Nervous System & Mental Health Flashcards
cerebr/o encephal/o
brain
coordinates all body activities by receiving and transmitting message throughout the body
myel/o
spinal cord
transmits nerve impulses between the brain, arms and legs, and lower part of the body
neur/i neur/o
nerves
receive and transmit messages to and from all parts of the body
sensory organs and receptors
receive external stimulation and transmit these stimuli to the sensory neurons
cas/o
burning or burn
cerebr/o
cerebrum or brain
concuss/o
shaken together, violently agitated
contus/o
bruise
encephal/o
brain
-esthesia
sensation, feeling
esthet/o
feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception
-graphy
the process of producing a picture or record
mening/o
membranes, meninges
myel/o
spinal cord or bone marrow
neur/i, neur/o
nerve or nerve tissue
phobia
abnormal fear
psych/o
mind
radicul/o
root or nerve root
-tropic
having an affinity for
acrophobia
an excessive fear of heights
Alzheimer’s disease
a group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. It’s the leading cause of dementia and is marked by progressive deterioration that affects memory and reasoning capabilities
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles, resulting in complete paralysis and death; also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease
anesthetic
medication used to induce anesthesia
anesthetist
a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia but is not a physician
anorexia nervosa
a false perception of body appearance which leads to an intense of gaining weight and inability to maintain a healthy body weight
anxiety disorders
mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation
autism
a subgroup of autistic spectrum disorders. Children with autism have significant developmental delays, including speech and language, with most having very minimal verbal skills and lacking normal social relationships
Bell’s palsy
temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only on the affected side of the face
carotid ultrasonography
an ultrasound study of the carotid artery to detect plaque buildup in the artery to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke
causalgia
persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain tissue as a result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull
cerebral palsy
a condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies
cerebrovascular accident
damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted; also known as a stroke
cervical radiculopathy
nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region
claustrophobia
an abnormal fear of being in small or enclosed spaces
cognition
the mental activities associated with thinking, learning and memory
coma
a deep state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movement, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech
concussion
a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain that may result in a temporary loss of awareness and function
cranial hematoma
a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain
delirium
an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations
delirium tremens
a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol
delusion
a false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary
dementia
a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities–including memory, thinking, and judgement–that is often accompanied by personality changes
dura mater
the tick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges
dyslexia
a learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols; also known as a developmental reading disorder
echoencephalography
the use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes
electroencephalography
the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
epidural anesthesia
regional anesthesia produced by injecting a local anesthetic into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine
epilepsy
a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severities
factitious disorder
a condition in which a person acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick
Guillain-Barré syndrome
inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that may lead to temporary paralysis; also known as infectious polyneuritis
hallucination
a sensory perception (sight, touch, sound smell, or taste) experienced in the absence of an external stimulation
hemorrhagic stroke
occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed
hydrocephalus
a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain
hyperesthesia
a condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain or other sensory stimuli
ischemic stroke
a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery
lethargy
a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord
meningocele
the congenital herniation of the meninges that surround the brain or spinal cord through a defect in the skull or spinal column
migraine headache
a headache that is characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head and is sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light or sound
multiple sclerosis
a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath, resulting in scarring of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves
myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord; also inflammation of bone marrow
myelography
a radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day
neurotransmitters
chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor
obsessive-compulsive disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent thoughts or impulses that are repetitive, intrusive, and distressing
panic attack
an unexpected, sudden experience of fear in the absence of danger, accompanied by physical symptoms, shortness of breath, chest tightness, dizziness, sweating, nausea, feelings of unreality, and/or choking sensations
paresthesia
a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body
Parkinson’s disease
a chronic, degenerative central nervous system disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait caused by inadequate levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain
peripheral neuropathy
a disorder of the peripheral nerve that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord, producing pain, the loss of sensation, and the inability to control muscles
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder that may develop after an event involving actual or threatened death or injury to the individual or someone else, during which the person felt intense ear, helplessness, or horror with symptoms including emotional numbing, hyperarousal, anxiety, sleep disorders, and persistent reliving of the event.
Reye’s syndrome
a potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion; sometimes follows a viral illness in which the child was treated with aspirin
schizophrenia
a psychotic disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patters of thinking, delusions and hallucinations, and accompanied in varying degrees by other emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances
sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve
seizure
a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time
shaken baby syndrome
the results when a child has been violently shaken by someone; can cause brain injury, blindness, fractures, seizures, paralysis and death
syncope
the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain; also known as fainting
trigeminal neuralgia
a condition characterized by severe lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve; affects the cheek, lips, and gums on the side of the face innervated by the affected nerve
functions of the nervous system
the nervous system, with the brain as its center, coordinates and controls all bodily activities. When the brain ceases functioning, the body is no longer able to live on its own
structures of the nervous system
the major structures of the nervous system are the nerves, brain, spinal cord, and sensory organs. The sensory organs, which are the eyes, ears, nose, skin and tongue, are discussed in other chapters.
Divisions of the nervous system
central and peripheral nervous systems
central nervous system (CNS)
includes the brain and spinal cord. The functions of the central nervous system are to receive and process information and to regulate all bodily activity
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves extending outward from the spinal cord. The function of the peripheral nervous system is to transmit nerve signals to and from the central nervous system
nerve
is one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body
tract
is a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord
ascending nerve tracts
carry nerve impulses toward the brain
descending nerve tracts
carry nerve impulses away from the brain
ganglion
is a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system (plural, ganglia or ganglions) also describes benign, tumor-like cyst
innervation
means the supply of nerves to a specific body part
plexus
is a network of intersecting spinal nerves (plural, plexuses). The term also describes a network of intersecting blood or lymphatic vessels
receptors
are sites in the sensory organs (eyes, ears, skin, nose, and taste buds) that receive external stimulation. The receptors send the stimulus through the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation
stimulus
is anything that excites (activates) a nerve and causes an impulse (plural, stimuli)
impulse
is a wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers and neurons
reflex
is an automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside of the body
examples of reflex actions include:
-changes in the heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure
-coughing and sneezing
-responses to painful stimuli
-deep tendon reflexes
neurons
are the basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other
brain waves
the body has billions of neurons carrying nerve impulses throughout the body via an electrochemical process. In the brain, this process creates patterns of neuron electrical activity known as brain waves. Different types of brain waves are produced during periods of intense activity, rest, and sleep
three types of neurons
A-C-E will help remember names
S-A-M will help remember their functions
Afferent neurons
also known as sensory neurons, these neurons emerge from sensory organs and the skin to carry the impulses from the sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord
afferent
means toward
connecting neurons
also known as associative neurons, these neurons link afferent and efferent neurons
efferent neurons
also known as motor neurons, these neurons carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and toward muscles and glands
neuron parts
each neuron consists of a cell body, several dendrites, a single axon, and terminal end fibers
dendrites
are the root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body. A process is a structure that extends out from the cell body
axon
is a process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell. An axon can be more than 3 feet long. Many, but not all, axons are protected by a myelin sheath, which is a white fatty tissue covering
terminal end fibers
are the branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nerve impulse from the axon to the synapse
synapse
is the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ. A single neuron can have a few or several hundred synapses
neurotransmitter
are chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor. There are between 200 and 300 known neurotransmitters, and each has a specialized function.
neurotransmitters and their roles
-acetylcholine
-dopamine
-endorphines
-norepinephrine
-serotonin
acetylcholine
is released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions; it influences muscle action
dopamine
is released within the brain. An excess of dopamine is associated with schizophrenia, mood and thought disorders and in abnormal movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease
Endorphins
are naturally occurring substances that are produced by the brain to help relieve pain
norepinephrine
affects alertness and arousal, increasing blood pressure and heart rate, and releasing stores of glucose in response to stress. It is also a hormone released by the adrenal gland as part of the body’s fight-or-flight response
serotonin
which is released in the brain, has roles in sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition. It is also sometimes linked to mood disorders
Glial cells
provide support and protection for neurons, and their four main functions are:
1. to surround neurons and hold them in place
2. to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons
3. to insulate one neuron from another
4. to destroy and remove dead neurons
myelin sheath
is the protective covering made up of glial cells. This white sheath forms the white matter of the brain and covers some parts of the spinal cord and the axon of most peripheral nerves
white matter
the portion of the nerve fibers that are myelinated are known as white matter
myelinated
means having a myelin sheath. It is the color of this covering that makes these fibers white
gray matter
the portions of the nerve fibers that are unmyelinated are known as gray matter.
unmyelinated
means lacking a myelin sheath. The lack of the myelin sheath reveals the brownish-gray color of the cortex of the cerebrum and cerebellum, and the core of the spinal cord
central nervous system
is made up of the brain and spinal cord. These structures are protected externally by the bones of the cranium and the vertebrae of the spinal column. Within these bony structures, the brain and spinal cord are furthering protected by the meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid
meninges
are the system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord (singular, meninx). The meninges consist of three layers of connective tissue. These are the dura mater, the arachnoid membrane, and the pia mater
dura mater
is the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges. Dura means hard, and mater means mother
-the inner surface of the cranium is lined with the dura mater
-the inner surface of the vertebral column is known as the epidural space. This space, which is located between the walls of the vertebral column and the dura mater of the meninges, contains fat and supportive connective tissues to cushion the dura mater
-In both the skull and vertebral column, the subdural space is located between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane
arachnoid membrane
which resembles a spider web, is the second layer of the meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater. Arachnoid means having to do with spiders
-the arachnoid membrane is loosely attached to the other meninges to allow space for fluid to flow between the layers
-the subarachnoid space, which is located below the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater, contains cerebrospinal fluid
pia mater
which is the third layer of the meninges, is located nearest to the brain and spinal cord. It consists of delicate connective tissue that contains a rich supply of blood vessels
pia
means tender or delicate
mater
means mother
cerebrospinal fluid
also known as spinal fluid, is produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum. Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord. The functions of this fluid are to:
-cool and cushion these organs from shock or injury
-nourish the brain and spinal cord by transporting nutrients and chemical messengers to these tissues
cerebrum
the largest and uppermost part of the brain, consists of four lobes
-controls the highest level of thought, including judgment, memory, association, and critical thinking. It also processes sensations and controls all voluntary muscle activity
thalamus
is located below the cerebrum
-relays sensory stimuli from the spinal cord and midbrain to the cerebral cortex. The thalamus suppresses some stimuli and magnifies other
hypothalamus
is located below the thalamus
-controls vital bodily functions
celebellum
is located in the lower back of the cranium below the cerebrum
-coordinates muscular activity and balance for smooth and steady movements
brainstem
is located in the base of the brain and forms the connection between the brain and spinal cord. It consists of the:
mainbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
controls the functions necessary for survival (breathing, digestion, heart hate, and blood pressure) and for the arousal (being awake and alert)
cerebrum
is the largest and uppermost portion of the brain. It is responsible for all thought, judgment, memory, and emotion, as well as for controlling and integrating motor and sensory functions. Note that cerebrum and cerebellum are similar words but refer to very different parts of the brain.
cerebral
means pertaining to the cerebrum or to the brain
cerebr
brain
cerebral cortex
which is made up of gray matter, is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds and deep fissures
gyri
are the elevated folds of gray matter in the cerebral cortex (singular, gyrus)
sulci
are the fissures of the cerebral cortex (singular, sulcus). As used here, a fissure is a normally occurring deep groove. Skin fissures, which are crack-like sores
cerebral hemisphers
the cerebrum is divided to create two cerebral hemispheres that are connected at the lower midpoint by the corpus callosum
left cerebral hemisphere
controls the majority of functions on the right side of the body. An injury to the let hemisphere produces sensory and motor deficits on the right side of the body
right cerebral hemisphere
controls most of the functions on the left side of the body. An injury to the right hemisphere produces sensory and motor deficits on the left side of the body
-the crossing of nerve fibers that makes this arrangement possible occurs in the brainstem
cerebral lobes
each cerebral hemisphere is subdivided to create pairs of cerebral lobes. Each lobe is named for the bone of the cranium that it covers
frontal lobe
controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior
parietal lobe
receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin, and muscles
occipital lobe
controls eyesight
temporal lobe
controls the senses of hearing and smell, and the ability to create, store, and access new information
hypothalamus
is located below the thalamus. The seven major regulatory functions of the hypothalamus
regulatory functions of the hypothalamus
- regulates and integrates the autonomic nervous system, including controlling heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and digestive tract activity
- regulates emotional responses, including fear and pleasure
- regulates body temperature
- regulates food intake by controlling hunger sensations
- regulates water balance by controlling thirst sensations
- regulates sleep-wakefulness cycles
- regulates the pituitary gland and endocrine system activity
cerebellum
is the second-largest part of the brain. It is located at the back of the head below the posterior portion of the cerebrum.
-the cerebellum receives incoming messages regarding movement within joints, muscle tone, and positions of the body. From here, messages are relayed to the different parts of the brain that control the motions of skeletal muscles
-general functions of the cerebellum are to produce smooth and coordinated movements, to maintain equilibrium, and to sustain normal postures
brainstem
is the stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It is made up of three parts: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
midbrain and pons
provide conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain. They also control reflexes for movements of the eyes and head in response to visual and auditory stimuli. Pons is the Latin word for bridge
medulla oblongata
which is located at the lowest part of the brainstem, is connected to the spinal cord. It controls basic survival functions, including the muscles that make possible respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as reflexes for coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting
spinal cord
is a long, fragile, tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brainstem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal column
-the spinal cord contains all of the nerves that affect the limbs and lower part of the body, and serves as the pathway for impulses traveling to and from the brain
-the spinal cord is surrounded and protected by cerebrospinal fluid and the meninges
peripheral nervous system
consists of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves that extend from the brain, plus 31 pairs of spinal nerves that extend from the spinal cord.
Peripheral
means pertaining to the body parts that are away from the center of the body
three types of specialized peripheral nerves transmit signals to and from the central nervous system.
These are autonomic, sensory, and somatic nerve fibers.
autonomic nerve fibers
carry instructions to the organs and glands from the autonomic nervous system
sensory nerve fibers
receive external stimuli, such as how something feels, and transmit this information to the brain where it is interpreted
somatic nerve fibers
which are also known as motor nerve fibers, convey information that controls the body’s voluntary muscular movements
cranial nerve s
the 12 pairs of cranial nerves originate from the under-surface of the brain. The two nerves of a pair are identical in function and structure, and each nerve of a pair of the body. These cranial nerves are identified by Roman numerals and are named for the area or function they serve
peripheral spinal nerves
the 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves are grouped together and named based on the region of the body they innervate
-within each region, the nerves are referred to by number. The cervical nerves are C1-C8, the thoracic nerves are T1-T12, the lumbar nerves are L1-L5, and the sacral nerves are S1-S5
-spinal nerves sometimes join with others to form a plexus to innervate a certain area. The lumbar plexus, is made up of the first four lumbar nerves (L1-L4) and serves the lower back
autonomic nervous system
is organized into two divisions, one comprising sympathetic nerves and the other or parasympathetic nerves. The autonomic nervous system controls the involuntary actions of the body such as the functioning of internal organs. To maintain homeostasis within the body, each division balances the activity of the other division.
Hemeostasis
is the process of maintaining the constant internal environment of the body.
sympathetic nerves
prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the respiratory rate, heart rate and blood flow to muscles. These nerves become aroused as part of the fight or flight response, which is the body’s natural reaction to real or imaginary danger
parasympathetic nerves
return the body to normal after a response to stress. They also maintain normal body functions during ordinary circumstances that are not emotionally or physically stressful
anesthesiologist
is a physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery
an-
means withou
esthesi
means feeling
anesthetist
is a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia but is not a physician, for example, a nurse anesthetist
neurologist
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system
neurosurgeon
is a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system
psychiatrist
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems and mental illness. A psychiatrist can prescribe medications
psychologist
has a doctoral degree (PhD or PsyD) but is not a medical doctor. This specialist evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness
social worker
is a trained therapist, usually with a master’s degree (MSW)
cephalalgia
also known as a headache, is pain in the head
cephal
means head
-algia
means pain
migraine headache
which may be preceded by a warning aura, is characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head. Migraine headaches primarily affect women and are sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light or sound.
warning aura
is a visual disturbance perceived by the patient preceding a migraine headache or epileptic seizure
cluster headache
are intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and may be associated with tearing of the eyes and nasal congestion. These headaches, which primarily affect men, are named for their repeated occurrence in groups or clusters
encephalocele
also known as a craniocele, is a congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull
encephal/o
means brain
-cele
means hernia
congenital
means present at birth, and herniation means protrusion of a structure from its normal position. Compare this with meningocele
meningocele
is the congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column. Compare this with an encephalocele
mening/o
means meninges
hydrocephalus
is a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain. This condition can occur at brith or develop later in life from obstructions related to meningitis, brain tumors, or other causes.
meningioma
is a common, slow-growing, and usually benign tumor of the meninges
-oma
means tumor
meningitis
also referred to as infectious meningitis, is an inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord. This condition, which can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection elsewhere in the body, is characterized by intense headache and flu-like symptoms. Bacterial meningitis, which is less common, is sometimes fatal. Compare with encephalitis
cognition
describes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning and memory.
Mild cognitive impairment
is a memory disorder, usually associated with recently acquired information, which may be an early predictor of Alzheimer’s disease
Dementia
is a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgement, that is often accompanied by personality changes. Senile dementia is a dementia of the aged.
Sundowning
refers to a group of symptoms leading to a state of confusion that can happen towards the end of the day in patients with dementia
Vascular dementia
is a form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain. Although Alzheimer’s disease is the primary cause of dementia, vascular dementia accounts for about 10 to 20% of all cases
Encephalitis
which is an inflammation of the brain, can be caused by a viral infection such as rabies.
encephal
means brain
-itis
means inflammation
Reye’s syndrome (RS)
is a serious and potentially deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion. This syndrome sometimes follows a viral illness in which the child was treated with aspirin
tetanus
also known as lockjaw, is an acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria. Tetanus can be prevented through immunization. In unimmunized people, this condition is typically acquired through a deep puncture wound
Tourette syndrome (TS)
is a complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics, grunts, and compulsive utterances that sometimes include obscenities
neurodegenerative disease
also called degenerative nerve disease, is an umbrella term for disorders in which there is a progressive loss of the structure or functions of the neurons
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
is a group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. It is the leading form of dementia and is marked by progressive deterioration that affects both the memory and reasoning capabilities of an individual
Huntington’s disease
is a genetic disorder that is classified as a neurodegenerative disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD)
is a chronic, degenerative central nervous disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait.
Gait describes the manner of walking. This slow or shuffling gait is caused by gradual progressive loss of control over movements due to inadequate levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain
Lewy body dementia
which is the second most common type of dementia, occurs when abnormal protein interfere with cell function in the brain. It is named after neurologist Frederic Lewy
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles. Patients affected with this condition become progressively weaker until they are completely paralyzed and die
Amnesia
is a memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences. This condition can be caused by a brain injury, illness, or a psychological disturbance
concussion
is a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain. A concussion may result in a temporary loss of awareness and function.
cerebral contusion
is the bruising of brain tissue asa the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull
contus
means bruise
-ion
means condition
cranial hematoma
is a collection of blood trapped in the tissue of the brain. Named for their location, the types of cranial hematomas including an epidural hematoma located above the dura mater, or subdural hematoma, which is located below the dura matter. Cranial hematomas may be caused by a major or minor head injury
traumatic brain injury
is a blow to the head or a penetrating head injury that damages the brain. Not all blows to the head result in damage to the brain. When an injury does occur, it can range from mild, with only a brief change in mental status, to severe, with longer-lasting effects
coup
describes an injury occurring within the skull near the point of impact, such as hitting the windshield in an auto accident. A countercoup, also described as a counterblow, is an injury that occurs beneath the skull opposite to the area of impact
Shaken baby syndrome
describes the results of a child being violently shaken by someone. This action can cause brain injury, blindness, fractures, seizures, paralysis and death
Levels of consciousness (LOC)
describe the measurement of response to arousal and stimulus. Altered levels of consciousness (ALOC) refer to a decrease in consciousness due to injury, disease, or substances such as medication, drugs, or alcohol
conscious
is the state of being awake, alert, aware and responding appropriately
unconscious
is the state of being unaware and unable to respond to any stimuli, including pain
leathargy
is a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy. As used here apathy means indifference and a reduced level of activity. The term lethargic refers to a person who is at this level of consciousness
stupor
is an unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly despite vigorous, repeated attempts
syncope
also known as fainting, is the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain
coma
is a profound (deep) state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech. The term comatose refers to a person who is in a coma
persistent vegetative state
is a coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles; however, due to severe damage to certain areas of the brain, the person is unconscious even when appearing to be awake
-A person is considered brain dead when the brain has ceased functioning. Vital functions such as breathing can sometimes be maintained artificially to allow for organ donation
delirium
is an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations
-This condition is usually caused by a treatable physical condition, such as a high fever. An individual suffering from this condition is described as being delirious
brain tumor
is an abnormal growth located inside the skull
malignant brain tumor
destroys brain tissue. When this cancer originates in the brain, it is considered to be the primary site. If this cancer metastasizes (spreads) to the brain from another body system, it is considered to be a secondary site.
benign brain tumor
does not invade the brain tissue; however, because this growth is surrounded by rigid bone, as the tumor enlarges, it can damage the brain tissue by placing pressure against the tissues and by increasing the intracranial pressure
intracranial pressure
is the amount of pressure inside the skull. Elevated intracranial pressure can be due to a tumor, an injury, or improper drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. This pressure potentially restricts the flow of blood to the brain depriving it of oxygen
Stroke
or a CVA, is properly known as a cerebrovascular accident. A CVA is damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted because a blood vessel is either blocked or has ruptured. Strokes are currently the third-leading cause of death of the primary cause of long-term disability.
Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale
is a three-question scale used to recognize CVA using the mnemonic FAST. This test can be used by members of the public as well as first responders to see if a stroke is occurring
The location of the disruption determines the symptoms that will be present:
-Damage to the right side of the brain produces symptoms on the left side of the body
-Damage to the left side of the brain produces symptoms on the right side of the body
Facial droop
one side of the face droops of does not move equally when the person smiles
arm drift
weakens on one side of the body, demonstrated by one arm drifting down when both arms are extended
speech abnormality
slurred speech, using the wrong words, or unable to speak
time
if any of the signs are present, immediate conveyance to the emergency room is essential for critical treatments such as thrombolytics
ischemic stroke
which is the most common type of stroke in older people, occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery.
Ischemic
means pertaining to the disruption of the blood supply.
One type of ischemic stroke is a thrombotic stroke, which occurs when a blood clot forms in a carotid artery and blocks it. The other is an embolic stroke, which occurs when a blood clot or other debris forms in a blood vessel somewhere other than the brain and travels through the bloodstream to lodge in the narrower brain arteries
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
sometimes referred to as a mini-stroke, is the temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain. Transient means passing quickly. Symptoms of a TIA include numbness, blurred vision, dizziness or loss of balance. A TIA passes in less than an hour; however, this incident is often a warning sign that the individual is at risk for a more serious and debilitating stroke
aphasia
which is often caused by brain damage associated with a stroke, is the loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word
hemorrhagic stroke
also known as a bleed, occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks. A bleed also occurs when an aneurysm is a localized, weak, balloon-like enlargement of an artery wall. This type of stroke is less common than ischemic strokes and is often fatal. A hemorrhagic stroke affects the area of the brain damaged by the leaking blood
arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
is one of the causes of hemorrhagic strokes. This abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the brain is usually congenital and can rupture suddenly at any age
arteri/o
means artery
ven
means vein
insomnia
is the prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep. This condition is usually a symptom of another problem such as depression, pain, or excessive caffeine
in-
means without
somn
means sleep
narcolepsy
is a sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day
narc/o
means stupor
-lepsy
means seizure
sleep deprivation
is a sufficient lack of restorative sleep over a cumulative period so as to cause physical or psychiatric symptoms and affect routine performance or tasks
somnambulism
also known as sleepwalking or noctambulism, is the condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening
somn
means sleep
ambul
means to walk
-ism
means condition
myelitis
is an inflammation of the spinal cord. The term myelitis also means inflammation of bone marrow
poliomyelitis
also known as polio, is a highly contagious viral infection of the brainstem and spinal cord that sometimes leads paralysis. There is no known cure for polio; however, it can be prevented through vaccination
post-polio syndrome
is the recurrence later in life of some polio symptoms in individuals who have had childhood poliomyelitis and have recovered from it
radiculitis
also known as a pinched nerve, is an inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb. The term usually applies to that portion of the root that lies between the spinal cord and the intervertebral canal of the spinal column
cervical radiculopathy
is nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region.
radicul/o
means nerve root
-pathy
means disease
lumbar radiculopathy
is nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasms or nerve root irritation from the compression of vertebral disks such as a herniated disk
multiple sclerosis (MS)
is a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath. This scars the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves and disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses. This damage leaves the patient with varying degrees of pain plus physical and cognitive problems
demyelination
is the loss of patches of the protective myelin sheath
-the disease is characterized by periods of exacerbations, which are episodes of worsening symptoms that are also referred to as flares. Between these episodes, the patient may be in remission.
Remission
is a time during which the symptoms ease, but the disease has not been cured
Bell’s palsy
is the temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis of the face, only the affected side. In addition, paralysis symptoms can include the inability to close the eye, pain, tearing, drooling, hypersensitivity to sound in the affected ear, and impairment of taste
Guillan-Barré syndrome
also known as infectious polyneuritis, is an inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that can lead to temporary paralysis. This rate condition is an autoimmune reaction that can occur after certain viral infections or an immunization
neuritis
is an inflammation of a nerve accompanied by pain and sometimes loss of function
sciatica
is inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain, burning, and tingling along the course of the affected nerve through the thigh, leg, and sometimes in the foot
trigeminal neuralgia
is characterized by severe, lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve. These sudden, intense, brief attacks of sharp pain affect the cheek, lips, and gums only the side of the face innervated by the affected nerve
cerebral palsy
is a condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies due to damage that affects the cerebrum. Spasticity is a condition in which certain muscles are continuously contracted. Palsy means paralysis of a body part that is often accompanied by loss of feeling and uncontrolled body movements, such as shaking
-cerebral palsy occurs most frequently in premature or low-birth-weights infants
-cerebral palsy is usually caused by an injury that occurs during pregnancy, birth, or soon after birth
epilepsy
is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity. Also known as a seizure disorder, epilepsy can usually be controlled with medication
seizure
is a sudden surge of electricity activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time. Some seizures can hardly be noticed, whereas other cause a brief loss of consciousness. Seizures are symptoms of different disorders that can affect the brain and also can be caused by extreme high fever, brain injury, or brain lesions
tonic-clonic seizure
also called a grand mal seizure, involves the entire body. In the tonic phase of the seizure, the body becomes rigid, and in the clonic phase, there is uncontrolled jerking
absence seizure
also called a petit mal seizure, is a brief disturbance in brain function in which there is a loss of awareness often described as a staring episode
causalgia
is persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve
caus
means burning
-algia
means pain
hyperesthesia
is a condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain or other sensory stimuli
-esthesia
means sensation or feeling
paresthesia
refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs or feet but can also occur in other parts of the body. These sensations may constitute the first symptoms of peripheral neuropathy or may be a drug side effect
peripheral neuropathy
is a disorder of the peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord. This produces pain, the loss of sensation, and the inability to control muscles, particularly in the arms or legs
neuropathy
is any disease or damage to a nerve
mononeuropathy
is damage to a singular peripheral nerve, as in carpal tunnel syndrome
polyneuropathy
is when multiple peripheral nerves are damaged. Diabetes is a common cause of polyneuropathy, along with trauma, vitamin deficiencies, and alcoholism
Restless legs syndrome (RLS)
is a neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable feelings in the legs, producing a strong urge to move them. The sensation is usually most noticeable at night or when trying to rest
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Computed tomography (CT)
are important neuroimaging tools because they facilitate the examination of the soft tissue structures of the brain and spinal cord. These diagnostic techniques are later discussed
functional MRI (fMRI)
detects changes in blood flow in the brain when the patient is asked to perform a specific task. This gives clearer picture of the brain tissue relevant to accomplishing this task
carotid ultrasonography
is an ultrasound study of the carotid artery. This diagnostic test is performed to detect plaque buildup in the artery to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke
echoencephalography
is the use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes.
ech/o
means sound
encephal/o
means brain
electroencephalography
is the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp. The resulting record is an electroencephalogram (EEG). This electrical activity may also be displayed on a monitor as brain waves
electr/o
means electric
encephal/o
means brain
myelography
is a radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture. The resulting record is a myelogram
myel/o
means spinal cord
electromyography (EMG)
utilizes electrodes taped to the skin to measure the transfer of electrical signals in peripheral nerves to the muscles
lumbar puncture (LP)
also known as a spinal tap, is the process of obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid is inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid. changes in the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid can be an indication of injury, infection, or disease
hypnotic
depresses the central nervous system and usually produces sleep
anticonvulsant
is administered to prevent seizures such as those associated with epilepsy
barbiturates
are a class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system
amobarbital
is a barbiturate used as a sedative and hypnotic
phenobarbital
is a barbiturate used as a sedative as an anticonvulsant
sedative
depresses the central nervous system to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep.
sedation
is the effect produced by a sedative
anesthesia
is the absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain, that is induced by the administration of an anesthetic agent
anesthetic
is the medication used to induce anesthesia. The anesthetic may be topical, local, regional or general
epidural anesthesisa
is regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine. When administered during childbirth, it numbs the nerves from the uterus and birth passage without stopping labor
general anesthesia
involves the total loss of body sensation and consciousness induced by anesthetic agents administered primarily by inhalation or intravenous injection
local anesthesia
causes the loss of sensation in a limited area by injecting an anesthetic solution near that area
regional anesthesia
the temporary interruption of nerve conduction, is produced by injecting an anesthetic solution near the nerves to be block
spinal anesthesia
is regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication in to the subarachnoid space. As with epidural anesthesia, the patient remains conscious. Spinal anesthesia provides numbness from the toes to the waist or lower chest
topical anesthesia
numbs only the tissue surface and is applied as a liquid, ointment, or spray
deep brain stimulation (DBS)
is a neurosurgical procedure used in the treatment of dystonia, tremors, and Parkinson’s disease. A device to stimulate the brain with mild electrical signals is implanted in the brain and is connected to a stimulator implanted near the collar bone.
Dystonia
is the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
gamma knife surgery
is a type of radiation treatment for brain tumors performed without a knife or an incision. The surgeon uses gamma radiation to destroy tissue while preserving the healthy tissue around the tumor.
Gamma radiation,
which is characterized by high energy and a short wavelength, is also used in nuclear medicine
electroconvulsive therapy
also known as electroshock therapy, is a procedure in which small amounts of electric current are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure in order to reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses
lobectomy
is surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders that cannot be controlled with medication
thalamotomy
is a surgical incision into the thalamus. This procedure, which destroys brain cells, is primarily performed to quiet the tremors of Parkinson’s disease
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
uses brief, powerful electromagnetic pulses to alter electrical pathways in the brain
neuroplasty
is the surgical repair of a nerve or nerves
-plasty
means surgical repair
neurorrhaphy
is surgically suturing together the ends of a severed nerve
-rrhaphy
means surgical suturing
neurotomy
is the surgical division or dissection (cutting) of a nerve
mental health
although described as being disorders of mental health, the causes of the following conditions also include congenital abnormalities, physical changes, substance abuse, trauma, medications, or any combination of these factors.
The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)
currently in the fifth edition, is the gold standard for diagnosing these disorders
anxiety disorders
are mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation. Without treatment, an anxiety disorder can become chronic
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
is characterized by chronic, excessive worrying. Physical symptoms are associated with this condition can include muscle tension, sleep disturbance, irritability, trouble concentrating, and restlessness
panic attack
is an unexpected, sudden experience of fear in the absence of danger, accompanied by physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest tightness, dizziness, sweating, nausea, feelings of unreality, choking sensations, or a combination of these. A panic attack is unneeded activation of the body’s fight-or-flight response
panic disorder
is characterized by a fear of panic attacks. Panic disorder can cause people to develop agoraphobia or other phobias
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
may develop after an event involving actual or threatened death or injury to the individual or someone else, during which the person felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror. War, natural disasters, or other life-threatening experiences can cause PTSD. Symptoms include emotional numbing, hyperarousal, anxiety, sleep disorders, and persistent reliving of the event
phobia
is a persistent, irrational fear of a specific thing or situation, strong enough to cause significant distress, to interfere with functioning, and to lead to the avoidance of the thing or situation that causes this reaction. there are countless types of phobias, named by adding - phobia to the name of the feared thing or situation
acrophobia
is an excessive fear of heights
acr/o
means top
-phobia
means abnormal fear
agroaphobia
is an excessive fear of environments where the person fears a panic attack might occur. In order to avoid these situations, someone suffering from agoraphobia might not even be able to leave home
agor/a
means marketplace
claustrophobia
is an abnormal fear of being in small or enclosed spaces
claustr/o
means barrier
social anxiety disorder
also called social phobia, is an excessive fear of social situations where the person fears negative evaluation by others and embarrassing him- or herself in front of others
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
is characterized by recurrent obsessions (repetitive, intrusive, distressing thoughts or impulses) and/or compulsions (repeatedly feeling compelled to do things, like wash or pray). OCD makes someone feel he or she must do compulsive behaviors, such as repeated cleaning or checking, to prevent harm or stop the obsession. Performing compulsions provides only temporary relief, but not performing them temporarily increases anxiety
hoarding disorder
is characterized by the over accumulation of belongings in a way that interferes with daily living. Hoarding can create unsafe and unsanitary living conditions
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
is characterized by a short attention span and impulsive behavior that is inappropriate for the child’s developmental age.
Hyperactivity
is restlessness or a continuing excess of movement. The term attention deficit disorder (ADD) is sometimes used if hyperactivity is not present. These conditions may persist into adulthood
Dyslexia
also known as a developmental reading disorder, is a learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols correctly
learning disabilities
are disorders found in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills such as processing language or grasping mathematical concepts
intellectual disability
also called intellectual developmental disorder is a diagnosis of significant below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning present from birth or early infancy
autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)
describes a condition with different levels of symptom severity in which a young child has difficulty developing normal social relationships and communication skills, may compulsively follow repetitive routines, and has narrowly focused, intense interests that are sometimes unusual. children with autism have significant developmental delays, including speech and language. Most children with autism have very minimal verbal skills and lack normal social relationships
Asperger’s syndrome
is another subgroup of the autism spectrum. Individuals with Asperger’s syndrome usually have normal or above-average intelligence but are impaired in social interactions and nonverbal communication
dissociative disorders
occur when normal thought is separated from consciousness
-dissociative identity disorder, formerly referred to as multiple personality disorder, is a mental illness characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own characteristics, which appear to exist within the same individual
impulse control disorders
are a group of psychiatric disorders characterized by a failure to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences. In addition to the examples listed below, this disorder includes compulsive shopping and gambling
-mania
means madness
kleptomania
is a disorder characterized by repeatedly stealing objects neither for personal use nor for their monetary value
pyromania
is a disorder characterized by repeated, deliberate fire setting
oppositional defiant disorder
is characterized by a child or adolescent’s persistent angry, uncooperative, and disruptive behavior directly toward authority figures, which disrupts daily activities
bipolar disorder
is a condition characterized by cycles of severe mood changes shifting between highs (manic behavior, sometimes including a feeling of euphoria, meaning intense happiness and excitement) and severe lows (Depression) that affect a person’s attitude, energy, and ability to function
manic behavior
includes an abnormally elevated mood of euphoria, including inappropriate elation, increased irritability, severe insomnia, poor judgement, and inappropriate social behavior
depression
is a common mood disorder characterized by lethargy and sadness, as well as the loss of interest of pleasure in normal activities. Severe depression may lead to feelings of worthlessness and thoughts of death, self-harm, or suicide
suicide
is the intentional taking of one’s own life
persistent depressive disorder
also known as dysthymia, is a low-grade, chronic depression with symptoms that are milder than those of severe depression but are present on a majority of days for two or more years
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
is a newer diagnosis for children who have frequent, severe temper outbursts and are chronically irritable
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
is a seasonal bout of depression associated with the decrease in hours of daylight during winter months
anorexia nervosa
is characterized by a false perception of body appearance. This leads to an intense fear of gaining weight and inability to maintain a healthy body weight. Voluntary starvation and/or excessive exercising often cause the patient to become emaciated
emaciated
means abnormally thin
bulimia nervosa
is an eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercising, or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications
binge eating disorder (BED)
is characterized by frequent episodes of eating large quantities of food, accompanied by a sense of loss of control and feelings of guilt or shame afterward
personality disorder
is a chronic pattern of inner experience and behavior that causes serious problems with relationships and work. This pattern is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment
antisocial personality disorder
is at pattern of disregard for violation of the rights of others. This pattern brings the individual into continuous with society
borderline personality disorder
is characterized by impulsive actions, often with the potential for self-harm, as well as mood instability and chaotic relationships
antisocial personality disorder
is a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. This pattern brings the individual into continuous conflict with society
borderline personality disorder
is a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. This pattern brings the individual into continuous conflict with society
borderline personality disorder
is characterized by impulsive actions, often with the potential for self-harm, as well as mood instability and chaotic relationships
narcissistic personality disorder
a pattern of extreme preoccupation with the self and complete lack of empathy for others
empathy
is the ability to understand another person’s mental and emotional state without becoming personally involved
psychotic disorder
is characterized by the loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning
catatonic behavior
is marked by a lack of responsiveness, stupor, and a tendency to remain in a fixed posture
delusion
is a false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. The belief is not one ordinarily accepted by other members of the individual’s culture or religious faith
hallucination
is a sensory perception (i.e., sight, touch, sound, smell, or taste) experienced in the absence of external stimulation
schizophrenia
is a psychotic disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations and accompanied in varying degrees by other emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances
somatic symptom disorder
is characterized by physical complaints or concerns about one’s body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease
factitious disorder
is a condition in which an individual acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick. The term factitious means artificial, self-induced, or not naturally occurring. Visible symptoms are self-inflicted and seem motivated by a desire for attention and sympathy rather than for external benefits like malingering. This can also be referred to as Munchausen syndrome
factitious disorder by proxy
isa form of child abuse. Although seeming very concerned about the child’s well0being, the mentally ill parent will falsify an illness in a child by making up or inducing symptoms and then seeking medical treatment, even surgery, for the child
conversion disorder
is characterized by serious temporary or ongoing changes in function, such as paralysis or blindness, that are triggered by psychological factors rather than by any physical cause
malingering
is characterized by the intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms. In contrast to a factitious disorder, this condition is motivated by incentives such as avoiding work
substance abuse
is the addictive use of tobacco, alcohol, medications, or illegal drugs. This abuse leads to significant impairment in functioning, danger to one’s self or others, and recurrent legal and/or interpersonal problems
alcoholism
is chronic alcohol dependence with specific signs and symptoms upon withdrawal. Withdrawal is a psychological or physical syndrome (or both) caused by the abrupt cessation (stopping) of the use of alcohol or drugs in an addicted individual
delirium tremens (DTs)
is a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol
drug abuse
is the excessive use of illegal or recreational drugs, or the misuse of prescription drugs.
recreational drug
is one normally used for personal pleasure or satisfaction rather than medical purposes
drug overdose
is the potentially fatal, accidental or intentional use of an illegal drug or prescription medicine in an amount higher than what is safe or normal
gender dysphoria
is a condition where a person’s gender at birth does not match the gender with which they currently identify, potentially causing significant amounts of stress.
Dysphoria
means dissatisfaction. These feelings can begin in early childhood
transgender
refers to a person whose gender identity does not match their gender at birth
psychotropic drug
acts primarily on the central nervous system, where it produces temporary changes affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior. These drugs are used as medications to control pain and treat narcolepsy and attention disorders
antidepressant
is administered to prevent or relieve depression. Some of these medications are also used to treat obsessive-compulsive and generalized anxiety disorders and to help relieve chronic pain
antipsychotic drug
or neuroleptic is administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illness such as schizophrenia, mania, and delusional disorders
psych/o
means mind
anxiolytic drug
also known as an anti-anxiety drug or tranquilizer is administered to temporarily relieve anxiety and to reduce tension
-lytic
means to destroy
mood-stabilizing drugs
such as lithium, are used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders
stimulant
works by increasing activity in certain areas of the brain to increase concentration and wakefulness. Drug therapies using stimulants have been effective in threatening ADHD and narcolepsy. The overuse of stimulants, including caffeine, can cause sleeplessness and heart palpitations
psychoanalysis
is based on the idea that mental disorders have underlying causes stemming from childhood and can only be overcome by gaining insight into one’s feelings and patterns of behavior
behavioral therapy
focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
focuses on changing thoughts that are affecting a person’s emotions and actions. These are identified and then are challenged through logic, gathering evidence, testing in action, or a combination of these. The goal is to change problematic beliefs. A modified version of CBT, called dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is used to treat people with suicidal thoughts, self-harm, or borderline personality disorder
hypnotherapy
is the use of hypnosis to produce an altered state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to believe and act on suggestions. It is used for pain relief, anxiety reduction, and behavioral modification
ICP
intracranial pressure
Sz
seizure
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cerebr/o
cerebrum
gli/o
glial cell
poli/o
gray matter of brain and spinal cords
-blast
immature
-esthesia
feeling, sensation-
-lepsy
seizure
-phasia
speech
cognitive
learning, concentration, memory, language, reasoning, decision making
comatose
refers to a person in a coma
sclerosis
abnormal hardening of body tissue
somatic
pertaining to the physical body (as opposed to the mind)
spasticity
condition characterized by tight or stiff muscles
transient
passing quickly
