Curved, bent

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19
Q

Spondyl/o

A

Vertebrae, vertebral column

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20
Q

Synovi/o

A

Synovial membrane or fluid

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21
Q

Ten/o, Tendin/o

A

Tendon

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22
Q

Vertebr/o

A

Vertebra

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23
Q

-desis

A

fixation of a bone or joint, bind together, fuse

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24
Q

-ectomy

A

surgical excision (removal)

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25
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

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26
Q

-listhesis

A

slipping

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27
Q

-lysis

A

loosening or setting free

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28
Q

-malacia

A

abnormal softening

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29
Q

-necrosis

A

tissue death

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30
Q

-oma

A

tumor

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31
Q

-osis

A

condition

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32
Q

-penia

A

deficiency

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33
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair

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34
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

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35
Q

-porosis

A

porous condition

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36
Q

-rrhaphy

A

surgical suturing

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37
Q

-rrhexis

A

rupture

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38
Q

-scopy

A

visual examination

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39
Q

-tomy

A

cutting into the organ or area

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40
Q

arthrodesis

A

a surgical procedure to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow or shoulder

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41
Q

arthrolysis

A

surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint

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42
Q

arthroscopy

A

the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint

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43
Q

comminuted fracture

A

fracture is one of which the bone is splintered or crushed

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44
Q

compression fracture

A

a broken bone that occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself

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45
Q

crepitation

A

is the crackling sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together

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46
Q

dual x-ray absorptiometry

A

is a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone denisty

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47
Q

hemathrosis

A

blood within a joint

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48
Q

hemopoietic

A

means pertaining to the formation of blood cells

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49
Q

kyphosis

A

is an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine

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50
Q

lumbago

A

is pain in the lumbar region of the spine, also known as low back pain

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51
Q

orthotic

A

is a mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace or splint, that specifically designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function

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52
Q

osteoclasis

A

is the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity

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53
Q

osteopenia

A

is thinner than average bone density in a young person

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54
Q

oseoporosis

A

is marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that frequently associated with agining

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55
Q

Paget’s disease

A

is a bone disease of unknown cause that is characterized by excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation

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56
Q

prosthesis

A

is an artificial substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated

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57
Q

scoliosis

A

is an abnormal latera curvature of the spine

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58
Q

spina bifida

A

is a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

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59
Q

abduction

A

is the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

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60
Q

adduction

A

is the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body

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61
Q

adhesion

A

is a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally

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62
Q

atrophy

A

is weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures

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63
Q

circumduction

A

is the circular movement at the far end of a limb

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64
Q

electromyography

A

is a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation

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65
Q

exercise physiologist

A

a specialist who works under physician supervision to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fittness

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66
Q

hemiparesis

A

is slight paralysis of one side of the body

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67
Q

hemiplegia

A

is the total paralysis of one side of the body

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68
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of the voluntary muscles

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69
Q

myoparesis

A

is a weakness or slight paralysis of the muscle

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70
Q

paralysis

A

weakness or slight paralysis of the muscle

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71
Q

paralysis

A

is the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply

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72
Q

paraplegia

A

is the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body

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73
Q

physiatrist

A

a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation

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74
Q

pronation

A

is the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward

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75
Q

quadriplegia

A

is paralysis of all four extremities

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76
Q

scarcopenia

A

is the age-related reduction in skeletal muscle mass in the elderly

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77
Q

singultus

A

is myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm, also known as hiccups

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78
Q

tenodesis

A

is the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone

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79
Q

tenolysis

A

to free a tendon from adhesions

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80
Q

ACL

A

Anterior crucial ligament (of the knee)

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81
Q

ADLs

A

Activities of daily living (dressing, bathing, feeding, toileting)

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82
Q

AKA

A

above-the-knee amputation

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83
Q

BKA

A

Below-the knee amputation

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84
Q

C1-C7

A

Cervical vertebrae

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85
Q

C-spine

A

cervical spine

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86
Q

CTS

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

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87
Q

DXA

A

Dual x-ray absorptiometry

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88
Q

DJD

A

degenerative joint disease

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89
Q

EMG

A

electromyography

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90
Q

Fx

A

fracture

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91
Q

L1-L5

A

Lumbar vertebrae

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92
Q

LBP

A

Low back pain

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93
Q

Mets

A

metastasis

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94
Q

NSAID

A

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

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95
Q

OA

A

osteoarthritis

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96
Q

OP

A

osteoporsis

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97
Q

ORIF

A

open reduction internal fixation

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98
Q

Ortho

A

orthopedics

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99
Q

OT

A

occupational therapy

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100
Q

PT

A

physical therapy

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101
Q

RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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102
Q

RICE

A

Rest, Ice, compression, elevation

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103
Q

ROM

A

range of motion

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104
Q

SI Joint

A

sacroiliac joint

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105
Q

SLE

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

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106
Q

T1-T12

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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107
Q

TKR

A

Total knee replacement

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108
Q

TMJ

A

Temporomandibular joint

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109
Q

Bones

A

Bone is a living tissue which allows it to grow and repair itself. Bone is made mostly of collagen and calcium. Collagen is a protein that provides a soft framework, and calcium is a mineral that adds strength and hardness. This combination of collagen and calcium makes bone flexible and strong enough to withstand stress.

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110
Q

Joints

A

A joint is the point at which two or more bones are connected

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111
Q

Cartilage

A

Cartilage is a lining that keeps the bones from grinding against each other. It is softer and more flexible than bone and is found in many other body parts, such as the rib cage, external ear, tip of the nose, and intervertebral disks

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112
Q

Ligaments

A

Ligaments are strong, elastic bands of tissue that join bones to other bones

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113
Q

Bursa

A

A bursa is a fluid-filled sac that cushions areas subject to friction, such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints

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114
Q

Skull

A

The bones of the skull can be divided into two groups-those of the cranium and those of the face. The eight bones that form the cranium protect the brain. The eight bones that form the cranium protect the brain. There are 14 bones that form the face. The auditory ossicles are the three tiny bones in each middle ear.

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115
Q

Rib cage

A

The rib cage protects the heart and lungs. It consists of 24 ribs, sternum (breastbone), and 12 thoracic vertebrae of the spinal column

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116
Q

Spinal column

A

Also known as the vertebral column, the spinal column supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord. The bony structures of the spinal column are called vertebrae. There are 26 vertebrae- 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, and 1 coccyx. Intervertebral disks act as shock absorbers that separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other.

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117
Q

The Axial Skeleton

A

Skull, Rib cage, Spinal column

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118
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Bones of the upper limb, Shoulder girdle, Bones of the lower limb, and pelvic girdle

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119
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

attached to the axial skeleton through joints and muscles. The bones of the appendicular skeleton support the appendages, which are parts that extend from the trunk (that is, arms and legs).

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120
Q

Bones of the upper limb

A

includes the bones of the arms, forearms, wrists, hands and fingers.

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121
Q

Shoulder girdle

A

shoulder girdle, or pectoral girdle, is a set of bones which connects the arms on each side. These bones are highly mobile to enhance the range of upper limb movements.

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122
Q

Bones of the lower limb

A

includes the bones of the hips, legs, thighs, ankles, feet and toes

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123
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

the pelvic girdle is a largely immobile bony, weight-bearing structure that provides a strong foundation for the upper body as it rests on top of the mobile lower limbs.

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124
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A

cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and smooth muscle

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125
Q

Muscle

A

a band of fibrous tissue that has the ability to contract

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126
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

attached to the bones and help limbs and other body parts move. These muscles are under conscious, or voluntary, control. They are also known as striated muscles because, under a microscope, the dark and light bands in the muscle fibers created a striped appearance. Striated means striped.

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127
Q

Smooth

A

named because they do not have striations, make up the walls of hollow organs (intestine, stomach, urinary bladder, uterus) blood vessels, and internal muscles of the eye. These muscles are under involuntary control which means they are not consciously directed.

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128
Q

Myocardial

A

Myocardial, or cardiac, muscles make up the wall of the heart and are responsible for the forceful contractions of the heart. The action of these muscles are also involuntary.

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129
Q

Fascia

A

the densely woven sheath of connective tissue that supports muscles, bones, nerves, arteries, and veins and surrounds virtually every internal organ of the human body, including the heart, lungs, brain, and spinal cord. It is not just a system of separate coverings but is actually one continuous structure that exists uninterrupted from head to toe. Collagen is the major component of fascia, completely flexible to allow muscle movement

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130
Q

Tendons

A

Tough cords of tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones. Tendons and muscles work together and exert a pulling force to move the bone. The largest tendon in the body is the Achilles tendon, which attaches the calf muscle to the hell bone

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131
Q

Pathological fracture

A

the bone breaks in an area that is weakened by disease, such as osteoporosis, some cancers, infection, and certain inherited bone disorders.

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132
Q

Stress Fracture

A

Common among athletes, this is a small crack in a bone caused by overuse and repetitive activity

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133
Q

Closed fracture

A

The broken bone doesn’t break the skin

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134
Q

Open fracture

A

the ends of the broken bone tear through the skin, putting the patient at a higher risk of infection

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135
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

The bone bends and cracks instead of breaking into pieces

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136
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

the bone is splintered or crushed into small pieces

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137
Q

Spiral fracture

A

at least one part of the bone has been twisted

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138
Q

Oblique

A

the break occurs at an angle across the bone

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139
Q

Transverse

A

the break occurs straight across the bone

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140
Q

Colles’ fracture

A

A break of the radius bone close to the wrist that results from a fall onto an outstretched hand

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141
Q

Hairline fracture

A

the bone is broken in a thin crack. This type of fracture is hard to detect on routine x-ray.

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142
Q

Arthritis

A

a term that refers to more than 100 types of joint diseases. The most common is osteoarthritis

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143
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)

A

also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD) is a “wear and tear” arthritis.

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144
Q

3 most common types of arthritis that fall into autoimmune disease

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis and systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

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145
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

painful autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks the joints with uncontrolled inflammation. RA most commonly affects the joints of the hands, wrists, elbows, knees, ankles, and feet.

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146
Q

Psoriatic arthritis

A

causes joint pain, stiffness, and swelling and may result in permanent joint damage if not treated aggressively.

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147
Q

30% of people diagnosed with psoriasis (a skin disease) also develop ___

A

psoriatic arthritis

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148
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

overactive and misdirected immune disease. SLE is a systemic disease, meaning it affects the entire body. It can cause joint pain, fatigue, hair loss, sensitivity to light, fever, rash, and kidney problems.

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149
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

degenerative disorder in which lumbar vertebra slips forward onto the bone below it, either another vertebra or sacrum.

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150
Q

Kyphosis

A

abnormal curvature of the spine in the thoracic region, caused by a compression fracture of osteoporosis

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151
Q

Lordosis

A

abnormal increase of the forward curvature in the lumbar region, commonly known as sway back

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152
Q

Metabolic bone disorders are caused by ______________ that result in a decrease in bone strength.

A

Abnormalities of minerals (Calcium and phosphorous), Vitamin D, or bone structure

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153
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Means porous bone. Bones become porous, fragile and prone to fractures, especially in the hips, spine, and wrists. Treating osteoporosis involves stopping the bone loss and rebuilding bone with healthy lifestyle choices or medication

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154
Q

Primary bone cancer

A

malignant tumor that originates in a bone and destroys healthy bone tissue. Primary bone cancers are a specific subtype of a group of cancers known as sarcomas

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155
Q

Sarcomas

A

cancers that start in bone, muscle, connective tissue, blood vessels or fat, and can be found anywhere in the body.

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156
Q

Secondary bone cancer

A

Also known as bone metastasis because the cancer has metastasized, or spread, to bones from other organs. The bone is a common site of metastasis for breast cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer and lung cancer

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157
Q

Plantar Fasciitis

A

Inflammation of the fascia (fibrous band of tissue) on the sole of the foot that connects the heel bone to the base of the toes.

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158
Q

Plantar

A

sole of the foot

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159
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

A

Carpal tunnel is a passageway in the wrist, about and inch wide that protects the median nerve and flexor tendons that bend the fingers and thumb. CTS occurs when this passageway becomes swollen and puts pressure on the median nerve, resulting in pain and numbness in the hand.

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160
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

Chronic condition with a wide range of symptoms, including diffuse (widespread) muscle pain and fatigue. No cure.

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161
Q

Paralysis

A

the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle control. Injury to the spinal cord is the most common cause of paralysis because of its anatomy of nerve fibers going up and down and to and from the brain. There are 4 main categories of paralysis

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162
Q

4 main categories of paralysis

A

Monoplegia, Hemiplegia, Paraplegia, Quadriplegia

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163
Q

Monoplegia

A

paralysis of a single area of the body, usually one limb.

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164
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis of an arm and leg on the same side of the body

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165
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis below the waist affecting both hips and legs

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166
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Paralysis below the neck affecting all four limbs, as well as the torso

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167
Q

-paresis

A

weakness or partial loss of movement

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168
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

brittle bone disease

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169
Q

Heart

A

Card/o, Cardi/o
Receives blood from the veins and pumps blood into the arteries

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170
Q

Blood Vessels

A

Angi/o, Vas/o
Transport blood to and from all areas of the body

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171
Q

Arteries

A

Arteri/o
Transport blood away from the heart to all parts of the body

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172
Q

Capillaries

A

Capill/o
Permit the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and the blood and the cells

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173
Q

Veins

A

Phleb/o, Ven/o
Return blood from all body parts to the heart

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174
Q

Blood

A

hem/o, hemat/o
Brings oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away waste

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175
Q

Angi/o

A

blood or lymph vessel

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176
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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177
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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178
Q

ather/o

A

plaque, fatty substance

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179
Q

brady-

A

slow

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180
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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181
Q

-crasia

A

a mixture or blending

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182
Q

-emia

A

blood, blood condition

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183
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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184
Q

hem/o, hemat/o

A

blood, relating to the blood

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185
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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186
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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187
Q

tachy-

A

fast, rapid

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188
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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189
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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190
Q

ACE inhibitor

A

blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessel to contract, resulting in hypertension

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191
Q

anemia

A

a lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood

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192
Q

aneursym

A

a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery

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193
Q

angina

A

a condition of episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium

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194
Q

angioplasty

A

the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel

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195
Q

anticoagulant

A

Medication that slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming

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196
Q

aplastic anemia

A

a condition characterized by the absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

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197
Q

arrhythmia

A

the loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat

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198
Q

atherectomy

A

surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior lining of an artery

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199
Q

artheroma

A

a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall

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200
Q

atherosclerosis

A

Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries

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201
Q

arterial fibrillation

A

when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the muscular heart wall

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202
Q

automated external defibrillator

A

electronic equipment that automatically samples the heart’s electrical rhythms and when necessary, externally shocks the heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm

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203
Q

beta-blocker

A

a medication that reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat

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204
Q

blood dyscrasia

A

any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood

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205
Q

bradycardia

A

an abnormally slow resting heart rate

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206
Q

cardiac arrest

A

an event which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively

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207
Q

cardiac catherterization

A

a diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or an artery and is guided into the heart

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208
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle

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209
Q

carotid endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain

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210
Q

cholesterol

A

a fatty substance that travels through the body and is found in all parts of the body

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211
Q

chronic venous insufficiency

A

a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves

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212
Q

coronary artery disease

A

arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces blood supply to the heart muscle

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213
Q

coronary thrombosis

A

damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery

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214
Q

defibrillation

A

the use of electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythm; also known as cardioversion

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215
Q

diuretic

A

medication administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water

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216
Q

electrocardiogram

A

a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium

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217
Q

embolism

A

the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus

218
Q

embolus

A

a foreign object, such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood

219
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

220
Q

erthrocytes

A

mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow

221
Q

hemoglobin

A

the oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythocytes

222
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

a condition of an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of these cells by the spleen

223
Q

hemostasis

A

to stop or control bleeding

224
Q

leukemia

A

a type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood

225
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells that are involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances

226
Q

leukopenia

A

a decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood

227
Q

megaloblastic anemia

A

a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which red blood cells are larger than normal

228
Q

myelodysplastic syndrome

A

a type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow

229
Q

myocardial infarction

A

the occlusion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup; commonly known as heart attack

230
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up; also known as postural hypotension

231
Q

pericardium

A

the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart

232
Q

pernicious anemia

A

a form of anemia caused by a lack of the protein that helps the body absorb vitamin B12, which is necessary for the formation of red blood cells

233
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein

234
Q

Raynaud’s disease

A

a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress

235
Q

sepsis

A

a potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream

236
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle share that interferes with normal blood flow

237
Q

tachycardia

A

an abnormally rapid resting heart rate

238
Q

temporal arteritis

A

a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms

239
Q

thallium stress test

A

a diagnostic test performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise

240
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platlets circulating in the blood

241
Q

thrombolytic

A

medication that dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up; also known as a clot-busting drug

242
Q

thrombosis

A

the abnormal condition of having thrombus

243
Q

thrombotic occlusion

A

the blocking of an artery by thrombus

244
Q

thrombus

A

a blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or an artery

245
Q

transfusion reaction

A

a serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match

246
Q

valvulitis

A

inflammation of a heart valve

247
Q

varicose veins

A

abnormally swollen veins, usually occurring in the superficial veins of the legs

248
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

the rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles

249
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

a very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles

250
Q

Blood

A

-a fluid tissue that transports oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues
-returns some waste products from these tissues to the kidneys and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs
-blood cells also play important roles in the immune system and in the endocrine system

251
Q

the 3 major structures of the cardiovascular system

A

heart, blood vessels and blood

252
Q

Heart

A

a hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs. The size of a fist, effective pump that furnishes the power to maintain the blood flow needed throughout the entire body

253
Q

Apex

A

the lower tip of the heart

254
Q

Pericardium

A

also known as the pericardial sac is the double walled membranous sac that encloses the heart

255
Q

Membranous

A

means pertaining to the membrane, which is a thin layer of pliable tissue that covers or encloses a body part

256
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

a fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart

257
Q

Pericardial fluid

A

is found between these two layers, where it acts as lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats

258
Q

visceral pericardium

A

is the inner layer of the pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart. When referred to as the outer layer of the heart, it is known as the epicardium

259
Q

epicardium

A

is the external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium

260
Q

myocardium

A

is the middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers (also known as the myocardial muscle) consists of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is capable of the constant contraction and relaxation that creates the pumping movement necessary to maintain the flow of blood throughout the body.

261
Q

Endocardium

A

this is the surface that comes into direct contact with the blood as it is being pumped through the heart

262
Q

coronary arteries

A

supply oxygen-rich blood into the myocardium

263
Q

atria

A

are the two upper chambers of the heart and these chambers are divided by the interatrial septum

264
Q

septum

A

a wall that separates two chambers

265
Q

ventricles

A

are the two lower chambers of the heart and these chambers are divided by the interventricular septum

266
Q

ventricle

A

also defined as a normal hollow chamber of the brain

267
Q

tricuspid valve

A

controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle

268
Q

tricuspid

A

means having three cusps (points) and this describes the shape of this valve

269
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

270
Q

pulmonary

A

pertaining to the lungs

271
Q

semilunar

A

half moon

272
Q

mitral valve

A

located between the left atrium and left ventricle - this valve is known as a bicuspid valve

273
Q

mitral

A

shaped like a bishop’s mitre (hat)

274
Q

bicuspid

A

having two cusps (points)

275
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

located between the left ventricle and the aorta

276
Q

oxygenated

A

oxygen right or containing adequate supply of oxygen

277
Q

Deoxygenated

A

oxygen poor, or not yet containing an adequate supply of oxygen

278
Q

right atrium (RA)

A

receives oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs, through the superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood flows out of the RA through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

279
Q

right ventricle (RV)

A

pumps oxygen poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs

280
Q

left atrium (LA)

A

receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins. The blood flows out the LA, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle

281
Q

left ventricle (LV)

A

receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium. Blood flows out of the LV through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta, which carries it to all parts of the body, except the lungs

282
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs

282
Q

where is the oxygen-poor blood returned to

A

the venae cavae to the right atrium and then the cycle continues

283
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs. This is the only place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins

284
Q

pulmonary veins

A

carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. This is the only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood

285
Q

systemic circulation

A

includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs
-oxygenated blood flows out of the left ventricle and into arterial circulation
-the veins carry deoxygenated blood into the right atrium
-from here the blood flows into the pulmonary circulation before being pumped out of the heart into the arteries again

286
Q

heartbeat

A

is the ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body; the contraction and relaxation (beating) of the heart must occur in exactly the correct sequence

287
Q

conduction system

A

these electrical impulses are controlled by the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and the bundle of His.

288
Q

sinoatrial node

A

which is often referred to as the SA node, is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava
-the SA node establishes basic rhythm and rate of heartbeat. For this reason, it is known as the natural pacemaker of the heart
-The impulse in the right atrium spreads over the muscles of both atria, causing them to contract simultaneously. This contraction forces blood into the ventricles

289
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

impulses from the SA node also travel to the atrioventricular node which is also known as the AV node
-The AV node is located on the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum. From here, it transmits the electrical impulses onward to the bundle of His

290
Q

the bundle of His (HISS)

A

is a group of fibers located within the interventricular septum. These fibers carry an electrical impulse to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions. These electrical impulses travel onward to the right and left ventricles and the Purkinje fibers

291
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles. These fibers, named for Jan Purkyne, relay the electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles, and it is this stimulation that causes the ventricles to contract. This contraction of the ventricles forces blood out of the heart and into the aorta and pulmonary arteries

292
Q

sinus rhythm

A

refers to the normal beating of the heart

293
Q

P wave

A

due to the stimulation (contraction) of the atria

294
Q

QRS complex

A

shows the stimulation of the ventricles. The atria relax as the ventricles contract

295
Q

T wave

A

the recover (relaxation) of the ventricles

296
Q

arteries

A

large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body

297
Q

endarterial

A

within an artery of pertaining to the inner portion of an artery

298
Q

arterial blood

A

is bright red in color because it is oxygen rich. The pumping action of the heart causes blood to spurt out when an artery is cut

299
Q

aorta

A

largest blood vessel in the body. begin from the left ventricle of the heart and forms the main trunk of the arterial system

300
Q

carotid arteris

A

are the major arteries that carry blood upward to the heard

301
Q

carotid arteries carotid artery

A

is located on each side of the neck

302
Q

internal carotid artery

A

brings oxygen-rich blood into the brain

303
Q

external carotid artery

A

brings blood to the face

304
Q

arterioles

A

smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries. As it enters one end of the capillary bed, it is here that the rate of flow of arterial blood slows

305
Q

capillaries

A

which are only one epithelial cell in thickness, are the smallest blood vessels in the body.
-The capillaries form networks of expanded vascular beds that have the important role of delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the tissues
-the capillaries further slow the flow of blood to allow plasma to flow into the tissues. It is here that the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials occur within the surrounding cells.
-After leaving the cells, 90% of this fluid, which is now oxygen poor and contains some waste products, enter the opposite end of the capillary bedd through the venules
-the 10% of this fluid that is left behind in the tissues becomes lymph.

306
Q

Veins

A

form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen poor blood to the heart

307
Q

venules

A

are the smallest veins that join to form the larger veins
-the walls of the veins are thinner and less elastic than those of the arteries
-the venous blood continues its flow at an increased speed as it continues its return journey to the heart

308
Q

ven

A

veins

309
Q

-ules

A

means small ones

310
Q

venous

A

means relating to, or contained in, the veins

311
Q

superficial veins

A

are located near the body surface

312
Q

deep veins

A

are located within the tissues and away from the body surface

313
Q

the venae cavae

A

are the two largest veins in the body. These are the veins that return blood into the heart
singular: vena cava

314
Q

superior vena cava

A

transports blood from the upper portion of the blood to the heart

315
Q

inferior vena cava

A

transports blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart

316
Q

pulse

A

the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart

317
Q

blood pressure

A

is the measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries.

318
Q

systolic pressure

A

occurs when the ventricles contract, is the highest pressure against the walls of the artery

319
Q

systole

A

contraction of the heart

320
Q

systolic

A

pertaining to this contraction phase

321
Q

diastolic pressure

A

occurs when the ventricles are relaxed, is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery.

322
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of the heart

323
Q

diastolic

A

pertaining to this relaxation phase

324
Q

blood

A

fluid tissue in the body. Composed of 55% liquid plasma and 45% formed elements

325
Q

formed elements of the blood

A

erythrocytes, thrombocytes and leukocytes

326
Q

plasma

A

straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Plasma is 91% water. The remaining 9% consists mainly of proteins including clotting proteins

327
Q

serum

A

plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed

328
Q

fibrinogen and prothrombin

A

are clotting proteins found in plasma. They have an important role in clot formation to control bleeding

329
Q

Erythrocytes

A

also known as red blood cells, are mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow. They transport oxygen to the tissues

330
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes

331
Q

leukocytes

A

also known as white blood cells are the blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances. There are several major groups of leukocytes

332
Q

Major groups of leukocytes

A

-Neutrophils
-Basophils
-Eosinophils
-Lymphocytes
-Monocytes

333
Q

Neutrophils

A

formed in the red bone marrow, the most common type of WBC. Through phagocytosis, neutrophils play a major role in the immune system’s defense against pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi

334
Q

Phangocytosis

A

the process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them.

335
Q

Basophils

A

formed in the red bone marrow, are the least common type of WBC. Basophils are responsible for causing the symptoms of allergies

336
Q

Eosinophils

A

are formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body. These cells destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic relations

337
Q

Lymphocytes

A

formed in red bone marrow, in lymph noes, and in the spleen. Lymphocytes identify foreign substances and germs (bacteria or viruses) in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them.

338
Q

Monocytes

A

are formed in red bone marrow, lymph noes, and the spleen. Through phagocytosis, monocytes provide immunological defenses against main infectious organisms

339
Q

Thrombocytes

A

also known as platelets are the smallest formed elements of the blood. They play an important role in clotting of blood
-When blood vessels are damaged, the thrombocytes are activated and become sticky
-this action causes the thrombocytes to clump together and form a clot to stop the bleeding

340
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

341
Q

Blood types

A

are classified according to the presence or absence of certain antigens

342
Q

Antigen

A

any substance that the body regards as being foreign

343
Q

Four major blood types

A

A, AB, B, and O
-The A, AB, and B Groups are based on the presence of the A and/or B antigens on the red blood cells
-In contrast in type O blood both the A and B antigens are absent

344
Q

Rh factor

A

defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells. The Rh factor was so named because this antigen was first found in rhesus monkey

345
Q

Blood gases

A

are gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood. 3 major types of blood gases

346
Q

Major blood gases are:

A

Oxygen (O2), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Nitrogen (N2)

347
Q

Hematologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases and disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissues

348
Q

Vascular surgeon

A

a physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels

349
Q

congenital

A

present from or before birth

350
Q

Congenital heart defects

A

structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth.

351
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

Coronary artery disease CAD, also known as coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic heart disease, is atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle. This creates an insufficient supply of oxygen that can cause angina (pain), a myocardial infarction (heart attack) or death

352
Q

most common type of heart disease

A

CAD

353
Q

End stage coronary artery disease

A

characterized by unrelenting angina pain and a severely limited lifestyle

354
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

is hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries

355
Q

Plaque

A

found in the lumen of an artery, is a fatty deposit similiar to the buildup of rust inside a pipe.

356
Q

Lumen

A

is the opening within these vessels through which the blood flows

357
Q

atheroma

A

which is a characteristic of atherosclerosis, a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall (ather = plaque & -oma = tumor)

358
Q

Ischemia

A

is a condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body

359
Q

isch

A

means to hold back-

360
Q

-emia

A

blood

361
Q

cardiac ischemia

A

the lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle

362
Q

angina

A

also known as angina pectoris, is a condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium. These are due to ischemia of the heart muscle and often progressively worsen as the blood flow continues to be compromised until a heart attack occurs

363
Q

Stable angina

A

occurs during exertion (exercise) and resolves with rest

364
Q

unstable angina

A

may occur either during exertion or rest and is precursor to a heart attack

365
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

common known as heart attack, is the occlusion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup.

366
Q

occlusion

A

means total blockage

367
Q

infaction

A

sudden insufficiency of blood

368
Q

infact

A

is a localized area of dead tissue caused by a lack of blood.

369
Q

necrosis

A

tissue death (from the greek word death)

370
Q

Most common symptoms of heart attack

A

pain or pressure in the middle of the chest that may spread to the back, jaw or left arm. (some may have mild or no symptoms)

371
Q

Heart failure

A

also referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), happens most commonly in the elderly, often after the heart has been weakened or damaged by other health issues.

372
Q

Congestion

A

describes a fluid buildup

373
Q

Left-sided heart failure

A

causes an accumulation of fluid in the lungs also known as pulmonary edema. This occurs because the left side of the heart, which is its main pumping chamber, is unable to efficiently pump oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. The increase in pressure in the veins of the lungs results in localized fluid accumulation

374
Q

Right sided heart failure

A

which is often the result of the left-sided heart failure, causes fluid buildup throughout the rest of the body. This occurs because the right side of the heart is unable to efficiently pump blood throughout the rest of the body. Due to the pressure of gravity, this edema, or swelling, is first noticeable in the feet and legs. As this swelling worsen, it can also affect the liver, gastrointestinal tract, or the arms.

375
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

is the abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for its decreased pumping ability.

376
Q

Carditis

A

is an inflammation of the heart

377
Q

Endocarditis

A

is an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

378
Q

Bacterial endocarditis

A

is an inflammation of the lining of valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. Once cause of this condition is bleeding during dental surgery because it allows bacteria from the mouth to enter the bloodstream

379
Q

Pericarditis

A

is an inflammation of the pericardium. This inflammation causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac, and this excess fluid restricts the movement of the heart, reducing the ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body

380
Q

Myocarditis

A

is an inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle) that develops as rarely seen complication of a viral infection

381
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

is the term used to describe all disease of the heart muscle

382
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy

A

is a disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly. The progression of this condition is usually slow and only presents with symptoms when quite advanced.

383
Q

Dilation

A

means the expansion of a hollow structure

384
Q

Heart murmur

A

abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neighboring large blood vessels. Heart murmurs are most often caused by defective heart valves, but they do not usually require surgery unless they affect the patient’s quality of life

385
Q

valvul

A

means valve

385
Q

valvulitis

A

inflammation of a heart valve

386
Q

valvular prolapse

A

the abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely

387
Q

prolapse

A

means the failing of dropping down of an organ or internal part. this condition is named for the affected valve, such as mitral valve prolapse

388
Q

valvular stenosis

A

is a condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart.

389
Q

stenosis

A

the abnormal narrowing of an opening.

390
Q

arrhythmia

A

is the loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. This can be a minor, temporary episode, or it can be a fetal event. The severity of this episode depends on how much the heart’s ability to pump blood is compromised. Rather than being an abnormality in the heart muscle, arrhythmias are usually caused by an abnormality in the electrical conduction system of the heart

391
Q

Asystole

A

known as a flat line, is the complete lack of electrical activity in the heart. The resulting lack of heart contractions, with no blood pumping from the heart and no blood flow through the body, is one of the conditions required for a medical practitioner to certify death

392
Q

Cardiac arrest

A

is an event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively

393
Q

a-

A

means without

394
Q

systole

A

contraction

395
Q

Sudden cardiac death

A

results when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes

396
Q

heart block

A

is a congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles

397
Q

Bradycardia

A

is an abnormally slow resting heart rate. Term bradycardia usually applied to a heartbeat rate of less than 60 beats per minute. This condition can occur when the passage of electricity from top to bottom of the heart is partially or totally blocked.

398
Q

Tachycardia

A

abnormally rapid resting heart heart rate. usually applied to heartbeat rate of greater than 100 beats per minute.

399
Q

tachy-

A

rapid

400
Q

Superventricular tachycardia

A

also known as paroxysmal supraventrical tachycardia, is an episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate at or above the atrioventricular (AV) node.

401
Q

Ventricular tachycardia

A

also known as V-tach, is a very rapid heartbeat that beings within the ventricles. This condition is potentially fatal because the heart is beating so rapidly that it is unable to adequately pump blood through the body.

402
Q

Fibrillation

A

describes a potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat, compared to the fast but regular rhythem of tachycardia.

403
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

also known as A-fib, is the most common type of tachycardia. It occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the muscular heart wall. This causes an irregular and quivering action of the atria. Some of the increased electrical impulses reach the ventricles, and this makes them contract more rapidly and less efficiently than normal, producing an irregular rate of 80-180 BPM or more

404
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

also known as V-fib, consists of rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles. Instead of pumping strongly, the heart muscle quivers ineffectively. This condition is the cause of many sudden cardiac deaths

405
Q

Palpitation

A

is a pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm. This condition is associated with certain heart disorders; however, it can also occur during a panic attac.

406
Q

Vasculitis

A

is the inflammation of a blood vessel. There are many types of vasculitis, including phlebitis and angiitis or arteritis

407
Q

phlebitis

A

under ‘veins’

408
Q

angiitis or arteritis

A

inflammation of the arteries

409
Q

Polyarteritis

A

is a form of vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time. Polyarteritis is a rare but serious blood vessel disease that occurs when certain immune cells attack the affected arteries

410
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

also known as giant cell arteritis, is a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms. It is diagnosed when a biopsy shows the presence of abnormally large cells. Temporal arteritis can cause unilateral or bilateral blindness, and more rarely, a stroke

411
Q

Angiostenosis

A

is the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel

412
Q

hemangioma

A

is a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels

413
Q

angi

A

means blood or lymph vessel

414
Q

hypoperfusion

A

is a deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body party. Perfusion is the flow of blood through the vessels of an organ

415
Q

Perfusion

A

is the flow of blood through the vessels of an organ

416
Q

aneursym

A

is a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery. The rupture of an aneurysm can be fatal because of the rapid loss of blood. Aneurysms are named for the artery involved such as aortic aneurysm, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and popliteal aneurysm

417
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

also known as hardening of the arteries, is any group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls

418
Q

arteriostenosis

A

is the abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries

419
Q

chronic venous insufficiency

A

also known as venous insufficiency, is a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves. This condition primarily affects the feet and ankles, and the leakage of venous blood into the tissues causes discoloration of the skin

420
Q

Phlebitis

A

is the inflammation of the vein. It is also known as thrombophlebitis, because the walls of the vein are often infiltrated and clot (thrombus) formed. This condition usually occurs in a superficial vein

421
Q

Varicose veins

A

are abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs. This condition occurs when the valves in these veins do not function properly, so blood pools in the veins, causing them to enlarge

422
Q

thrombosis and embolisms are ____ that can result in the _____ of a blood vessel

A

serious conditions
blockage

423
Q

thrombosis

A

is the abnormal condition of having a thrombus. Plural form is thromboses

424
Q

thrombus

A

is a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

425
Q

thrombotic occlusion

A

is the blocking of an artery by a thrombus.

426
Q

Thrombotic

A

caused by a thrombus.

427
Q

occlusion

A

means blockage

428
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

is the condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein. Sometimes such a blockage forms in the legs of a bedridden patient or in someone who has remained seated too long in the airplane or car. The danger is that the thrombus (clot) will break loose and travel to a lung where it can be fatal by causing a blockage

429
Q

Embolism

A

is the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus. The embolism is often named for the causative factor, such as an air embolism or a fat embolism, or its location such as pulmonary embolism.

430
Q

embolus

A

is a foreign object, such as a blood clot, a a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circuclating in the blood

431
Q

Peripheral vascular diseases

A

are disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and brain. These conditions usually involve narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to the legs, arms, stomach, or kidneys

432
Q

Peripheral arterial disease

A

also known as peripheral arterial occlusive disease, is an example of a peripheral vascular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis. This condition is a common and serious problem affecting more than 20% of all patients over 70 years of age. Impaired circulation to the extremities and vital organs can cause changes in the skin color and temperature

433
Q

Ankle-brachial index

A

One method of determining the severity of PAD is to compare the blood pressure at the ankle with the pressure in the arm using the ankle-brachial index

434
Q

Raynaud’s Disease

A

is a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress. The symptoms, which are due to constricted circulation, include pallor (paleness), cyanosis (blue color), and redness of the fingers and toes

435
Q

Blood dyscrasia

A

is any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood

436
Q

-crasia

A

means a mixture or blending

437
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

also known as iron overload disease, is a genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron. The excess iron that is absorbed enters the blood stream and accumulates in organs, where it causes damage.

438
Q

Leukopenia

A

is a decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood. This condition, which is also known as a low white blood cell count, places the patient at an increased risk of developing or having difficulty fighting infections

439
Q

Polycythemia

A

is an abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow

440
Q

sepsis

A

also known as septicemia, is a potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream. This condition, sometimes referred to as blood poisoning, can result in damage to multiple organ systems as the chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body

441
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

is a condition in which there is an abnormally number of platelets circulating in the blood. Because these cells help the blood to clot, this condition is sometimes associated with abnormal bleeding

442
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

is an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood

443
Q

hemorrhage

A

is the loss of a large amount of blood in short time

444
Q

transfusion reaction

A

is a serious potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match

445
Q

Cholesterol

A

is a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body. It aids in the production of cell membranes, some hormones, and vitamin D. Some cholesterol comes from dietary sources, and some is created by the liver. Excessively high levels of certain types of cholesterol can lead to heart disease

446
Q

Total cholesterol

A

measure in terms of milligrams (mg) per deciliter (dL) of blood.
-Desirable levels are below 200 mg/dL
-Borderline high are 200-239 mg/dL
-High levels are 240 mg/dL and above

447
Q

deciliter

A

is equal to one-tenth of a liter

448
Q

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)

A

LDL is referred to as bad cholesterol because excess quantities of LDL contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries
-Optimal levels are below 100 mg/dL
-Near optimal levels are 100-129 mg/dL
-Borderline high levels 130-159 mg/dL
-High levels are 160-189 mg/dL
-Very high are 190 mg/dL and above

449
Q

high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)

A

referred to as good cholesterol because it carries unneeded cholesterol back to the liver for processing and does not contribute to plaque buildup
-low levels below 40 mg/dL
-high levels are 60 mg/dL and above

450
Q

Triglycerides

A

combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities
-normal levels below 150 mg/dL
-Borderline high levels are 150-199 mg/dL
-high levels are 200-499 mg/dL
-very high levels are 500 mg/dL and above

451
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

is the general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood

452
Q

-emia

A

means blood condition

453
Q

Myelodysplastic syndrome

A

is a type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow. Some patients later develop acute myeloid leukemia

454
Q

Leukemia

A

is a type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulation blood. Types of leukemia are named based on how quickly they progress and the type of white blood cells involved. There are 4 common types of leukemia

455
Q

4 types of leukemia

A

acute, chronic myeloid leukemia and acute or chronic lymphoblastic leukemia

456
Q

Anemia

A

is a lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes in the blood causing fatigue and shortness of breath. The severity of this condition is usually measured by a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. When inadequate hemoglobin is present, all parts of the body receive less oxygen and have less energy than is needed to function properly.

457
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

is characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow. Anemia, a low red blood cell count, causes an increased risk of infection. Thrombocytopenia, a low platelet count results in bleeding especially from mucous membranes and skin

458
Q

iron-deficiency anemia

A

is the most common form of anemia. Iron, an essential component of hemoglobin, is normally obtained through food intake and by recycling iron from old red blood cells. Without sufficient iron to help create hemoglobin, blood cannot carry oxygen effectively. This deficiency can be caused by blood loss, poor absorption or iron, or inadequate dietary intake of iron

459
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

is a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal. This condition usually results from a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12.

460
Q

blast

A

means immature

461
Q

megalo-

A

means large

462
Q

pernicious anemia

A

is caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract. Vitamin B12 is necessary for the formation of red blood cells

463
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

is characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen. Hemolytic anemia can be inherited or acquired, the most common examples are two types that are hereditary: Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia

464
Q

Hemolytic

A

means pertaining to hemolysis, the breaking down of red blood cells.

465
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

is a serious genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape. This sickle shape interferes with normal blood flow, resulting in damage to most of the body systems.

466
Q

Thalassemia

A

is an inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal.

467
Q

Hypertension (HTN)

A

commonly known as high blood pressure, is the elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system. Hypertension is the opposite of hypotension

468
Q

Essential hypertension

A

also known as primary hypertension or idiopathic hypertension, is consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown cause

469
Q

Idiopathic

A

means a disease of unknown cause.

470
Q

Normal Blood pressure

A

Systolic (mm Hg) - Top number
less than 120
Diastolic (mm Hg) - bottom number
less than 80

471
Q

Prehypertension

A

Systolic (mm Hg) - top number
between 120-139
Diastolic (mm Hg) - bottom number
between 80 and 89

472
Q

Stage 1 Hypertension

A

Systolic (mm Hg) - top number
between 140 and 159
Diastolic (mm Hg) - bottom number
between 90 and 99

473
Q

Stage 2 Hypertension

A

Systolic (mm Hg) - top number
160 or higher
Diastolic (mm Hg) - bottom number
100 or higher

474
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

caused by a different medical problem, such as a kidney disorder or a tumor on the adrenal glands. When the other problem is resolved, the secondary hypertension usually improves

475
Q

Malignant hypertension

A

characterized by very high blood pressure. This condition, which can be fatal, is usually accompanied by damage to the organs, the brain, and optic nerves, or failure of the heart and kidneys

476
Q

Hypotension

A

lower-than-normal arterial blood pressure. Symptoms include dizziness, light-headedness, or fainting.

477
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

also known as postural hypotension, is low blood pressure that occur upon standing up.

478
Q

Orthostatic

A

relating to an upright or standing position

479
Q

Angiography

A

is a radiographic (x-ray) study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium.

480
Q

Angiogram

A

resulting film that is used to study blood flow in the arteries, veins, and blood vessels of the heart

481
Q

Cardiac catherization

A

is a diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart. It is used to perform angiography and also during treatment.

482
Q

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A

uses angiography with computer assistance to clarify the view of the area of interest in the cardiovascular system by “subtracting” the soft tissue and bones from the images

483
Q

Duplex ultrasound

A

is a diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels. This is a combination of diagnostic ultrasound to show the structure of the blood vessels and Doppler ultrasound to show the movement of the red blood cells through these vessels.

484
Q

Venography

A

also known as phlebography, is a radiographic test that provides an image of specific veins after a contract dye is injected. The resulting film is a venogram. This is a very accurate test for detecting deep vein thrombosis

485
Q

Electrocardiography

A

is the noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium. A noninvasive procedure does not require the insertion of an instrument of device through skin or body opening for diagnosis or treatment

486
Q

electrocardiogram

A

is a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium

487
Q

Holter monitor

A

portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24- or 48-hour period

488
Q

Stress test

A

performed to assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress. This involves monitoring with an electrocardiograph while the patient’s heart rate if he or she is unable to use a treadmill. The test can be informed in conjunction with an echocardiogram

489
Q

thallium stress test

A

performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise by injecting a small amount of thallium into the bloodstream. If it is not taken up equally by all heart muscle cells, it shows a decrease in blood flow to part of the heart

490
Q

Compliance

A

accuracy and consistency with which the patient follows the physician’s instructions

491
Q

antihypertensive

A

isa a medication administered to lower blood pressure. Some of these drugs are also used to treat other heart conditions

492
Q

ACE inhibitor (angiotensin-converting enzyme)

A

blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension. When this enzyme is blocked, the blood vessels are able to dilate (enlarge), and this reduces the blood pressure. These medications are used primarily to treat hypertension and heart failure inhibitors

493
Q

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

A

similiar action and effect to ACE

494
Q

Beta-blocker

A

reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat. They are commonly prescribed to lower blood pressure, relive angina, or treat heart failure

495
Q

calcium channel blocker agents

A

cause the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures. This relaxation reduces the workload of the heart by increasing the supply of blood and oxygen. Some calcium channel blocking agents are used to treat hypertension or to relieve and control angina

496
Q

diuretic

A

is administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water. These medications are administered to treat hypertension and heart failure by reducing the amount of fluid circulating in the blood

497
Q

Antiarrhythmic

A

is a medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat

498
Q

anticoagulant

A

slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming

499
Q

Coagulation

A

the process of clotting blood. Note that although these medications are sometimes referred to as blood thinners, they do not actually make the blood thinner

500
Q

Coumadin

A

which is a brand name for warfarin, is an anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger. This medication is often prescribed for patients with clotting difficulties, certain types of heartbeat irregularities, or after a heart attack or heart attack or heart valve replacement surgery

501
Q

Heparin

A

is another common anticoagulant. It works faster than Coumadin, but must be administered by injection or in an IV solution

502
Q

Heparin

A

is another common anticoagulant. It works faster than Coumadin, but must be administered by injection or in an IV solution

503
Q

Aspirin

A

taken in a very small daily dose, such as 81 mg, which is commonly known as baby aspirin, may be recommended to reduce the risk of a heart attack or struck by reducing the ability of the blood to clot

504
Q

Cholesterol-lowering drugs

A

used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable cholesterol leels in the blood

505
Q

Digitalis

A

available as the drug preparation digoxin, strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows the heart rate, and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues. The drug, which contains extracts from the foxglove plant (which belongs the plant genus Digitalis), is used to treat and prevent certain types of arrhythmias, and as well as from some other heart conditions

506
Q

thrombolytic

A

also known as a clot-busting drug, dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up. The use of drugs to break up a thrombus is called thrombolytic therapy

507
Q

Tissue plasminogen activator

A

is a thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke. If administered within a few hours after symptoms begin, this medication can dissolve the damaging blood clots

508
Q

Vasoconstrictor

A

causes blood vessels to narrow. Examples of these medications include antihistamines and decongestants.

509
Q

Vasodilator

A

causes blood vessels to expand

510
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

is a vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart. This increases the blood flow and oxygen support to the heart. Nitroglycerin can be administered sublingually (under the tongue), transdermally (through the skin), or orally as a spray. In the even of myocardial infarction (heart attack), a patient with a prescription for nitroglycerin may be instructed to take it while awaiting emergency medical assistance

511
Q

Nutritional Interventions

A

patients with hypertension as well as other cardiac issues such as heart failure often prescribed a diet with restricted sodium intake. Salty foods as well as most fast food and processed foods tent to be high in sodium. Patients with high cholesterol or other cardiac disease might be prescribed a diet limited in cholesterol. All foods that come from animals contain cholesterol

512
Q

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)

A

also known as heart-lung machine, is a device sometimes used to maintain the circulation of blood and oxygen to the body during surgery. Bypassing the heart allows surgeons the opportunity to operate on the heart without it beating

513
Q

Angioplasty

A

the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel

514
Q

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

also known as ballon angioplasty. This is a procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lume

515
Q

Laser angioplasty

A

involves a laser on the end of a catheter, which uses beams of light to remove the plaque deposit. It can be used separately or in conjunction with PTCA

516
Q

Stent

A

a wire-mesh tube that is commonly placed after the artery has been opened. This provides support to the arterial wall, keeps the plaque from expanding again, and prevents restenosis

517
Q

Restenosis

A

describes the condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again

518
Q

atherectomy

A

the surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery. A stent may be put in place after the artherectomy to prevent the artery from becoming blocked again

519
Q

carotid endarterectomy

A

is the surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain. This procedure is performed to reduce the risk of a stroke caused by a disruption of the blood flow to the brain.

520
Q

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

also known as bypass surgery. In this operation, which requires opening the chest, a piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve the flow of blood to the heart

521
Q

Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass

A

also known as a keyhole bypass or a buttonhole bypass, is an alternative technique for some bypass patients. This procedure is performed with the aid of a fiber-optic camera through small openings between the ribs

522
Q

Defibrillation

A

also known as cardioversion, is the use of electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythm. This shock is provided by a device known as a defibrillator

523
Q

automated external defibrillator (AED)

A

designed for use by nonprofessionals in emergency situations when defibrillation is required. This piece of equipment automatically samples the electrical rhythms of the heart and, if necessary, externally shocks the heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm

524
Q

artificial pacemaker

A

is used primarily as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation, although it is sometimes used to treat other heart conditions. This electronic device can be attached externally or implanted under the skin with connections leading into the heart to regulate the heartbeat.

525
Q

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

A

a double pacemaker
1. constantly regulates the heartbeat to ensure that the heart does not beat too slowly
2. if a dangerous disruption of the heart’s rhythm occurs, it acts as an automatic defibrillator

526
Q

cardiac ablation

A

also called catheter ablation, is a procedure that uses radio-frequency (heat) or cryoablation (extreme cold) to scar or destroy the heart tissue triggering an abnormal heart rhythm.

527
Q

Valvuloplasty

A

the surgical repair of a heart valve

528
Q

Heart valve replacement

A

is a surgery to replace one of the heart’s four valves, usually the aortic or mitral valve. The defective valve is replaced with either a mechanical valve or one made up of animal or human tissue

529
Q

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

A

a relatively new, minimally invasive procedure in which the existing valve is left in place. A fully collapsible replacement valve is delivered to the valve site through a catheter, and after it is expanded within the defective valve, it takes over the function of the valve.

530
Q

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

A

Commonly known as CPR, is an emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression

531
Q

Cardiopulmonary

A

means pertaining to the heart and lungs

532
Q

Compression-only resuscitation

A

can be effective in keeping a patient suffering from cardiac arrest alive until professional responders arrive, although artificial respiration is still recommended for children, drowning victims, and drug overdoses

533
Q

aneurysmectomy

A

the surgical removal of an aneurysm

534
Q

aneurysmorrhaphy

A

also known as aneurysmoplasty, is the surgical suttering of an aneurysm

535
Q

aneurysm clipping

A

is surgical method to isolate an aneurysm from the rest of the circulatory system by placing a small clip across its neck. This titanium clip, which remains permanently in place, prevents blood from flowing into the aneurysm

536
Q

arteriectomy

A

is the surgical removal of part of an artery

537
Q

Hemostasis

A

means to stop or control bleeding. This can be accomplished by the formation of a blood clot by the body or through the external application of pressure to block the flow of blood

538
Q

Plasmapheresis

A

also known as plasma exchange, is the removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood’s cellular elements. The red blood cells and platelets are suspended in saline or plasma substitute and returned to the circulatory system. For blood donors, this makes more frequent donations possible. Patients with certain autoimmune disorders receive their own red blood cells and platelets back cleansed of antibodies

539
Q
A

Chapter 1: Medical Terms (17 decks)

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