Endocrine Flashcards
endocrine system
is a communication system. The hormones it produces are blood-borne messengers secreted by endocrine glands. They are distributed anywhere that blood goes but affect only the target cells that have receptors for them. Actions these hormones regulate cell metabolism, reproduction, sexual development, sugar and mineral homeostasis, heart rate and digestions
Organs of the endocrine system include:
-hypothalamus
-pituitary gland
-parathyroid glad
-thyroid gland
-pineal gland
-thymus gland
-adrenal glands
-ovaries and testes
-pancreas
adrenal glands
adren/o
gonads
gonad/o
male testicles
testic/o
female ovaries
ovari/o
pancreatic islets
pancreat/o
parathyroid glands
parathyroid/o
pineal gland
pineal/o
pituitary gland
pitutit/o
pituitar/o
thymus
thym/o
thyroid gland
thyr/o
thyroid/o
acr/o
extremities (hands and feet), top, extreme point
adren/o
adenal glands
crin/o
secrete
-dipsia
thirst
glyc/o
glucose, sugar
gonad/o
gonad, sex glands
-ism
condition, state of
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
pineal/o
pineal gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
poly-
many
somat/o
body
thym/o
thymus gland
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
acromegaly
a rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities (hands and feet) caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
Addison’s disease
a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone
adrenalitis
inflammation of the adrenal glands
aldosteronism
an abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone
the hormone that helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys
calcitonin
a hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues
Conn’s syndrome
a disorder of the adrenal glands due to excessive production of aldosterone
cortisol
a hormone that has an anti-inflammatory action; it also regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body
cretinism
a congenital form of hypothyroidism that if, not treated soon after birth, causes arrested physical and mental development
Crushing’s syndrome
a condition caused by the overproduction of cortisol by the body or by taking corticosteroids to treat inflammatory diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis; also know as hypercortisolism
Diabetes insipidus
a condition caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or by the inability of the kidneys to respond to ADH
diabetes mellitus
a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
diabetic retinopathy
injury to the eye that occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina of the eye
electrolytes
mineral substances, such as sodium and potassium, normally found in the blood
epinephrine
a hormone that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear; also known as adrenaline
estrogen
a hormone with an important role in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and the regulation of the menstrual cycle
exophthalmos
an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit
follicle-stimulating hormone
the hormone that stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova (eggs) in the ovaries of the female. In the male, it stimulates the production of sperm in the testicles (testes)
fructosamine test
a blood test that measures average glucose levels over the past 3 weeks
gestational diabetes mellitus
the form of diabetes that occurs during some pregnancies
gigantism
abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty
glucagon
the hormone that increases the amount of glucose in the bloodstream by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose
glucose
the basic form of energy used by the body; also known as blood sugar
Graves’ disease
a disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone, resulting in hyperthyroidism
growth hormone
the hormone that regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues
gynecomastia
the condition of excessive mammary development in the male
Hashimoto’s disease
an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland
hypercalcemia
abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth
hyperglycemia
an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood
hyperinsulinism
a condition marked by excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream
hyperpituitarism
the excessive secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism
hyperthyroidism
the overproduction of thyroid hormones, which causes an imbalance of metabolism
hypoglycemia
an abnormally low concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood
hypothyroidism
a deficiency of thyroid secretion; also known as underactive thyroid
insulin
the hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream. Its function is to allow glucose to enter cells for energy or to stimulate the liver to convert glucose to glycogen for storage
insluinoma
a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia
ketosis
a normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking
laparoscopic adrenalectomy
a minimally invasive procedure to surgically remove one or both adrenal glands
lepin
a protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite
luteinizing hormone
the hormone that stimulates ovulation in the female and production of the female sex hormone progesterone. In the male, it stimulates the secretion of testosterone
myxedema
a severe form of adult hypothyroidism
norepinephrine
a combination of a hormone and a neurohormone that plays an important role in the “fight-or-flight response”
oxytocin
hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
parathyroidectomy
the surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands
pituitary adenoma
one of two types of slow-growing, benign tumors of the pituitary gland that may or may not cause excess hormone secretion
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyphagia
excessive hunger
polyuria
excessive urination
prediabetes
a condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes
progesterone
this hormone, whose function is to complete the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy, is released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary
prolactinoma
a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes the gland to produce to much prolactin
puberty
the process of physical changes by which a child’s body becomes and adult body that is capable of reproducing
radioactive iodine treatment
the oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells
steroids
a large family of hormonelike substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure
testosterone
a steroid hormone secreted by the testes and the adrenal cortex that stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics
thymectomy
the surgical removal of the thymus gland
thymitis
inflammation of the thymus gland
thymosin
hormone secreted by the thymus gland that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells of the immune system
thyroxine
one of the primary hormones secreted by the thyroid gland that regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of other body system
homeostasis
the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
primary function of the endocrine system is to
produce hormones that work together to maintain homeostasis
hormones
are chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream. This enables them to reach targeted cells and organs throughout the body
Each hormone has specialized functions in regulating the activities of specific cells, organs, or both. The hormones of the endocrine system affect almost every organ and cell in the body.
Blood or urine tests are used to measure hormone levels.
Endocrine glands
which produce hormones, do not have ducts
endo-
means within
-crine
means to secrete
there are 13 major glands that make up the endocrine system
-pineal gland
-hypothalamus
-pituitary gland
-parathyroid glands (posterior)
-thyroid gland
-thymus gland
-adrenal glands
-pancreatic islets
-ovaries (in females)
-testicles (in the male)
there is 1 pituitary gland
divided into two lobes
how many pineal glands are there
1
how many thyroid glands are there
1
how many parathyroid glands are there
4
how many thymus are there
1
how many pancreas are there
1 (also known as pancreatic islets)
how many adrenal glands are there
2
how many gonads are there?
2
either a pair of ovaries in females or a pair of testicles in males
pituitary gland
or hypophysis, is a pea-sized gland that is divided into two parts, the anterior and the posterior lobes. These lobes hang from a stalk-like structure located below the hypothalamus in the brain. The hypothalamus is part of the nervous system that produces hormones that control many body functions.
primary functions of the pituitary gland
is to secrete hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands. The pituitary gland acts in response to stimuli from neurohormones secreted by the hypothalamus. This creates a system of checks and balances to maintain an appropriate blood level in each hormone
secretions of the pituitary gland: anterior lobe
the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
growth hormone (GH)
lactogenic hormone (LGH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex
adren/
means adrenal
cortic/o
means cortex
trop
means change
-ic
means pertaining to
follicule-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova (eggs) in the ovaries of the female. In the male, it stimulates the production of sperm in the testicles (testes)
growth hormone (GH)
also known as the somatotropic hormone regulates the growth of bone, muscle and other body tissues
somat/o
means body
trop
means change
lactogenic hormone (LTH)
also known as prolactin, stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk in the mother after childbirth
lact/o
means milk
gen
means producing
luteinizing hormone (LH)
stimulates ovulation in the female. In the male, the luteinizing hormone stimulates the secretion of testosterone
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
increases the production of melanin in melanocytes, thereby causing darkening of skin pigmentation. MSH production usually increases during pregnancy
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland
secretions of the pituitary gland: posterior lobe
antiduretic hormone
oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
which is secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys. In contrast, a diuretic is administered to increase the amount of urine secretion
oxytocin (OXT)
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. After childbirth, oxytocin controls postnatal hemorrhage and stimulates the flow of milk from the mammary glands.
oxy-
means swift
-tocin
means labor
pitocin
is a synthetic form of oxytocin that is administered to induce or speed up labor
pineal gland
is a very small endocrine gland, also known as the pineal body. It is located in the central portion of the brain and takes its name from the Latin word for pinecone, referring to the shape of the gland
functions and secretions of the pineal gland
the secretions of the pineal gland influence the sleep-wakefulness cycle
melatonin
a hormone that influences the sleep-wakefulness portions of the circadian cycle refers to the biological functions that occur within a 24-hr period
thyroid gland
is butterfly-shaped and lies on either side of the larynx, just below the thyroid cartilage
primary function of the thyroid is to
regulate the body’s metabolism.
metabolism
describes all of the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients, including the rate at which they are used. Thyroid secretions also influence growth and the functioning of the nervous system
two primary thyroid hormones regulate the rate of:
metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other body systems. They Are:
thyroxine (t4)
triiodothyronine (t3)
the rate of secretion of these two hormones is controlled by the thyroid-stimulating hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
calcitonin
which is produced by the thyroid gland, is a hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth
parathyroid glands
there are 4, each of which is about the size of a grain of rice, are embedded int the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
functions and secretions of the parathyroid glands
the primary function of the parathyroid glands is to regulate calcium levels throughout the body. These calcium levels are important to the smooth functioning of the muscular and nervous systems.
the secretions of the parathyroid glands include:
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
which works with the hormone calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland. Together, they regulate the calcium levels in the blood and tissues
higher-than-normal levels of parathyroid hormone can increase calcium levels in the blood by mobilizing the release of calcium stored in bones and teeth
thymus
is located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity. It is posterior to (behind) the sternum and slightly superior to (above) the heart
functions and secretions of the thymus
the thymus functions as part of the endocrine system by secreting a hormone that functions as part of the immune system, helping develop the body’s immune system before birth and in childhood. Its function is greatly reduced after puberty, and slowly turns into fatty tissue.
the secretions of the thymus include:
thymosin, which plays an important part in the immune system by stimulating the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells
pancreas
is a feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine systems
pancreatic islets
are those parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions. an islet is a small isolated mass, or island, of one type of tissue within a larger mass of a different type
functions and secretions of the pancreatic islets
the endocrine functions of these islets are to control the blood glucose levels and glucose metabolism throughout the body.
the secretions of the pancreatic islets include:
glucose
glucagon
insulin
glucose
is the basic form of energy used by the body. Glucose in the bloodstream is also known as blood sugar.
glucagon (GCG)
is the hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low level of glucose in the bloodstream. Glucagon increases the glucose level by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose for release into the bloodstream.
Note: glucagon and glycogen are similar words, and the prefixes gluc/o and glyc/o both refer to glucose or sugar. It may help to remember that glucAgon is a hormone secreted in the pAncreas, and glycogEn is excess carbohydrate stored in the livEr
insulin
is the hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the blood stream
insulin functions in two ways:
- when energy is needed, insulin allows glucose to enter the cells to be used as this energy
- when additional glucose in not needed, insulin stimulates the liver to convert glucose into glycogen for storage
adrenal glands
which are also known as suprarenals, are so named because they are located on top of each kidney. Each of these glands consist of an outer portion, known as the adrenal cortex, and the middle portion, which is the adrenal medulla.
functions of the adrenal glands
the primary functions of the adrenal glands is to control electrolyte levels in the body
electrolytes
are mineral substances –> calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium – that are normally found in the blood and other bodily fluids.
other important functions of the adrenal glands include helping regulate metabolism and interacting with the sympathetic nervous system in the response to stress
adrogens
are sex hormones by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells
corticosteroids
are the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. The same term describes synthetically produced equivalents that are administered as medications
aldosterone (ALD)
is a corticosteroid that regulates the sodium and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys. Reabsorption means returning a substance to the bloodstream
cotrisol
also known as hydrocortisone, is a corticosteroid that has anti-inflammatory action. It also helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body
secretions of the adrenal medulla
epinephrine
norephinephrine
epinephrine (epi, EPI)
also known as adrenaline, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear. It makes the heart beat faster and can raise blood pressure. It also helps the liver release glucose and limits the release of insulin
norepinephrine
is both a hormone and a neurohormone. It is released as a hormone by the adrenal medulla and as a neurohormone by the sympathetic nervous system. It plays an important role in the “fight-or-flight response” by raising blood pressure, strengthening the heartbeat, and stimulating muscle contractions
gonads
are the gamete-producing glands. These are ovaries in females and testicles in males
functions of the gonads
the gonads secrete the hormones that are responsible for the development and maintenance of the secondary sex characteristics that develop during puberty.
Secondary sex characteristics
refer to features that distinguish the two sexes but are not directly related to reproduction.
puberty
is the process of physical changes by which a child’s body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing. IT is marked by maturing of the genital organs, the development of secondary sex characteristics, and the first occurrence of menstruation in the female. In the US the average age is 12 for girls and 11 for boys
precocious puberty
is the early onset of the changes of puberty, usually before 8 in girls and age 9 in boys. precocious means exceptionally early in development of occurrence
estrogen (E)
is a hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important to the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of the menstrual cycle
progesterone
is the hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary. Its function is to complete the preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy.
gamete
is a reproductive cell. These are sperm in the male and ova (eggs) in the female
gonadotropin
is any hormone that stimulates the gonads
gonad/o
means gonad
-tropin
means to stimulate
adrogens
are sex hormones, primarily testosterone, secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells. Androgens promote the development and maintenance of the male sex characteristics
testosterone
is a steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics
estrogen and testosterone
are present in both male and females but dramatically different amounts depending on gener
secretions of the gonads
estrogen
progesterone
gamete
gonadotropin
adrogens
testosterone
estrogen
specialized types of hormoes
several specialized types of hormones do not fit the previous hormone definition, either because of their chemical structure or because they are not secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream
steroids
are a large family of hormone-like substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure. Examples of steroids include cholesterol, testosterone, and inflammatory corticosteroids such as prednisone
steroids are secreted by endocrine glands or
artificially produced as medications to relieve swelling and inflammation in conditions such as asthma
anabolic steroids
are man-made substances that are chemically related to sex hormones. They are used in the treatment of hormone problems in men and to help the body replace muscle mass lost due to disease. Athletes sometime use anabolic steroids illegally to build muscle mass, a dangerous practice that can lead to lasting damage to the body
hormones secreted by fat cells (adipose)
adipose tissue is not commonly thought of as an endocrine gland; however, research has shown that fat cells do secrete at least one and possible more hormones that play important roles in the balance and health of the body
leptin
is a protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite.
leptin leaves the fat cells and travels in the bloodstream to the brain, where it acts on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite and burn fat stored in adipose tissue
ghrelin
is a hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes referred to as the hunger hormone, research is ongoing to flesh out the role that leptin and ghrelin play in rising levels of obesity. Ghrelin is a recent term created from the words “growth Hormone REL(easing)” with the suffix -in
neurohormones
are produced and released by neurons in the brain, rather than by the endocrine glands, and delivered to organs and tissues through the bloodstream. One example is neurohormones secreted by the hypothalamus that control the secretions of the pituitary gland
medical specialities related to the endocrine system
endocrinologist
certified diabetes educator (CDE)
endocrinologist
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands
endocrin
means to secrete within
certified diabetes educator (CDE)
is a health care professional qualified to teach people with diabetes how to manage their disease
pathology of the endocrine system
(the pituitary gland)
acromegaly
gigantism
hypertpituitarism
pituitary adenoma
glactorrhea
prolactinoma
acromegaly
is a rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities (hands and feet) caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty. Contrast with gigantism
acr/o
means extremities
-megaly
means enlargement
gigantism
is abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth before puberty. contrast with acromegaly
hyperpituitarism
is the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism
hyper-
means excessive
pituitar
means pituitary
-ism
means condition
short stature
formerly known as dwarfism, sometimes caused by deficient secretion of growth hormone
pituitary adenoma
is also known as pituitary tumor. There are two types of these slow-growing benign tumors of the pituitary gland:
functioning and nonfunctioning pituitary tumors
functioning pituitary tumors
often produce hormones in large and unregulated amounts
nonfunctioning pituitary tumors
do not produce excessive amounts of hormones
galactorrhea
is a condition in which excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth
prolactinoma
is a benign tumor of the pituitary gland. This type of tumor, which causes the pituitary gland to produce too much of the lactogenic hormone known as prolactin, can cause infertility in women and erectile dysfunction in men and can impair vision.
Pathology of the Endocrine System
(antidiuretic hormone conditions)
diabetes insipidus (DI)
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
diabetes insipidus (DI)
which is not related to diabetes mellitus, is an uncommon disorder caused by an insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone ADH or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone
When there is an insufficient quantity of ADH,
too much fluid is excreted by the kidneys. This causes polydipsia (excessive thirst) and polyuria (excessive urination) that in extreme cases can reach over 20 quarts a day. If this problem is not controlled, it can cause severe dehydration
insipidus
comes from a Latin word meaning without taste, referring to the relatively low sodium (salt) content of the urine in some patients
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
is caused by the over production of the antidiuretic hormone ADH. This is often as a result of cancer or its treatment. High amounts of ADH keep the kidneys from excreting water, resulting in bloating and water retention that can dilute the blood, causing electrolyte imbalances, particularly hyponatremia (low levels of sodium)
Pathology of the Pineal Gland
a pinealoma, is a tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin. This tumor can also cause insomnia by disrupting the circadian cycle
pineal
means pineal gland
-oma
means tumor
thyroid carcinoma
is the most common cancer of the endocrine system, and is the most rapidly increasing cancer in the united states. thyroid carcinoma, which has a high survival rate, affects significantly more women than men and is commonly diagnosed between ages 20 and 55
insufficient thyroid secretion
Hashimoto’s disease
hypothyroidism
cretinism
myxedema
Hashimoto’s disease also known as
chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland. This inflammation often leads to hypothyroidism
hypothyroidism
also known as underactive thyroid, is caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion. Symptoms include fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold, and a decreased metabolic rate
hypo-
deficient
-ism
means condition
cretinism
is a congenital form of hypothyroidism. If treatment is not started soon after birth, cretinism causes arrested physical and mental development
myxedema
which is also known as adult hypothyroidism, is caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion. Symptoms include swelling, particularly around the eyes and cheeks; fatigue; and a subnormal temperture
excessive thyroid secretion
thyroid nodules
thyroid storm
hyperthyroidism
thyroid nodules
are lumps in the thyroid that can grow large enough to cause a goiter. Most nodules are benign; however, some are malignant or produce too much thyroxine
thyroid storm
also known as thyrotoxic crisis, is a relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism. Patients experiencing a thyroid storm may complain of fever, chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, tremors, increased sweating, disorientation, and fatigue
hyperthyroidism
also known as thyrotoxicosis, is the overproduction of thyroid hormones, which causes an imbalance of metabolism. This causes symptoms including an increased metabolic rate, sweating, nervousness, and weight loss. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease
graves’ disease
is a disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone. This results in hyperthyroidism and can also cause goiter, exophthalmos, or both.
goiter
also known as thyromegaly, is an abnormal, benign enlargement of the thyroid gland. This enlargement produces a swelling in the front of the neck. A goiter usually occurs when the thyroid gland is not able to produce enough thyroid hormone to meet the body’s needs, either due to Graves’ disease, other medical conditions, or an iodine deficiency
exophthalmos
is an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit
ex-
means out
ophthalm/o
means eye
parathyroid glands
hyperparathyroidism
hypoparathyroidism
hypercalcemia
hypocalcemia
hyperparathyroidism
which is the overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, causes the condition known as hypercalcemia. Hyperparathyroidism can result from a disorder of the parathyroid gland or from a disorder elsewhere in the body, such as kidney failure. Hyperparathyroidism is the opposite of hypoparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
is caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone. This condition causes hypocalcemia, and in severe cases, it leads to tetany.
Tetany
is the condition of periodic, painful muscle spasms and tremors.
hypo-
means deficient
-ism
means condition
hypercalcemia
is characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth. This can lead to weakened bones and the formation of kidney stones.
hyper-
means excessive
calc
means calcium-
-emia
means blood condition
hypocalcemia
is characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood. Hypocalcemia is the opposite of hypercalcemia
thymitis
is an inflammation of the thymus gland
thym
means thymus
the pancreas
insulinoma
pancreatitis
insulinoma
is a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hyperglycemia by secreting additional insulin
pancreatitis
is an inflammation of the pancreas. A leading cause of pancreatitis is long-term alcohol abuse
abnormal blood glucose levels
hyperglycemia
polydipsia
polyphagia
polyuria
hyperinsulinism
hypoglycemia
hyperglycemia
is an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood. Hyperglycemia is seen primarily in patients with diabetes mellitus. The symptoms include polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria.
polydipsia
is excessive thrist
poly-
means many
dipsia
means thirst
polyphagia
means excessive hunger
-phagia
means eating
polyuria
is excessive urination
-uria
means urination
hyperinsulinism
is the condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream. Hyperinsulinism can cause hypoglycemia
hypoglycemia
is abnormally low concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Symptoms include nervousness and shakiness, confusion, perspiration or feeling anxious or weak.
glyc
means sugar
-emia
means blood condition
diabetes mellitus (DM)
is the most common endocrine system disease, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body’s production of insulin (type 1) or its ability to use it properly (type 2). Diabetes mellitus is not related to diabetes insipidus
juvenile diabetes
when a child developed diabetes, this condition was referred to as juvenile diabetes; however, the condition in children is now described as being either type 1 or type 2
some patients present with both types of diabetes
and their treatment must be modified accordingly. The treatment goals for all types of diabetes are to effectively control blood glucose levels and prevent complications
metabolic syndrome
isa common combination of medical conditions including increased blood pressure, elevated levels of insulin in the blood, excessive body fat around the waist, or abnormal cholesterol levels. This syndrome increases the patient’s risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes
is an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells.
insulin deficiency
means that the pancreatic beta cells do not secrete enough insulin.
symptoms of type 1 diabetes includes
polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, weight loss, blurred vision, extreme fatigue and slow healing. The onset of type 1 diabetes is often triggered by a viral infection.
Treatment for type 1 diabetes involves
a combination of diet, exercise and carefully regulated insulin replacement therapy administered by injection or insulin pump
type 2 diabetes
is an insulin resistance disorder. In an attempt to compensate for this lack of response, the body secretes more insulin. With the rise of childhood obesity, type 2 diabetes is increasingly common in children and young adults. Obese adults are also at high risk for this conditinon
