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Chapter 1: Medical Terms > Nervous System & Mental Health > Flashcards

Nervous System & Mental Health Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

cerebr/o encephal/o

A

brain
coordinates all body activities by receiving and transmitting message throughout the body

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2
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord
transmits nerve impulses between the brain, arms and legs, and lower part of the body

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3
Q

neur/i neur/o

A

nerves
receive and transmit messages to and from all parts of the body

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4
Q

sensory organs and receptors

A

receive external stimulation and transmit these stimuli to the sensory neurons

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5
Q

cas/o

A

burning or burn

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6
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum or brain

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7
Q

concuss/o

A

shaken together, violently agitated

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8
Q

contus/o

A

bruise

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9
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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10
Q

-esthesia

A

sensation, feeling

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11
Q

esthet/o

A

feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception

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12
Q

-graphy

A

the process of producing a picture or record

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13
Q

mening/o

A

membranes, meninges

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14
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord or bone marrow

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15
Q

neur/i, neur/o

A

nerve or nerve tissue

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16
Q

phobia

A

abnormal fear

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17
Q

psych/o

A

mind

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18
Q

radicul/o

A

root or nerve root

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19
Q

-tropic

A

having an affinity for

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20
Q

acrophobia

A

an excessive fear of heights

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21
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

a group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. It’s the leading cause of dementia and is marked by progressive deterioration that affects memory and reasoning capabilities

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22
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles, resulting in complete paralysis and death; also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease

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23
Q

anesthetic

A

medication used to induce anesthesia

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24
Q

anesthetist

A

a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia but is not a physician

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25
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

a false perception of body appearance which leads to an intense of gaining weight and inability to maintain a healthy body weight

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26
Q

anxiety disorders

A

mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation

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27
Q

autism

A

a subgroup of autistic spectrum disorders. Children with autism have significant developmental delays, including speech and language, with most having very minimal verbal skills and lacking normal social relationships

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28
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only on the affected side of the face

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29
Q

carotid ultrasonography

A

an ultrasound study of the carotid artery to detect plaque buildup in the artery to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke

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30
Q

causalgia

A

persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve

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31
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruising of brain tissue as a result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull

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32
Q

cerebral palsy

A

a condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies

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33
Q

cerebrovascular accident

A

damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted; also known as a stroke

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34
Q

cervical radiculopathy

A

nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region

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35
Q

claustrophobia

A

an abnormal fear of being in small or enclosed spaces

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36
Q

cognition

A

the mental activities associated with thinking, learning and memory

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37
Q

coma

A

a deep state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movement, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech

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38
Q

concussion

A

a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain that may result in a temporary loss of awareness and function

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39
Q

cranial hematoma

A

a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain

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40
Q

delirium

A

an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations

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41
Q

delirium tremens

A

a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol

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42
Q

delusion

A

a false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary

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43
Q

dementia

A

a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities–including memory, thinking, and judgement–that is often accompanied by personality changes

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44
Q

dura mater

A

the tick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges

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45
Q

dyslexia

A

a learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols; also known as a developmental reading disorder

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46
Q

echoencephalography

A

the use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes

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47
Q

electroencephalography

A

the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp

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48
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

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49
Q

epidural anesthesia

A

regional anesthesia produced by injecting a local anesthetic into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine

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50
Q

epilepsy

A

a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severities

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51
Q

factitious disorder

A

a condition in which a person acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick

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52
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that may lead to temporary paralysis; also known as infectious polyneuritis

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53
Q

hallucination

A

a sensory perception (sight, touch, sound smell, or taste) experienced in the absence of an external stimulation

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54
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed

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55
Q

hydrocephalus

A

a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain

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56
Q

hyperesthesia

A

a condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain or other sensory stimuli

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57
Q

ischemic stroke

A

a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery

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58
Q

lethargy

A

a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy

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59
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord

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60
Q

meningocele

A

the congenital herniation of the meninges that surround the brain or spinal cord through a defect in the skull or spinal column

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61
Q

migraine headache

A

a headache that is characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head and is sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light or sound

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62
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath, resulting in scarring of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves

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63
Q

myelitis

A

inflammation of the spinal cord; also inflammation of bone marrow

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64
Q

myelography

A

a radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture

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65
Q

narcolepsy

A

a sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day

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66
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor

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67
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent thoughts or impulses that are repetitive, intrusive, and distressing

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68
Q

panic attack

A

an unexpected, sudden experience of fear in the absence of danger, accompanied by physical symptoms, shortness of breath, chest tightness, dizziness, sweating, nausea, feelings of unreality, and/or choking sensations

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69
Q

paresthesia

A

a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body

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70
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

a chronic, degenerative central nervous system disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait caused by inadequate levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain

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71
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

a disorder of the peripheral nerve that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord, producing pain, the loss of sensation, and the inability to control muscles

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72
Q

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

a disorder that may develop after an event involving actual or threatened death or injury to the individual or someone else, during which the person felt intense ear, helplessness, or horror with symptoms including emotional numbing, hyperarousal, anxiety, sleep disorders, and persistent reliving of the event.

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73
Q

Reye’s syndrome

A

a potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion; sometimes follows a viral illness in which the child was treated with aspirin

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74
Q

schizophrenia

A

a psychotic disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patters of thinking, delusions and hallucinations, and accompanied in varying degrees by other emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances

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75
Q

sciatica

A

inflammation of the sciatic nerve

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76
Q

seizure

A

a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time

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77
Q

shaken baby syndrome

A

the results when a child has been violently shaken by someone; can cause brain injury, blindness, fractures, seizures, paralysis and death

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78
Q

syncope

A

the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain; also known as fainting

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79
Q

trigeminal neuralgia

A

a condition characterized by severe lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve; affects the cheek, lips, and gums on the side of the face innervated by the affected nerve

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80
Q

functions of the nervous system

A

the nervous system, with the brain as its center, coordinates and controls all bodily activities. When the brain ceases functioning, the body is no longer able to live on its own

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81
Q

structures of the nervous system

A

the major structures of the nervous system are the nerves, brain, spinal cord, and sensory organs. The sensory organs, which are the eyes, ears, nose, skin and tongue, are discussed in other chapters.

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82
Q

Divisions of the nervous system

A

central and peripheral nervous systems

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83
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

includes the brain and spinal cord. The functions of the central nervous system are to receive and process information and to regulate all bodily activity

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84
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves extending outward from the spinal cord. The function of the peripheral nervous system is to transmit nerve signals to and from the central nervous system

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85
Q

nerve

A

is one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body

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86
Q

tract

A

is a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord

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87
Q

ascending nerve tracts

A

carry nerve impulses toward the brain

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88
Q

descending nerve tracts

A

carry nerve impulses away from the brain

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89
Q

ganglion

A

is a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system (plural, ganglia or ganglions) also describes benign, tumor-like cyst

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90
Q

innervation

A

means the supply of nerves to a specific body part

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91
Q

plexus

A

is a network of intersecting spinal nerves (plural, plexuses). The term also describes a network of intersecting blood or lymphatic vessels

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92
Q

receptors

A

are sites in the sensory organs (eyes, ears, skin, nose, and taste buds) that receive external stimulation. The receptors send the stimulus through the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation

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93
Q

stimulus

A

is anything that excites (activates) a nerve and causes an impulse (plural, stimuli)

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94
Q

impulse

A

is a wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers and neurons

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95
Q

reflex

A

is an automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside of the body

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96
Q

examples of reflex actions include:

A

-changes in the heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure
-coughing and sneezing
-responses to painful stimuli
-deep tendon reflexes

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97
Q

neurons

A

are the basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other

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98
Q

brain waves

A

the body has billions of neurons carrying nerve impulses throughout the body via an electrochemical process. In the brain, this process creates patterns of neuron electrical activity known as brain waves. Different types of brain waves are produced during periods of intense activity, rest, and sleep

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99
Q

three types of neurons

A

A-C-E will help remember names
S-A-M will help remember their functions

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100
Q

Afferent neurons

A

also known as sensory neurons, these neurons emerge from sensory organs and the skin to carry the impulses from the sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord

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101
Q

afferent

A

means toward

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102
Q

connecting neurons

A

also known as associative neurons, these neurons link afferent and efferent neurons

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103
Q

efferent neurons

A

also known as motor neurons, these neurons carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and toward muscles and glands

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104
Q

neuron parts

A

each neuron consists of a cell body, several dendrites, a single axon, and terminal end fibers

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105
Q

dendrites

A

are the root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body. A process is a structure that extends out from the cell body

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106
Q

axon

A

is a process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell. An axon can be more than 3 feet long. Many, but not all, axons are protected by a myelin sheath, which is a white fatty tissue covering

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107
Q

terminal end fibers

A

are the branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nerve impulse from the axon to the synapse

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108
Q

synapse

A

is the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ. A single neuron can have a few or several hundred synapses

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109
Q

neurotransmitter

A

are chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor. There are between 200 and 300 known neurotransmitters, and each has a specialized function.

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110
Q

neurotransmitters and their roles

A

-acetylcholine
-dopamine
-endorphines
-norepinephrine
-serotonin

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111
Q

acetylcholine

A

is released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions; it influences muscle action

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112
Q

dopamine

A

is released within the brain. An excess of dopamine is associated with schizophrenia, mood and thought disorders and in abnormal movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease

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113
Q

Endorphins

A

are naturally occurring substances that are produced by the brain to help relieve pain

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114
Q

norepinephrine

A

affects alertness and arousal, increasing blood pressure and heart rate, and releasing stores of glucose in response to stress. It is also a hormone released by the adrenal gland as part of the body’s fight-or-flight response

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115
Q

serotonin

A

which is released in the brain, has roles in sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition. It is also sometimes linked to mood disorders

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116
Q

Glial cells

A

provide support and protection for neurons, and their four main functions are:
1. to surround neurons and hold them in place
2. to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons
3. to insulate one neuron from another
4. to destroy and remove dead neurons

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117
Q

myelin sheath

A

is the protective covering made up of glial cells. This white sheath forms the white matter of the brain and covers some parts of the spinal cord and the axon of most peripheral nerves

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118
Q

white matter

A

the portion of the nerve fibers that are myelinated are known as white matter

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119
Q

myelinated

A

means having a myelin sheath. It is the color of this covering that makes these fibers white

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120
Q

gray matter

A

the portions of the nerve fibers that are unmyelinated are known as gray matter.

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121
Q

unmyelinated

A

means lacking a myelin sheath. The lack of the myelin sheath reveals the brownish-gray color of the cortex of the cerebrum and cerebellum, and the core of the spinal cord

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122
Q

central nervous system

A

is made up of the brain and spinal cord. These structures are protected externally by the bones of the cranium and the vertebrae of the spinal column. Within these bony structures, the brain and spinal cord are furthering protected by the meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid

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123
Q

meninges

A

are the system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord (singular, meninx). The meninges consist of three layers of connective tissue. These are the dura mater, the arachnoid membrane, and the pia mater

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124
Q

dura mater

A

is the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges. Dura means hard, and mater means mother
-the inner surface of the cranium is lined with the dura mater
-the inner surface of the vertebral column is known as the epidural space. This space, which is located between the walls of the vertebral column and the dura mater of the meninges, contains fat and supportive connective tissues to cushion the dura mater
-In both the skull and vertebral column, the subdural space is located between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane

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125
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

which resembles a spider web, is the second layer of the meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater. Arachnoid means having to do with spiders
-the arachnoid membrane is loosely attached to the other meninges to allow space for fluid to flow between the layers
-the subarachnoid space, which is located below the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater, contains cerebrospinal fluid

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126
Q

pia mater

A

which is the third layer of the meninges, is located nearest to the brain and spinal cord. It consists of delicate connective tissue that contains a rich supply of blood vessels

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127
Q

pia

A

means tender or delicate

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128
Q

mater

A

means mother

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129
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

also known as spinal fluid, is produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum. Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord. The functions of this fluid are to:
-cool and cushion these organs from shock or injury
-nourish the brain and spinal cord by transporting nutrients and chemical messengers to these tissues

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130
Q

cerebrum

A

the largest and uppermost part of the brain, consists of four lobes
-controls the highest level of thought, including judgment, memory, association, and critical thinking. It also processes sensations and controls all voluntary muscle activity

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131
Q

thalamus

A

is located below the cerebrum
-relays sensory stimuli from the spinal cord and midbrain to the cerebral cortex. The thalamus suppresses some stimuli and magnifies other

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132
Q

hypothalamus

A

is located below the thalamus
-controls vital bodily functions

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133
Q

celebellum

A

is located in the lower back of the cranium below the cerebrum
-coordinates muscular activity and balance for smooth and steady movements

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134
Q

brainstem

A

is located in the base of the brain and forms the connection between the brain and spinal cord. It consists of the:
mainbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
controls the functions necessary for survival (breathing, digestion, heart hate, and blood pressure) and for the arousal (being awake and alert)

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135
Q

cerebrum

A

is the largest and uppermost portion of the brain. It is responsible for all thought, judgment, memory, and emotion, as well as for controlling and integrating motor and sensory functions. Note that cerebrum and cerebellum are similar words but refer to very different parts of the brain.

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136
Q

cerebral

A

means pertaining to the cerebrum or to the brain

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137
Q

cerebr

A

brain

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138
Q

cerebral cortex

A

which is made up of gray matter, is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds and deep fissures

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139
Q

gyri

A

are the elevated folds of gray matter in the cerebral cortex (singular, gyrus)

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140
Q

sulci

A

are the fissures of the cerebral cortex (singular, sulcus). As used here, a fissure is a normally occurring deep groove. Skin fissures, which are crack-like sores

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141
Q

cerebral hemisphers

A

the cerebrum is divided to create two cerebral hemispheres that are connected at the lower midpoint by the corpus callosum

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142
Q

left cerebral hemisphere

A

controls the majority of functions on the right side of the body. An injury to the let hemisphere produces sensory and motor deficits on the right side of the body

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143
Q

right cerebral hemisphere

A

controls most of the functions on the left side of the body. An injury to the right hemisphere produces sensory and motor deficits on the left side of the body
-the crossing of nerve fibers that makes this arrangement possible occurs in the brainstem

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144
Q

cerebral lobes

A

each cerebral hemisphere is subdivided to create pairs of cerebral lobes. Each lobe is named for the bone of the cranium that it covers

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145
Q

frontal lobe

A

controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior

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146
Q

parietal lobe

A

receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin, and muscles

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147
Q

occipital lobe

A

controls eyesight

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148
Q

temporal lobe

A

controls the senses of hearing and smell, and the ability to create, store, and access new information

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149
Q

hypothalamus

A

is located below the thalamus. The seven major regulatory functions of the hypothalamus

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150
Q

regulatory functions of the hypothalamus

A
  1. regulates and integrates the autonomic nervous system, including controlling heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and digestive tract activity
  2. regulates emotional responses, including fear and pleasure
  3. regulates body temperature
  4. regulates food intake by controlling hunger sensations
  5. regulates water balance by controlling thirst sensations
  6. regulates sleep-wakefulness cycles
  7. regulates the pituitary gland and endocrine system activity
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151
Q

cerebellum

A

is the second-largest part of the brain. It is located at the back of the head below the posterior portion of the cerebrum.
-the cerebellum receives incoming messages regarding movement within joints, muscle tone, and positions of the body. From here, messages are relayed to the different parts of the brain that control the motions of skeletal muscles
-general functions of the cerebellum are to produce smooth and coordinated movements, to maintain equilibrium, and to sustain normal postures

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152
Q

brainstem

A

is the stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It is made up of three parts: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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153
Q

midbrain and pons

A

provide conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain. They also control reflexes for movements of the eyes and head in response to visual and auditory stimuli. Pons is the Latin word for bridge

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154
Q

medulla oblongata

A

which is located at the lowest part of the brainstem, is connected to the spinal cord. It controls basic survival functions, including the muscles that make possible respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as reflexes for coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting

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155
Q

spinal cord

A

is a long, fragile, tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brainstem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal column
-the spinal cord contains all of the nerves that affect the limbs and lower part of the body, and serves as the pathway for impulses traveling to and from the brain
-the spinal cord is surrounded and protected by cerebrospinal fluid and the meninges

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156
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

consists of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves that extend from the brain, plus 31 pairs of spinal nerves that extend from the spinal cord.

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157
Q

Peripheral

A

means pertaining to the body parts that are away from the center of the body

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158
Q

three types of specialized peripheral nerves transmit signals to and from the central nervous system.

A

These are autonomic, sensory, and somatic nerve fibers.

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159
Q

autonomic nerve fibers

A

carry instructions to the organs and glands from the autonomic nervous system

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160
Q

sensory nerve fibers

A

receive external stimuli, such as how something feels, and transmit this information to the brain where it is interpreted

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161
Q

somatic nerve fibers

A

which are also known as motor nerve fibers, convey information that controls the body’s voluntary muscular movements

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162
Q

cranial nerve s

A

the 12 pairs of cranial nerves originate from the under-surface of the brain. The two nerves of a pair are identical in function and structure, and each nerve of a pair of the body. These cranial nerves are identified by Roman numerals and are named for the area or function they serve

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163
Q

peripheral spinal nerves

A

the 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves are grouped together and named based on the region of the body they innervate
-within each region, the nerves are referred to by number. The cervical nerves are C1-C8, the thoracic nerves are T1-T12, the lumbar nerves are L1-L5, and the sacral nerves are S1-S5
-spinal nerves sometimes join with others to form a plexus to innervate a certain area. The lumbar plexus, is made up of the first four lumbar nerves (L1-L4) and serves the lower back

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164
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

is organized into two divisions, one comprising sympathetic nerves and the other or parasympathetic nerves. The autonomic nervous system controls the involuntary actions of the body such as the functioning of internal organs. To maintain homeostasis within the body, each division balances the activity of the other division.

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165
Q

Hemeostasis

A

is the process of maintaining the constant internal environment of the body.

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166
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the respiratory rate, heart rate and blood flow to muscles. These nerves become aroused as part of the fight or flight response, which is the body’s natural reaction to real or imaginary danger

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167
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

return the body to normal after a response to stress. They also maintain normal body functions during ordinary circumstances that are not emotionally or physically stressful

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168
Q

anesthesiologist

A

is a physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery

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169
Q

an-

A

means withou

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170
Q

esthesi

A

means feeling

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171
Q

anesthetist

A

is a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia but is not a physician, for example, a nurse anesthetist

172
Q

neurologist

A

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system

173
Q

neurosurgeon

A

is a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system

174
Q

psychiatrist

A

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems and mental illness. A psychiatrist can prescribe medications

175
Q

psychologist

A

has a doctoral degree (PhD or PsyD) but is not a medical doctor. This specialist evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness

176
Q

social worker

A

is a trained therapist, usually with a master’s degree (MSW)

177
Q

cephalalgia

A

also known as a headache, is pain in the head

178
Q

cephal

A

means head

179
Q

-algia

A

means pain

180
Q

migraine headache

A

which may be preceded by a warning aura, is characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head. Migraine headaches primarily affect women and are sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light or sound.

181
Q

warning aura

A

is a visual disturbance perceived by the patient preceding a migraine headache or epileptic seizure

182
Q

cluster headache

A

are intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and may be associated with tearing of the eyes and nasal congestion. These headaches, which primarily affect men, are named for their repeated occurrence in groups or clusters

183
Q

encephalocele

A

also known as a craniocele, is a congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull

184
Q

encephal/o

A

means brain

185
Q

-cele

A

means hernia

186
Q

congenital

A

means present at birth, and herniation means protrusion of a structure from its normal position. Compare this with meningocele

187
Q

meningocele

A

is the congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column. Compare this with an encephalocele

188
Q

mening/o

A

means meninges

189
Q

hydrocephalus

A

is a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain. This condition can occur at brith or develop later in life from obstructions related to meningitis, brain tumors, or other causes.

190
Q

meningioma

A

is a common, slow-growing, and usually benign tumor of the meninges

191
Q

-oma

A

means tumor

192
Q

meningitis

A

also referred to as infectious meningitis, is an inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord. This condition, which can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection elsewhere in the body, is characterized by intense headache and flu-like symptoms. Bacterial meningitis, which is less common, is sometimes fatal. Compare with encephalitis

193
Q

cognition

A

describes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning and memory.

194
Q

Mild cognitive impairment

A

is a memory disorder, usually associated with recently acquired information, which may be an early predictor of Alzheimer’s disease

195
Q

Dementia

A

is a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgement, that is often accompanied by personality changes. Senile dementia is a dementia of the aged.

196
Q

Sundowning

A

refers to a group of symptoms leading to a state of confusion that can happen towards the end of the day in patients with dementia

197
Q

Vascular dementia

A

is a form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain. Although Alzheimer’s disease is the primary cause of dementia, vascular dementia accounts for about 10 to 20% of all cases

198
Q

Encephalitis

A

which is an inflammation of the brain, can be caused by a viral infection such as rabies.

199
Q

encephal

A

means brain

200
Q

-itis

A

means inflammation

201
Q

Reye’s syndrome (RS)

A

is a serious and potentially deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion. This syndrome sometimes follows a viral illness in which the child was treated with aspirin

202
Q

tetanus

A

also known as lockjaw, is an acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria. Tetanus can be prevented through immunization. In unimmunized people, this condition is typically acquired through a deep puncture wound

203
Q

Tourette syndrome (TS)

A

is a complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics, grunts, and compulsive utterances that sometimes include obscenities

204
Q

neurodegenerative disease

A

also called degenerative nerve disease, is an umbrella term for disorders in which there is a progressive loss of the structure or functions of the neurons

205
Q

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

A

is a group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. It is the leading form of dementia and is marked by progressive deterioration that affects both the memory and reasoning capabilities of an individual

206
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

is a genetic disorder that is classified as a neurodegenerative disease

207
Q

Parkinson’s disease (PD)

A

is a chronic, degenerative central nervous disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait.
Gait describes the manner of walking. This slow or shuffling gait is caused by gradual progressive loss of control over movements due to inadequate levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain

208
Q

Lewy body dementia

A

which is the second most common type of dementia, occurs when abnormal protein interfere with cell function in the brain. It is named after neurologist Frederic Lewy

209
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles. Patients affected with this condition become progressively weaker until they are completely paralyzed and die

210
Q

Amnesia

A

is a memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences. This condition can be caused by a brain injury, illness, or a psychological disturbance

211
Q

concussion

A

is a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain. A concussion may result in a temporary loss of awareness and function.

212
Q

cerebral contusion

A

is the bruising of brain tissue asa the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull

213
Q

contus

A

means bruise

214
Q

-ion

A

means condition

215
Q

cranial hematoma

A

is a collection of blood trapped in the tissue of the brain. Named for their location, the types of cranial hematomas including an epidural hematoma located above the dura mater, or subdural hematoma, which is located below the dura matter. Cranial hematomas may be caused by a major or minor head injury

216
Q

traumatic brain injury

A

is a blow to the head or a penetrating head injury that damages the brain. Not all blows to the head result in damage to the brain. When an injury does occur, it can range from mild, with only a brief change in mental status, to severe, with longer-lasting effects

217
Q

coup

A

describes an injury occurring within the skull near the point of impact, such as hitting the windshield in an auto accident. A countercoup, also described as a counterblow, is an injury that occurs beneath the skull opposite to the area of impact

218
Q

Shaken baby syndrome

A

describes the results of a child being violently shaken by someone. This action can cause brain injury, blindness, fractures, seizures, paralysis and death

219
Q

Levels of consciousness (LOC)

A

describe the measurement of response to arousal and stimulus. Altered levels of consciousness (ALOC) refer to a decrease in consciousness due to injury, disease, or substances such as medication, drugs, or alcohol

220
Q

conscious

A

is the state of being awake, alert, aware and responding appropriately

221
Q

unconscious

A

is the state of being unaware and unable to respond to any stimuli, including pain

222
Q

leathargy

A

is a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy. As used here apathy means indifference and a reduced level of activity. The term lethargic refers to a person who is at this level of consciousness

223
Q

stupor

A

is an unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly despite vigorous, repeated attempts

224
Q

syncope

A

also known as fainting, is the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain

225
Q

coma

A

is a profound (deep) state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech. The term comatose refers to a person who is in a coma

226
Q

persistent vegetative state

A

is a coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles; however, due to severe damage to certain areas of the brain, the person is unconscious even when appearing to be awake
-A person is considered brain dead when the brain has ceased functioning. Vital functions such as breathing can sometimes be maintained artificially to allow for organ donation

227
Q

delirium

A

is an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations
-This condition is usually caused by a treatable physical condition, such as a high fever. An individual suffering from this condition is described as being delirious

228
Q

brain tumor

A

is an abnormal growth located inside the skull

229
Q

malignant brain tumor

A

destroys brain tissue. When this cancer originates in the brain, it is considered to be the primary site. If this cancer metastasizes (spreads) to the brain from another body system, it is considered to be a secondary site.

230
Q

benign brain tumor

A

does not invade the brain tissue; however, because this growth is surrounded by rigid bone, as the tumor enlarges, it can damage the brain tissue by placing pressure against the tissues and by increasing the intracranial pressure

231
Q

intracranial pressure

A

is the amount of pressure inside the skull. Elevated intracranial pressure can be due to a tumor, an injury, or improper drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. This pressure potentially restricts the flow of blood to the brain depriving it of oxygen

232
Q

Stroke

A

or a CVA, is properly known as a cerebrovascular accident. A CVA is damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted because a blood vessel is either blocked or has ruptured. Strokes are currently the third-leading cause of death of the primary cause of long-term disability.

233
Q

Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale

A

is a three-question scale used to recognize CVA using the mnemonic FAST. This test can be used by members of the public as well as first responders to see if a stroke is occurring
The location of the disruption determines the symptoms that will be present:
-Damage to the right side of the brain produces symptoms on the left side of the body
-Damage to the left side of the brain produces symptoms on the right side of the body

234
Q

Facial droop

A

one side of the face droops of does not move equally when the person smiles

235
Q

arm drift

A

weakens on one side of the body, demonstrated by one arm drifting down when both arms are extended

236
Q

speech abnormality

A

slurred speech, using the wrong words, or unable to speak

237
Q

time

A

if any of the signs are present, immediate conveyance to the emergency room is essential for critical treatments such as thrombolytics

238
Q

ischemic stroke

A

which is the most common type of stroke in older people, occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery.

239
Q

Ischemic

A

means pertaining to the disruption of the blood supply.
One type of ischemic stroke is a thrombotic stroke, which occurs when a blood clot forms in a carotid artery and blocks it. The other is an embolic stroke, which occurs when a blood clot or other debris forms in a blood vessel somewhere other than the brain and travels through the bloodstream to lodge in the narrower brain arteries

240
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

sometimes referred to as a mini-stroke, is the temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain. Transient means passing quickly. Symptoms of a TIA include numbness, blurred vision, dizziness or loss of balance. A TIA passes in less than an hour; however, this incident is often a warning sign that the individual is at risk for a more serious and debilitating stroke

241
Q

aphasia

A

which is often caused by brain damage associated with a stroke, is the loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word

242
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

also known as a bleed, occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks. A bleed also occurs when an aneurysm is a localized, weak, balloon-like enlargement of an artery wall. This type of stroke is less common than ischemic strokes and is often fatal. A hemorrhagic stroke affects the area of the brain damaged by the leaking blood

243
Q

arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

A

is one of the causes of hemorrhagic strokes. This abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the brain is usually congenital and can rupture suddenly at any age

244
Q

arteri/o

A

means artery

245
Q

ven

A

means vein

246
Q

insomnia

A

is the prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep. This condition is usually a symptom of another problem such as depression, pain, or excessive caffeine

247
Q

in-

A

means without

248
Q

somn

A

means sleep

249
Q

narcolepsy

A

is a sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day

250
Q

narc/o

A

means stupor

251
Q

-lepsy

A

means seizure

252
Q

sleep deprivation

A

is a sufficient lack of restorative sleep over a cumulative period so as to cause physical or psychiatric symptoms and affect routine performance or tasks

253
Q

somnambulism

A

also known as sleepwalking or noctambulism, is the condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening

254
Q

somn

A

means sleep

255
Q

ambul

A

means to walk

256
Q

-ism

A

means condition

257
Q

myelitis

A

is an inflammation of the spinal cord. The term myelitis also means inflammation of bone marrow

258
Q

poliomyelitis

A

also known as polio, is a highly contagious viral infection of the brainstem and spinal cord that sometimes leads paralysis. There is no known cure for polio; however, it can be prevented through vaccination

259
Q

post-polio syndrome

A

is the recurrence later in life of some polio symptoms in individuals who have had childhood poliomyelitis and have recovered from it

260
Q

radiculitis

A

also known as a pinched nerve, is an inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb. The term usually applies to that portion of the root that lies between the spinal cord and the intervertebral canal of the spinal column

261
Q

cervical radiculopathy

A

is nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region.

262
Q

radicul/o

A

means nerve root

263
Q

-pathy

A

means disease

264
Q

lumbar radiculopathy

A

is nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasms or nerve root irritation from the compression of vertebral disks such as a herniated disk

265
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

is a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath. This scars the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves and disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses. This damage leaves the patient with varying degrees of pain plus physical and cognitive problems

266
Q

demyelination

A

is the loss of patches of the protective myelin sheath
-the disease is characterized by periods of exacerbations, which are episodes of worsening symptoms that are also referred to as flares. Between these episodes, the patient may be in remission.

267
Q

Remission

A

is a time during which the symptoms ease, but the disease has not been cured

268
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

is the temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis of the face, only the affected side. In addition, paralysis symptoms can include the inability to close the eye, pain, tearing, drooling, hypersensitivity to sound in the affected ear, and impairment of taste

269
Q

Guillan-Barré syndrome

A

also known as infectious polyneuritis, is an inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that can lead to temporary paralysis. This rate condition is an autoimmune reaction that can occur after certain viral infections or an immunization

270
Q

neuritis

A

is an inflammation of a nerve accompanied by pain and sometimes loss of function

271
Q

sciatica

A

is inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain, burning, and tingling along the course of the affected nerve through the thigh, leg, and sometimes in the foot

272
Q

trigeminal neuralgia

A

is characterized by severe, lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve. These sudden, intense, brief attacks of sharp pain affect the cheek, lips, and gums only the side of the face innervated by the affected nerve

273
Q

cerebral palsy

A

is a condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies due to damage that affects the cerebrum. Spasticity is a condition in which certain muscles are continuously contracted. Palsy means paralysis of a body part that is often accompanied by loss of feeling and uncontrolled body movements, such as shaking
-cerebral palsy occurs most frequently in premature or low-birth-weights infants
-cerebral palsy is usually caused by an injury that occurs during pregnancy, birth, or soon after birth

274
Q

epilepsy

A

is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity. Also known as a seizure disorder, epilepsy can usually be controlled with medication

275
Q

seizure

A

is a sudden surge of electricity activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time. Some seizures can hardly be noticed, whereas other cause a brief loss of consciousness. Seizures are symptoms of different disorders that can affect the brain and also can be caused by extreme high fever, brain injury, or brain lesions

276
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

also called a grand mal seizure, involves the entire body. In the tonic phase of the seizure, the body becomes rigid, and in the clonic phase, there is uncontrolled jerking

277
Q

absence seizure

A

also called a petit mal seizure, is a brief disturbance in brain function in which there is a loss of awareness often described as a staring episode

278
Q

causalgia

A

is persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve

279
Q

caus

A

means burning

280
Q

-algia

A

means pain

281
Q

hyperesthesia

A

is a condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain or other sensory stimuli

282
Q

-esthesia

A

means sensation or feeling

283
Q

paresthesia

A

refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs or feet but can also occur in other parts of the body. These sensations may constitute the first symptoms of peripheral neuropathy or may be a drug side effect

284
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

is a disorder of the peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord. This produces pain, the loss of sensation, and the inability to control muscles, particularly in the arms or legs

285
Q

neuropathy

A

is any disease or damage to a nerve

286
Q

mononeuropathy

A

is damage to a singular peripheral nerve, as in carpal tunnel syndrome

287
Q

polyneuropathy

A

is when multiple peripheral nerves are damaged. Diabetes is a common cause of polyneuropathy, along with trauma, vitamin deficiencies, and alcoholism

288
Q

Restless legs syndrome (RLS)

A

is a neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable feelings in the legs, producing a strong urge to move them. The sensation is usually most noticeable at night or when trying to rest

289
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Computed tomography (CT)

A

are important neuroimaging tools because they facilitate the examination of the soft tissue structures of the brain and spinal cord. These diagnostic techniques are later discussed

290
Q

functional MRI (fMRI)

A

detects changes in blood flow in the brain when the patient is asked to perform a specific task. This gives clearer picture of the brain tissue relevant to accomplishing this task

291
Q

carotid ultrasonography

A

is an ultrasound study of the carotid artery. This diagnostic test is performed to detect plaque buildup in the artery to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke

292
Q

echoencephalography

A

is the use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes.

293
Q

ech/o

A

means sound

294
Q

encephal/o

A

means brain

295
Q

electroencephalography

A

is the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp. The resulting record is an electroencephalogram (EEG). This electrical activity may also be displayed on a monitor as brain waves

296
Q

electr/o

A

means electric

297
Q

encephal/o

A

means brain

298
Q

myelography

A

is a radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture. The resulting record is a myelogram

299
Q

myel/o

A

means spinal cord

300
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

utilizes electrodes taped to the skin to measure the transfer of electrical signals in peripheral nerves to the muscles

301
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

also known as a spinal tap, is the process of obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid is inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid. changes in the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid can be an indication of injury, infection, or disease

302
Q

hypnotic

A

depresses the central nervous system and usually produces sleep

303
Q

anticonvulsant

A

is administered to prevent seizures such as those associated with epilepsy

304
Q

barbiturates

A

are a class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system

305
Q

amobarbital

A

is a barbiturate used as a sedative and hypnotic

306
Q

phenobarbital

A

is a barbiturate used as a sedative as an anticonvulsant

307
Q

sedative

A

depresses the central nervous system to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep.

308
Q

sedation

A

is the effect produced by a sedative

309
Q

anesthesia

A

is the absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain, that is induced by the administration of an anesthetic agent

310
Q

anesthetic

A

is the medication used to induce anesthesia. The anesthetic may be topical, local, regional or general

311
Q

epidural anesthesisa

A

is regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine. When administered during childbirth, it numbs the nerves from the uterus and birth passage without stopping labor

312
Q

general anesthesia

A

involves the total loss of body sensation and consciousness induced by anesthetic agents administered primarily by inhalation or intravenous injection

313
Q

local anesthesia

A

causes the loss of sensation in a limited area by injecting an anesthetic solution near that area

314
Q

regional anesthesia

A

the temporary interruption of nerve conduction, is produced by injecting an anesthetic solution near the nerves to be block

315
Q

spinal anesthesia

A

is regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication in to the subarachnoid space. As with epidural anesthesia, the patient remains conscious. Spinal anesthesia provides numbness from the toes to the waist or lower chest

316
Q

topical anesthesia

A

numbs only the tissue surface and is applied as a liquid, ointment, or spray

317
Q

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

A

is a neurosurgical procedure used in the treatment of dystonia, tremors, and Parkinson’s disease. A device to stimulate the brain with mild electrical signals is implanted in the brain and is connected to a stimulator implanted near the collar bone.

318
Q

Dystonia

A

is the impairment of voluntary muscle movement

319
Q

gamma knife surgery

A

is a type of radiation treatment for brain tumors performed without a knife or an incision. The surgeon uses gamma radiation to destroy tissue while preserving the healthy tissue around the tumor.

320
Q

Gamma radiation,

A

which is characterized by high energy and a short wavelength, is also used in nuclear medicine

321
Q

electroconvulsive therapy

A

also known as electroshock therapy, is a procedure in which small amounts of electric current are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure in order to reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses

322
Q

lobectomy

A

is surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders that cannot be controlled with medication

323
Q

thalamotomy

A

is a surgical incision into the thalamus. This procedure, which destroys brain cells, is primarily performed to quiet the tremors of Parkinson’s disease

324
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

uses brief, powerful electromagnetic pulses to alter electrical pathways in the brain

325
Q

neuroplasty

A

is the surgical repair of a nerve or nerves

326
Q

-plasty

A

means surgical repair

327
Q

neurorrhaphy

A

is surgically suturing together the ends of a severed nerve

328
Q

-rrhaphy

A

means surgical suturing

329
Q

neurotomy

A

is the surgical division or dissection (cutting) of a nerve

330
Q

mental health

A

although described as being disorders of mental health, the causes of the following conditions also include congenital abnormalities, physical changes, substance abuse, trauma, medications, or any combination of these factors.

331
Q

The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

A

currently in the fifth edition, is the gold standard for diagnosing these disorders

332
Q

anxiety disorders

A

are mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation. Without treatment, an anxiety disorder can become chronic

333
Q

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

is characterized by chronic, excessive worrying. Physical symptoms are associated with this condition can include muscle tension, sleep disturbance, irritability, trouble concentrating, and restlessness

334
Q

panic attack

A

is an unexpected, sudden experience of fear in the absence of danger, accompanied by physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest tightness, dizziness, sweating, nausea, feelings of unreality, choking sensations, or a combination of these. A panic attack is unneeded activation of the body’s fight-or-flight response

335
Q

panic disorder

A

is characterized by a fear of panic attacks. Panic disorder can cause people to develop agoraphobia or other phobias

336
Q

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

may develop after an event involving actual or threatened death or injury to the individual or someone else, during which the person felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror. War, natural disasters, or other life-threatening experiences can cause PTSD. Symptoms include emotional numbing, hyperarousal, anxiety, sleep disorders, and persistent reliving of the event

337
Q

phobia

A

is a persistent, irrational fear of a specific thing or situation, strong enough to cause significant distress, to interfere with functioning, and to lead to the avoidance of the thing or situation that causes this reaction. there are countless types of phobias, named by adding - phobia to the name of the feared thing or situation

338
Q

acrophobia

A

is an excessive fear of heights

339
Q

acr/o

A

means top

340
Q

-phobia

A

means abnormal fear

341
Q

agroaphobia

A

is an excessive fear of environments where the person fears a panic attack might occur. In order to avoid these situations, someone suffering from agoraphobia might not even be able to leave home

342
Q

agor/a

A

means marketplace

343
Q

claustrophobia

A

is an abnormal fear of being in small or enclosed spaces

344
Q

claustr/o

A

means barrier

345
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

also called social phobia, is an excessive fear of social situations where the person fears negative evaluation by others and embarrassing him- or herself in front of others

346
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

is characterized by recurrent obsessions (repetitive, intrusive, distressing thoughts or impulses) and/or compulsions (repeatedly feeling compelled to do things, like wash or pray). OCD makes someone feel he or she must do compulsive behaviors, such as repeated cleaning or checking, to prevent harm or stop the obsession. Performing compulsions provides only temporary relief, but not performing them temporarily increases anxiety

347
Q

hoarding disorder

A

is characterized by the over accumulation of belongings in a way that interferes with daily living. Hoarding can create unsafe and unsanitary living conditions

348
Q

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

is characterized by a short attention span and impulsive behavior that is inappropriate for the child’s developmental age.

349
Q

Hyperactivity

A

is restlessness or a continuing excess of movement. The term attention deficit disorder (ADD) is sometimes used if hyperactivity is not present. These conditions may persist into adulthood

350
Q

Dyslexia

A

also known as a developmental reading disorder, is a learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols correctly

351
Q

learning disabilities

A

are disorders found in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills such as processing language or grasping mathematical concepts

352
Q

intellectual disability

A

also called intellectual developmental disorder is a diagnosis of significant below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning present from birth or early infancy

353
Q

autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

describes a condition with different levels of symptom severity in which a young child has difficulty developing normal social relationships and communication skills, may compulsively follow repetitive routines, and has narrowly focused, intense interests that are sometimes unusual. children with autism have significant developmental delays, including speech and language. Most children with autism have very minimal verbal skills and lack normal social relationships

354
Q

Asperger’s syndrome

A

is another subgroup of the autism spectrum. Individuals with Asperger’s syndrome usually have normal or above-average intelligence but are impaired in social interactions and nonverbal communication

355
Q

dissociative disorders

A

occur when normal thought is separated from consciousness
-dissociative identity disorder, formerly referred to as multiple personality disorder, is a mental illness characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own characteristics, which appear to exist within the same individual

356
Q

impulse control disorders

A

are a group of psychiatric disorders characterized by a failure to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences. In addition to the examples listed below, this disorder includes compulsive shopping and gambling

357
Q

-mania

A

means madness

358
Q

kleptomania

A

is a disorder characterized by repeatedly stealing objects neither for personal use nor for their monetary value

359
Q

pyromania

A

is a disorder characterized by repeated, deliberate fire setting

360
Q

oppositional defiant disorder

A

is characterized by a child or adolescent’s persistent angry, uncooperative, and disruptive behavior directly toward authority figures, which disrupts daily activities

361
Q

bipolar disorder

A

is a condition characterized by cycles of severe mood changes shifting between highs (manic behavior, sometimes including a feeling of euphoria, meaning intense happiness and excitement) and severe lows (Depression) that affect a person’s attitude, energy, and ability to function

362
Q

manic behavior

A

includes an abnormally elevated mood of euphoria, including inappropriate elation, increased irritability, severe insomnia, poor judgement, and inappropriate social behavior

363
Q

depression

A

is a common mood disorder characterized by lethargy and sadness, as well as the loss of interest of pleasure in normal activities. Severe depression may lead to feelings of worthlessness and thoughts of death, self-harm, or suicide

364
Q

suicide

A

is the intentional taking of one’s own life

365
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

also known as dysthymia, is a low-grade, chronic depression with symptoms that are milder than those of severe depression but are present on a majority of days for two or more years

366
Q

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

A

is a newer diagnosis for children who have frequent, severe temper outbursts and are chronically irritable

367
Q

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

is a seasonal bout of depression associated with the decrease in hours of daylight during winter months

368
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

is characterized by a false perception of body appearance. This leads to an intense fear of gaining weight and inability to maintain a healthy body weight. Voluntary starvation and/or excessive exercising often cause the patient to become emaciated

369
Q

emaciated

A

means abnormally thin

370
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

is an eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercising, or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications

371
Q

binge eating disorder (BED)

A

is characterized by frequent episodes of eating large quantities of food, accompanied by a sense of loss of control and feelings of guilt or shame afterward

372
Q

personality disorder

A

is a chronic pattern of inner experience and behavior that causes serious problems with relationships and work. This pattern is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment

373
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

is at pattern of disregard for violation of the rights of others. This pattern brings the individual into continuous with society

374
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

is characterized by impulsive actions, often with the potential for self-harm, as well as mood instability and chaotic relationships

375
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

is a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. This pattern brings the individual into continuous conflict with society

376
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

is a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. This pattern brings the individual into continuous conflict with society

377
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

is characterized by impulsive actions, often with the potential for self-harm, as well as mood instability and chaotic relationships

378
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

a pattern of extreme preoccupation with the self and complete lack of empathy for others

379
Q

empathy

A

is the ability to understand another person’s mental and emotional state without becoming personally involved

380
Q

psychotic disorder

A

is characterized by the loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning

381
Q

catatonic behavior

A

is marked by a lack of responsiveness, stupor, and a tendency to remain in a fixed posture

382
Q

delusion

A

is a false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. The belief is not one ordinarily accepted by other members of the individual’s culture or religious faith

383
Q

hallucination

A

is a sensory perception (i.e., sight, touch, sound, smell, or taste) experienced in the absence of external stimulation

384
Q

schizophrenia

A

is a psychotic disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations and accompanied in varying degrees by other emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances

385
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

is characterized by physical complaints or concerns about one’s body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease

386
Q

factitious disorder

A

is a condition in which an individual acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick. The term factitious means artificial, self-induced, or not naturally occurring. Visible symptoms are self-inflicted and seem motivated by a desire for attention and sympathy rather than for external benefits like malingering. This can also be referred to as Munchausen syndrome

387
Q

factitious disorder by proxy

A

isa form of child abuse. Although seeming very concerned about the child’s well0being, the mentally ill parent will falsify an illness in a child by making up or inducing symptoms and then seeking medical treatment, even surgery, for the child

388
Q

conversion disorder

A

is characterized by serious temporary or ongoing changes in function, such as paralysis or blindness, that are triggered by psychological factors rather than by any physical cause

389
Q

malingering

A

is characterized by the intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms. In contrast to a factitious disorder, this condition is motivated by incentives such as avoiding work

390
Q

substance abuse

A

is the addictive use of tobacco, alcohol, medications, or illegal drugs. This abuse leads to significant impairment in functioning, danger to one’s self or others, and recurrent legal and/or interpersonal problems

391
Q

alcoholism

A

is chronic alcohol dependence with specific signs and symptoms upon withdrawal. Withdrawal is a psychological or physical syndrome (or both) caused by the abrupt cessation (stopping) of the use of alcohol or drugs in an addicted individual

392
Q

delirium tremens (DTs)

A

is a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol

393
Q

drug abuse

A

is the excessive use of illegal or recreational drugs, or the misuse of prescription drugs.

394
Q

recreational drug

A

is one normally used for personal pleasure or satisfaction rather than medical purposes

395
Q

drug overdose

A

is the potentially fatal, accidental or intentional use of an illegal drug or prescription medicine in an amount higher than what is safe or normal

396
Q

gender dysphoria

A

is a condition where a person’s gender at birth does not match the gender with which they currently identify, potentially causing significant amounts of stress.

397
Q

Dysphoria

A

means dissatisfaction. These feelings can begin in early childhood

398
Q

transgender

A

refers to a person whose gender identity does not match their gender at birth

399
Q

psychotropic drug

A

acts primarily on the central nervous system, where it produces temporary changes affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior. These drugs are used as medications to control pain and treat narcolepsy and attention disorders

400
Q

antidepressant

A

is administered to prevent or relieve depression. Some of these medications are also used to treat obsessive-compulsive and generalized anxiety disorders and to help relieve chronic pain

401
Q

antipsychotic drug

A

or neuroleptic is administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illness such as schizophrenia, mania, and delusional disorders

402
Q

psych/o

A

means mind

403
Q

anxiolytic drug

A

also known as an anti-anxiety drug or tranquilizer is administered to temporarily relieve anxiety and to reduce tension

404
Q

-lytic

A

means to destroy

405
Q

mood-stabilizing drugs

A

such as lithium, are used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders

406
Q

stimulant

A

works by increasing activity in certain areas of the brain to increase concentration and wakefulness. Drug therapies using stimulants have been effective in threatening ADHD and narcolepsy. The overuse of stimulants, including caffeine, can cause sleeplessness and heart palpitations

407
Q

psychoanalysis

A

is based on the idea that mental disorders have underlying causes stemming from childhood and can only be overcome by gaining insight into one’s feelings and patterns of behavior

408
Q

behavioral therapy

A

focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes

409
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

focuses on changing thoughts that are affecting a person’s emotions and actions. These are identified and then are challenged through logic, gathering evidence, testing in action, or a combination of these. The goal is to change problematic beliefs. A modified version of CBT, called dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is used to treat people with suicidal thoughts, self-harm, or borderline personality disorder

410
Q

hypnotherapy

A

is the use of hypnosis to produce an altered state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to believe and act on suggestions. It is used for pain relief, anxiety reduction, and behavioral modification

411
Q

ICP

A

intracranial pressure

412
Q

Sz

A

seizure

413
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

414
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

415
Q

gli/o

A

glial cell

416
Q

poli/o

A

gray matter of brain and spinal cords

417
Q

-blast

A

immature

418
Q

-esthesia

A

feeling, sensation-

419
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

420
Q

-phasia

A

speech

421
Q

cognitive

A

learning, concentration, memory, language, reasoning, decision making

422
Q

comatose

A

refers to a person in a coma

423
Q

sclerosis

A

abnormal hardening of body tissue

424
Q

somatic

A

pertaining to the physical body (as opposed to the mind)

425
Q

spasticity

A

condition characterized by tight or stiff muscles

426
Q

transient

A

passing quickly

427
Q
A

Chapter 1: Medical Terms (17 decks)

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