Digestive System Flashcards
The digestive system is a group of organs known as
gastrointestinal tract, that work together to convert food into energy and nutrients to feed the entire body. The digestive tract also eliminates what the body doesn’t absorb during the digestive process
Upper GI Tract
consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and stomach
Lower GI Tract
consists of the small intestine and large intestine
accessory organs
consist of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas
or/o, stomat/o
mouth
begins preparation of food for digestion
pharyng/o
pharynx
transports food from the mouth to the esophaguses
esophag/o
esophagus
transport food from the pharynx to the stomach
gastr/o
stomach
breaks down food and mixes it with gastric juices
enter/o
small intestine
mixes chyme coming from the stomach with digestive juices to complete the digestion and absorption of most nutrients
col/o, colon/o
large intestine
absorbs excess water and prepares solid waste for elimination
an/o, proct/o, rect/o
rectum and anus
control the excretion of solid waste
hepat/o
liver
secretes bile and enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
stores bile and releases it into the small intestine as needed
pancreat/o
pancreas
secretes digestive juices and enzymes into the small intestine as needed
an/o
anus, ring
chol/e
bile, gall
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
col/o, colon/o
colon, large intestine
-emesis
vomiting
enter/o
small intestine
esophag/o
esophagus
gastr/o
stomach, belly
hepat/o
liver
-lithiasis
presence of stones
-pepsia
digest, digestion
-phagia
eating, swallowing
proct/o
anus and rectom
rect/o
rectum, straight
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
aerophagia
the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, and is a common cause of gas in the stomach
anastomosis
surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures; plural, anatomoses
antiemetic
medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
aphthous ulcers
Gray-white pits with a red border that appear in the soft tissues lining the mouth; also known as canker sores or mouth ulcers.
ascites
an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
bariatrics
the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases
borborygmus
the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
cachexia
a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS
celiac disease
an inherited autoimmune disorder characterized be a severe reaction to food containing gluten; also known as gluten intolerance
cheilosis
a disorder of the lips characterized by cracklike sores at the corners of the mouth
choledocholithotomy
an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of gallstones
cholelithiasis
the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
cirrhosis
a progressive degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring
colonoscopy
the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon, from the rectum to the cecum
colostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
Crohn’s disease
a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon
dental prophylaxis
the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus
diverticulitis
inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the colon
diverticulosis
the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon
dyspepsia
pain or discomfort in digestion; also known as indigestion
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
enema
the place of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens
eructation
the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
esophageal varices
enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
an endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract; this includes the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum
gastroduodenostomy
the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum
gastroesophageal reflux disease
the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus; also known as GERD
gastrostomy tube
the surgical placement of a feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach
hematemesis
the vomiting of blood
hemoccult test
a laboratory test for hidden blood in the stools; also known as fecal occult blood test
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection
herpes labialis
blisterlike sores on the lips adjacent tissue caused by the oral herpes simples virus type 1 (HSV-1); also known as cold sores or fever blisters
hiatal hernia
an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrude upward into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm
hyperemesis
extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration
ileus
the partial or complete blockage of the small intestine, large intestine, or both caused by the stopping of normal peristalsis
inguinal hernia
the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin
jaundice
a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes caused by greater-than-normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood
leukoplakia
an abnormal white precancerous lesion (sore) that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek
melena
the passage of black, tarry, and foul-smelling stools that is caused by the presence of digested blood
morbid obesity
the condition of weighing two or more times the ideal weight or having a body mass index value greater than 40; also known as severe obesity
nasogastric intubation
the placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach
obesity
an excessive accumulation of fat in the body
palatoplasty
the surgical repair of a cleft palate or cleft lip
peptic ulcers
sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylorior by medications, such as aspirin, that irritate the mucous membranes
peristalsis
a series of wavelike contractions of the smooth muscle in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system
polyp
a mushroomlike growth from the surface of a mucous membrane; not all polyps are malignant
proctologist
a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus
regurgitation
a return of swallowed food into the mouth
samonellosis
an infectious disease of the intestines that is transmitted by food contaminated with feces; also referred to as salmonella
sigmoidoscopy
the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon
stomatitis
an inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth
trismus
any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer
ulcerative colitis
a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation
volvulus
twisting of the intestine upon itself, causing an obstruction
xerostomia
the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands; also known as dry mouth
major structures of the oral cavity
also known as the mouth, are the lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth and periodontium
lips
which are also known as the labia, surrounding the opening to the oral cavity (singular, labium(. The term labia is also used to describe the female genitalia
during eating, the lips, tongue, and cheeks hold the food in the mouth
the lips also have important roles in breathing, speaking and the expression of emotions
the palate
which forms the roof of the mouth, consists of three major parts
hard palate
soft palate
uvula
hard palate
is the anterior portion of the palate. This area is covered with specialized mucous membrane. Rugae are irregular ridges or folds in the mucous membrane
soft palate
is the flexible posterior portion of the palate. During swallowing, it has important role of closing off the nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity
uvula
is the third part, and it hands from the free edge of the soft palate. During swallowing, it moves upward with the soft palate. It also plays an important role in snoring and in the formation of some speech sounds
tongue
very strong, flexible and muscular. The posterior portion of the tongue is attached. The anterior end of the tongue moves freely and is flexible. It is the structure of the tongue that makes it so important for chewing, speaking and swallowing
dorsum
upper surface of the tongue. This surface has a tough protective covering and in some areas, small bumps known as papillae. These papillae contain taste buds, which are the sensory receptors for the sense of taste
sublingual surface
of the tongue and the tissues that lie under the tongue are covered with delicate highly vascular tissues.
The presence of this rich blood supply under the tongue makes it suitable for administering certain medications sublingually by placing them under the tongue, where they are quickly absorbed into the bloodstream.
sublingual
means under the tongue
highly vascular
containing many blood vessels
lingual frenum
is a band of tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth. This frenum limits the motion of the tongue
periodontium
describes the structures that surround, support and are attached to the teeth. This consists of the bone of the dental arches and the soft tissues that surround and support the teeth
peri-
surrounding
odonti
means teeth
-um
noun ending
gengiva
also known as masticatory mucosa, or the gums, is the specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of the teeth
sulcus
is an area of space between a tooth and the surrounding gingiva. a buildup of food debris and bacteria in the sulcus can lead to infection. Sulci is also the term for fissures in the cerebral cortex of the brain
Dental arches
bony structures of the oral cavity. These arches hold the teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing and speaking
maxillary arch
is commonly known as the upper jaw and consists of bones of the lower surface of the skull. This arch does not move
mandibular arch
commonly known as the lower jaw, is a separate bone and is the only moveable component of the joint
temporomandibular joint
commonly known as the TMJ, is formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together
dentition
refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws. Human dentition consists of four types of teeth
-incisors and canines
-premolars and molars
incisors and canines
also known as cuspids. These teeth are used for biting and tearing
premolars
which are also known as bicuspids and molars. These teeth are used for chewing and grinding
deciduous dentition or babys teeth
-these 20 teeth erupt during early childhood, are normally lost in late childhood, and are placed by the permanent teeth. The primary dentition consists of eight incisors, four canines, and eight molars but no premolars
-permanent dentition consists of 32 teeth designed to last a lifetime. Of these, 20 replace primary teeth and 12 erupt at the back of the mouth. The permanent dentition includes 9 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, and 12 molars
-occlusion are used in dentistry, describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth
crown
is the portion of the tooth that is visible in the mouth. It is covered with enamel, which is the hardest substance in the body
roots
of the tooth hold it securely in place within the arch. The roots are protected by cementum. This substance is hard, but it is not as strong as enamel
cervix
also known as the neck of the tooth, is where the crown and root meet
dentin
makes up the bulk of the tooth. The portion that is above the gum line is discovered with enamel. The root area is covered with cementum
pulp cavity
is the area within the crown and roots of the tooth that is surrounded by the dentin to protect the delicate pulp of the tooth. In the roots, the pulp continues in the space known as the root canals
pulp
consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrients and innervation to the tooth
saliva
is a colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth. It helps maintain the health of the teeth, and it begins the digestive process by lubricating food during chewing and swallowing (mechanical digestion). Saliva also contains digestive enzyme amylase and is the first step in chemical digestion
there are 3 pairs of salivary glands
they secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth
-parotid glands are located on the face, slightly in front of each ear. This duct for these glands are on the inside of the cheek near the upper molars
-sublingual glands are their ducts are located on the floor of the mouth under the tongue
-submandibular glands and their ducts are located on the floor of the mouth near the mandible
pharynx
which is the common passageway for both respiration and digestion
-the pharynx plays an important role in deglutition, which is commonly known as swallowing
-epiglottis is a lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea (windpipe) to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing
esophagus
is a muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach
lower esophageal sphincter
also known as the cardiac sphincter, is a muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach. During swallowing, it relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach
-The sphincter normally opens to allow the flow of food into the stomach and closes to prevent the stomach contents from regurgitating into the esophagus.
Regurgitating
means flowing backward
stomach
is a sac-like organ composed of fundus (upper, rounded part), body (main portion), and antrum (lower part)
rugae
are the folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach. These folds allow the stomach to increase and decrease in size. Glands located within these folds produce gastric juices
gastric juices
made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid aid in the beginning of food digestion. Mucus produced by glands in the stomach create a protective coating on the lining of the stomach
pyloric sphincter
is the ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine
pylorus
is the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine
small intestine
extends from the pyloric sphincter of the first part of the large intestine. This coiled organ is up to 20 feet in length and consists of three sections where food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream
duodenum
is the first portion of the small intestine. The duodenum extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the jejunum
jejunum
which is the middle portion of the small intestine, extends from the duodenum to the ileum
ileum
which is the last and longest portion of the small intestine, extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine
large intestine
extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus. It is about twice as wide as the small intestine; however, it is only one-fourth as long. It is here that the waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion through the anus. The major parts of the large intestine are the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus
cecum
is a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen. It extends from the end of the ileum to the beginning of the colon.
ileocecal sphincter
is the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine
vermiform appendix
commonly called the appendix, hangs from the lower portion of the cecum. The vermiform refers to a worm-like shape. The appendix consists of lymphoid tissue
colon
is the longest portion of the large intestine, is subdivided into four parts
-ascending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon
ascending colon
travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver
transverse colon
passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from right to left toward the spleen
transverse
means across
descending colon
travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon
descending colon
means downward
sigmoid colon
is a S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins the rectum below.
Sigmoid
means curved like the letter S
rectum
is the widest division of the large intestine. It makes up the last 4 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus
anus
is the lower opening of the digestive tract. The flow of waste through the anus is controlled by the internal anal sphincter and the external anal sphincter
anorectal
refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit
an/o
anus
rect
retum
-al
pertaining to
accessory organs
of the digestive system are so named because they play a key role in the digestive process but are not part of the gastrointestinal tract. The accessory digestive organs are the liver, gallbladder and pancreas
liver
is the larges organ in the body. It has several important functions related to removing toxins from the blood and turning food into the fuel and nutrients the body needs.
hepatic
pertaining to the liver
Liver
removes excess glucose, which is commonly known as blood sugar, from the bloodstream and stores it as glycogen.
glycogen
is a form of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles. When the blood sugar level is low, the liver converts glycogen back into glucose and releases it for use by the body
bilirubin
is a pigment excreted into the digestive fluid called bile, giving it a yellow to green color. Excessive amounts of bilirubin in the body can lead to jaundice and other diseases.
bile
which aids in the digestion of fats, is a digestive juice secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fat. Bile travels from the liver to the gallbladder, where it is concentrated and stored.
chol/e
refers to bile
biliary
provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine. means pertaining to bile
common hepatic duct
small ducts in the liver join together like branches to form the biliary tree. The trunk, which is just outside the liver is known as the common hepatic duct
cystic duct
bile travels from the liver through the common hepatic duct to the gallbladder where it enters and exists through the narrow cystic duct
common bile duct
cystic duct leaving the gallbladder rejoins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct
pancreatic duct
the common bile duct joints the pancreatic duct, and together they enter the duodenum of the small intestine
gallbladder
is a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver. It stores and concentrates bile for later use
-when bile is needed, the gallbladder contracts, forcing the bile out through the biliary tree
-the term cholecystic means pertaining to the gallbladder
pancreas
is a soft, 6-inch-long, oblong gland that is located behind the stomach. This gland has important roles in both the digestive and endocrine systems. The digestive functions are discussed here.
-the pancreas produces and secretes pancreatic juices that aid in digestion and contain digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize stomach acids (water, salt, sodium bicarbonate, and digestive enzymes)
- the pancreatic juices leave the pancreas through the pancreatic duct that joins the common bile duct just before the entrance into the duodenum
pancreatic
means pertaining to the pancreas
digestion
is the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use.
digestive enzymes
are responsible for the chemical changes that break foods down into simpler forms of nutrients for use by the body
nutrient
is a substance, usually from food, that is necessary for normal functioning of the body. The primary, or macronutrients, are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Vitamins and minerals are essential micronutrients, which means they are required only in small amounts
metabolism
includes all of the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients. It consists of two parts; anabolism and catabolism
anabolism
is the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients. Anabolism is the opposite of catabolism
catabolism
is the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide. Catabolism is the opposite of anabolism
absorption
is the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body.
-mucosa that lines the small intestine is covered with finger-like projections called vili. each villus contains blood vessels and lacteals. The blood vessels absorb nutrients directly from the digestive system into the bloodstream for delivery to the cells of the body.
-lacteals which are specialized structures of the lymphatic system, absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins that cannot be transport directly by the bloodstream. Instead they absorb these nutrients and transport them via lymphatic vessels. As these nutrients are being transported, they are filtered by the lymph nodes in preparation for their delivery to the bloodstream
mastication
also known as chewing, breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes in with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed
bolus
is a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed. The term bolus is also used in relation to the administration of medication
-during swallowing, food travels from the mouth into the pharynx and on into the esophagus
peristalsis
is a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in the single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system. In the esophagus, food moves downward through the action of gravity and peristalsis
Role of the Stomach
-gastric juices of the stomach contain hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes to continue to breakdown of food. Few nutrients enter the bloodstream through the walls of the stomach.
-the churning action of the stomach works with the gastric juices by converting the food into chyme.
chyme
is the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine
Roll of the small intestine
the conversion of food into the unstable nutrients is completed as the chyme is moved through the small intestine by peristaltic action.
-in the duodenum, chyme is mixed with pancreatic juice and bile. The bile breaks apart large fat globules so that enzymes in the pancreatic juices can digest the fats. This action is called emulsification and must be completed before the nutrients can be absorbed into the body
-jejunum secretes large amounts of digestive enzymes and contains the process of digestion
-the primary function of the ileum is to absorb nutrients from the digested food
role of the large intestine
the role of the entire large intestine is to receive the waste products of digestion and store them until they are eliminated from the body
-Food waste enters the large intestine where excess water is reabsorbed into the body through the walls of the large intestine, helping maintain the body’s fluid balance. The remaining waste form into feces
-the large intestine contains gut microflora, which help break down organic waste material. This process produces gas
feces
also known as solid body wastes, are expelled through the rectum and anus
defecation
also known as a bowel movement (BM), is the evacuation or emptying of the large intestine
gut microflora
refers to the billions of normal bacteria present in the large intestine to protect against infection and help maintain the immune system. A disruption of microflora resulting from the use of antibiotics can lead to infections such as C. Diff
borborymus
is the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
flatulence
also known as flatus, is the passage of gas out of the body through the rectum
bariatrics
is the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases
dentist
holds a doctor of dental surgery (DDS) or doctor of medical dentistry (DMD) and specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity
gastroenterologist
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines
oral or maxillofacial surgeron
specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries
orthodontist
is a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures
orthodontist
is a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures
orth
straight or normal
odont
means teeth
periodontist
is a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth
proctologist
is a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus
registered dietitian (RD)
is a specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake
aphthous ulcers
also known as canker sores or mouth ulcers, are gray-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth. although the exact cause is unknown, the appearance of these very common sores is associated with stress, certain food or fever
ulcer
is an open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges
cheilosis
also known as cheiltis, is a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth
cheil-
lips
-osis
abnormal condition or disease
herpes labialis
also known as cold sores or fever blisters, are blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Most adults have been infected by this extremely common virus, and in some, it becomes reactivated periodically, causing cold sores
leukoplakia
is an abnormal white, usually benign lesion (sore) that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek. These lesions develop in response to chronic irritation in the mouth such as constraint rubbing against a broken tooth. Occasionally, leukoplakia patches occur on the genitals, in the digestive system, or the urinary tract
stomatitis
in an inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth
stomat
mouth or oral cavity
stomatomycosis
is any disease of the mouth due to a fungus
myc
means fungus
oral thrush
is a type of stomatomycosis that develops when the fungus candida albicans grows out of control. The symptoms are creamy white lesions on the tongue or inner cheeks. This condition occurs most often in infants, older adults with weakened immune systems, or individuals who have been taking antibiotics
trismus
describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer. This condition causes difficulty in speaking and affects the patient’s nutrition due to impaired ability to chew and swallow
xerostomia
also known as dry mouth, is the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands. This condition can be due to medications or radiation of the salivary glands, and can cause discomfort, difficulty in swallowing, changes in the taste of food and dental decay
xer/o
means dry
cleft lip
also known as a harelip, is a birth defect in which there is a deep groove in the lip running upward to the nose of a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development
cleft palate
is the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus. This opening can involve the upper lip, hard palate, and/or soft palate. If not corrected, this opening between the nose and mouth makes it difficult for the child to eat and speak. Cleft lip and cleft palate can occur singly or together and usually can be corrected surgically
bruxism
is the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress. It can also occur habitually during the day. Bruxism wears away tooth structure, damages periodontal tissues, and injuries the temporomandibular joint
dental caries
also known as tooth decay or a cavity, is an infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth. If the decay processes is not arrested, the pump can be exposed and become infected
dental plaque
which is a major cause of dental caries and periodontal disease, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth. Dental plaque consists of bacteria and bacterial by-products. In contrast, the plaque associated with heart conditions consists of deposits of cholesterol that form within blood vessels
edentulous
means without teeth. This term describes the situation after the natural permanent teeth have been lost
halitosis
also known as bad breath, is an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental disease or respiratory or gastric disorders
halit
means breath
malocclusion
is any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth
periodontal disease
also known as periodontitis, is an inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth. this progressive disease is classified according to the degree of tissue involvement. In severe cases, the gums and bone surrounding the teeth are involved
dental calculus
also known as tarter, is dental plaque that has calcified (hardened) on the teeth. these deposits irritate the surrounding tissues and cause increasingly serious periodontal diseases. The term calculus is also used to describe hard deposits, such as gallstones or kidney stones, that form in other parts of the body
gingivitis
is the earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation affects only the gums
gingiv
means gums
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)
also known as trench mouth, is caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth. As this condition progresses, the inflammation, bleeding, deep ulceration, and the death of gum tissue become more severe.
necrotizing
means causing ongoing tissue death
Dysphagia
is difficulty in swallowing
eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)
is a chronic immune system disease in which a type of white blood cell called an eosinophil builds up in the esophagus, usually as the results of an allergy to certain foods. This resulting inflammation can make it difficult to swallow. This disease appears to be increasingly common in children and adults
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
also known as GERD, is the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus.
Reflux
means backward or return flow. When this occurs, the stomach acid irritates and damages the delicate lining of the esophagus
Barrett’s esophagus
is a condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure. Some patients with chronic GERD develop complication, which slightly increases the risk of esophageal cancer
stricture
of the esophagus resulting from scar tissue or other damage can cause swallowing difficulties. A stricture is an abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage
pyrosis
also known as heartburn, is the burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus
pyr
means fever or fire
-osis
means abnormal condition or disease
esophageal varices
are enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus. Severe bleeding occurs if one of these veins ruptures.
hiatal hernia
is an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm.
hiat
opening
hernia
is the protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues that normally contain it. This condition can cause GERD and pyrosis
gastritis
common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
gastroenteritis
is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines
gastroparesis
is a condition in which the muscles in the stomach slow down and work poorly or not at all, preventing the stomach from emptying normally
-paresis
means partial paralysis
gastrorrhea
is the excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach
peptic ulcers
are sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system. Peptic ulcers are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or by medications, such as aspirin, that irritate the mucous membranes. this condition of having peptic ulcers is referred to as peptic ulcer disease
gastric ulcers
peptic ulcers that occur in the stomach
duodenal ulcers
are peptic ulcers that occur in the upper part of the small intestine
perforating ulcer
is a complication of a peptic ulcer in which the ulcer erodes through the entire thickness of the organ wall
Anorexia
is the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease.
cachexia
is a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS. Although these patients might be eating enough food, their bodies are unable to absorb enough nutrients
Dehydration
is a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body’s normal electrolyte balance
de-
removal
hydra
water
-tion
means the process of
malnutrition
is a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients.
mal-
meaning bad or poor
malabsorption
is a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it
obesity
is an excessive accumulation of fat in the body. The term obese is usually used to refer to individuals who are more than 20-30% over the established weight standards for their height, age, and gender
gender
refers to the difference between men and women
morbid obesity
also known as severe obesity, is the condition of weighing two times or more than the ideal weight or having a body mass index value greater than 40. As used here the term morbid means a diseased state
body mass index (BMI)
is a number that shows body weight adjusted for height. The results fall into one of these categories: underweight, normal, overweight or obese. A high BMI is one of many factors related to developing chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer or diabetes
comorbidity
describes the presence of more than one disease or health condition in an individual at a given time. Obesity is frequently present as a comorbidity with conditions such as hypertension or diabetes
aerophagia
is the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking and is a common cause of gas in the stomach
aer/o
means air
-phagia
means swallowing
dyspepsia
also known as indigestion, is pain or discomfort in digestion
-pepsia
means digestion
emesis
also known as vomiting, is the reflux ejection of the stomach contents outward through the mouth. Emesis is used either as a standalone term or as the suffix -emesis
eructation
is the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
hematemesis
is the vomiting of blood. The substance that is vomited often resembles coffee grounds
-emesis
means vomiting
hyperemesis
is extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration. During the early stages of pregnancy, this is known as morning sickness
nausea
is the urge to vomit
regurgitation
is the return of swallowed food into the mouth
celiac disease
is a hereditary autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to foods containing gluten.
gluten
is a type of protein found in grains such as wheat, barley, and rye. This common disorder damages the villi of the small intestine and can cause malabsorption
gluten intolerance
also known as non-celiac gluten sensitivity, is a response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing the intestinal tissue damage of celiac disease. Gluten intolerance is sometimes caused by an allergy to wheat
food allergy
is an immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food
lactose intolerance
is the inability to digest dairy products due to the absence of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to process the sugar (lactose) found in milk and some other dairy products. Lactose intolerance is particularly common among African-Americans and East Asians
Colorectal carcinoma
commonly known as colon cancer, often first manifests itself in polyps in the colon
polyp
is a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane. Not all polyps are malignant
diverticulosis
is the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in colon. Diverticulosis, which often has no symptoms, is believed to be related to a low-fiber diet
diverticul
means diverticulum
diverticulum
is a small pouch, or sac, found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon (plural, diverticula)
Diverticulitis
which sometimes develops as a result of diverticulosis, is the inflammation or infection of one or more diverticulum in the colon. Symptoms of this condition can include sudden abdominal pain, cramping and nausea
enteritis
is an inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens
enter
means small intestine
ischemic colitis
occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood. If this lack of blood persists, it can lead to inflammation and permanent damage of the affected area
ileus
is the partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine. This condition is also known as paralytic ileus, and is caused by the stopping of the normal peristalsis of the area of the intestine. Symptoms of ileus can include severe pain, cramping, abdominal distention, vomiting, and the inability to pass gas or stools
postoperative ileus
is a temporary impairment (stoppage) of bowel action that is considered to be normal response to abdominal surgery. It is often present for 24 to 72 hours, depending on which part of the digestive system was treated
irritable bowl syndrome (IBS)
is a common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping and abdominal pain, accompanied by constipation or diarrhea. This condition, which is usually aggravated by stress and by eating certain foods, is not believed to be caused by pathogens (bacteria or viruses)
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
is the general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines. The two most common inflammatory bowel disease are ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
-These conditions are grouped together because both are chronic and incurable and can affect the large and small intestines. They also have similiar symptoms, which include abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue, fever, rectal bleeding, and diarrhea
-These conditions tend to occur at intervals of active disease known as flares alternating with periods of remission. Flares of these disorders are treated with medication and surgery to remove diseased portions of the intestine
ulcerative colitis
is a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers (lesions in the mucous membrane) and irritation
-Ulcerative colitis usually starts in the rectum and progresses upward to the lower part of the colon; however, it can affect the entire large intestine
-ulcerative colitis affects only the innermost lining and not the deep tissues of the colon
Crohn’s disease (CD)
is a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon
-In contract to ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease generally penetrates every layer of tissue in the affected area. This can result in scarring and thickening of the walls of the affected structures. The most common complication of Crohn’s disease is blockage of the intestine due to swelling and scarring
intestinal obstruction
abnormally hold together parts of the intestine that should be separate. This condition, which is caused by inflammation or trauma, can lead to intestinal obstruction
strangulating obstruction
the blood flow to a segment of the intestine is blocked. This can lead to gangrene or perforation.
Gangrene
is tissue death that is associated with a loss of normal circulation
perforation
describes a hole through the wall of a structure
volvulus
is the twisting of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction. Volvulus is Latin meaning rolled up or twisted. This condition can cause necrosis of the affected segment of the bowel
intussusception
is the telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part. This rare but serious condition is sometimes found in children between three months and 6 years of age
intussuscept
means to take up or to receive within
-ion
means condition
inguinal hernia
is the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin. This condition can be caused by obesity, pregnancy, heaving lifting, or straining to pass a stool
inguin
means groin
strangulated hernia
occurs when a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia, causing ischemia (insufficient oxygen) in this tissue by cutting off its blood supply
infectious diseases of the intestines
can be transmitted through contaminated food and water or through poor sanitation practices. The more common of these infections diseases include the following:
C. Diff
Dysentery
E. coli
Salmonellosis
Clostridium difficile
Also known as c. diff, is a bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term-care facilities, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria. This disease causes diarrhea and can lead to inflammation of the colon. Infection control measures such as hand-scrubbing or wearing gloves can help prevent its spread
dysentery
which is a bacterial infection, occurs most frequently in tropical countries where it is spread through food or water contaminated by human feces
E. Coli
which is caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli, is transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been adequately cooked
Salmonellosis
also referred to as salmonella, is transmitted by feces, either through direct contact with animals, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meats and eggs or unpstuerized milk and cheese products.
anal fissue
is a small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement. As used here, a fissure is a groove or crack-like sore of the skin
bowel incontinence
is the inability to control the excretion of feces
constipation
is defined as having a bowl movement fewer than three times per week. With constipation, stools are usually hard, dry, small in size, and difficult to eliminate. Constipation can be caused by a lack of fiber in the diet, disease, a side effect of certain drugs, and (especially in women) pelvic flood dysfunction
pelvic floor dysfunction
is the lack of coordination of the muscles needed for the rectum to straighten and the anal sphincter to relax
diarrhea
is an abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools and can lead to dehydration
hemorrhoids
occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening. These veins can become inflamed, resulting in pain, fecal leakage, itching, and bleeding
rectocele
is a bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina, usually as the result of childbirth or pregnancy
hematochezia
is the presence of bright red blood in the stool. This bright red color usually indicates that the blood is coming from the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract
melena
in contrast to hematochezia, is the passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stools. This appearance of the stools is caused by the presence of digested blood and often indicates bleeding in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract
steatorrhea
is the presence of excess fat in the stool. This condition, which results in frothy, foul-smelling stools, is usually caused by pancreatic disease, the removal of the gallbladder or malabsorption disorders
steat/o
means fat
ascites
is an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity. This condition is usually the result of severe liver disease creating pressure on the liver’s blood vessel. As used here, the term serous means substance having a watery consistency
hepatomegaly
is the abnormal enlargement of the liver
jaundice
is a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes. This condition is caused by greater-than-normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood
hepatitis
is an inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection. Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplants. The three most common varieties of viral hepatitis are HAV; HBV; and HCV
Hepatitis A Virus
HAV is the most prevalent type of hepatitis. This highly contagious condition is transmitted mainly through contamination of food and water with infected fecal matter. A vaccine is available to provide immunity against HAV
Hepatitis B virus
is a bloodborne disease that is transmitted through contact with blood and other bodily fluids that are contaminated with this virus. A vaccine is available to provide immunity against HBV
Hepatitis C virus
is a bloodborne disease that is spread through contact with blood and other body fluids that are contaminated with this virus. HCV is described as a silent epidemic because it can be present in the body for years and destroy the liver before any symptoms appear. There is no vaccine available to prevent this form of hepatitis
cirrhosis
is a chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring.
cirrh
means yellow or orange
degenerative
means progressive deterioration resulting in the loss of tissue or organ function
-Cirrhosis is often caused by excessive alcohol abuse or by viral hepatitis B or C
-The progress of cirrhosis is marked by the formation of areas of scarred liver tissue that are filled with fat. The liver damage causes abnormal conditions throughout the other body systems
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
describes the accumulation of fat in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol. Those with this condition, which usually has no signs or symptoms; are most often individuals who are obese, have type 2 diabetes or high cholesterol, or a combination of these conditions
nonalcoholic steathohepatitis (NASH)
is a more serious form of this condition because it consists of fatty accumulations plus liver-damaging inflammation. In some cases, this will progress to cirrhosis, irreversible liver scarring, or liver cancer
steat/o
means fat
cholangitis
is an acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever and jaundice. The most common cause is a bacterial infection
cholecystitis
is inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile
cholang
means bile duct
cholecyst
means gallbladder
gallstone
also known as a cholelith, a hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components (plural calculi)
Cholelithiasis
is the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
chole
means bile or gall
-lithiasis
means presence of stone
biliary colic
pain caused by the passage of a gallstone through the bile duct is called biliary colic
abdominal computed tomography (CT)
is a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen, showing, for example the presence of a tumor or obstruction
abdominal ultrasound
is a noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high frequency sound waves.
Cholangiography
is a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium. This test is used to identify obstructions in the liver or bile ducts that slow or block the flow or bile from the liver. The resulting record is a cholangiogram
cholangi/o
means bile duct
enema
is the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity. An enema is sometimes part of the preparation for an endoscopic examination; however, enemas are also used to treat severe constipation and as a means of injecting medication into the body
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
is an endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract. This includes the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum
esophag/o
means esophagus
gastr/o
stomach
duoden/o
duodenum
-scopy
means visual examination
upper GI series and Lower GI series
are radiographic studies to examine the digestive system. A contrast medium is required to make these structures visible. A barium swallow is used for the upper GI series, and a barium enema is used for the lower GI series
stool samples
are specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics. For example, fatty stools might indicate the presence of pancreatic disease. Cultures of the stool sample can be examined in the laboratory for the presence of bacteria or O&P (ova (parasite eggs) and parasites)
endoscope
is an instrument used for an endoscopy, a visual examination of internal structures
anoscopy
is the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum
capsule endoscopy
is the use of a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows. For approximately 8 hours, as it passes through the small intestine, this camera transmits images of the walls of the small intestine. The images are detected by sensor devices attached to the patient’s abdomen and transmitted to a data recorder worn on the patient’s belt
colonoscopy (COL)
is the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum using a colonoscope
virtual colonoscopy
a small, flexible tube is inserted into the rectum and an MRI or CT machine is used to produce two- and three-dimensional images of the colon. The preparation, which requires that the bowels be completely emptied, is the same for both of these types of colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy
sigmoidoscopy
is the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon
sigmoid/o
means sigmoid colon
hemoccult test
also known as the fecal occult blood test, is a laboratory test for hidden blood in the stool. The test kit is used to obtain the specimens at home, and the results are then evaluated in a laboratory.
cologuard
is a recently developed, noninvasive, collect-at-home stool test that uses DNA testing along with screening for hidden blood to determine the potential presence of colorectal cancer.
antioxidants
are chemicals such as vitamins A, C, and E; carotene; and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage by blocking the activity of potentially harmful chemicals called free radicals. Antioxidants are naturally present in fruits, beans, berries, nuts, and dark chocolate
Probiotics
are living microorganisms sometimes described as “good” bacteria because of their role in aiding digestion and protecting the body from harmful bacteria
pro-
supporting
bio
means life
prebiotics
are the non-digestible carbohydrates that probiotics feed on. Foods such as yogurt, some dairy drinks, and supplements contain both probiotics and probiotics
antacids
which neutralize the acids in the stomach, are taken to relieve the discomfort of conditions such as pyrosis or to help peptic ulcers heal
Proton pump inhibitors
decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach. These medications are used to treat symptoms of GERD
antiemetic
is a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
emet
means vomit
laxatives
are medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements.
Bulk-forming laxatives
such as bran, treat constipation by helping fecal matter retain water and remain soft as it moves through the intestines
animotility drugs and antacids
are among the over-the-counter medications used to treat diarrhea and upset stomach
intravenous fluids (IV)
are administered to combat the effects of dehydration
intra-
means within
ven/o
means vein
oral rehydration therapy (ORT)
is a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany diarrhea, especially in young children
-tion
is the process of
dental prophylaxis
is the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus. The prophylaxis also refers to a treatment intended to prevent a disease or stop it from spreading. Examples include vaccination to provide immunity against a specific disease
dental implant
is the anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw. Crowns, bridges, and dentures can also be placed in the mouth without being anchored to the jaw
crown
is a mental or porcelain alloy cap shaped like a damaged tooth cemented over the remaining tooth structure. CAD-CAM )computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing) devices are now able to create crowns in the dental office instead of the traditional method of having these prosthetics made in an outside lab. Note: crown also refers to the portion of the tooth visible in the mouth
bridge
is a fixed dental prosthesis used to join one or more artificial teeth to the adjacent teeth
denture
is a plate holding one or more replacement teeth. Conventional dentures, also known as a full or partial set of false teeth, are removable
root canal
refers both to the pulp cavity in the root of the tooth and to a procedure in which disease or damaged pulp in the root canal is removed in order to save the tooth. After it is free of infection, the cavity is filled with a protective substance and sealed
gingivectomy
is the surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue
gingiv
means gingival tissue
-ectomy
means surgical removal
maxillofacial surgery
is specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases and repair injuries
palatoplasty
is the surgical repair of the cleft palate, also used to refer to the repair of a cleft lip
palat/o
means palate
gastrectomy
is the surgical removal of all or a part of the stomach
gastr
means stomach
nasogastric intubation (NG Tube)
is the placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach. This tube, which is placed temporarily, provides nutrition for patients who cannot take sufficient nutrients by mouth
nas/o
means nose
gastrostomy tube
is a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach. This is also known as a G-Tube, and it is permanently placed to provide nutrition for patients who cannot swallow or take sufficient nutrients by mouth
total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
is administered to patients who cannot or should not get their nutrition through eating. All of the patient’s nutritional requirements are met through a specialized solution administered intravenously
parenteral
means not in or through the digestive system
bariatric surgery
is performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested. These procedures limit food intake and force dietary changes that enable weight reduction
lap-band adjustable gastric banding-lap adjustable gastric banding (LAGB)
procedure involves placing an inflatable band around the exterior of the stomach to restrict the amount of food that can enter. This procedure has the advantage of being reversible through the removal of the band
Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
is one of several endoscopic options for bariatric surgeries requiring general anesthesia. In this procedure, the stomach is sutured to make it into a small tube, reducing its capacity significantly
coloectomy
is the surgical removal of all or part of the colon
colo
colon
-ectomy
means surgical removal
colotomy
is a surgical incision in to the colon
-otomy
means surgical incision
diverticulectomy
is the surgical removal of a diverticulum
doverticul
diverticulum
gastroduodenostomy
is the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum. This procedure is performed to treat stomach cancer or to remove a malfunctioning pyloric valve
duoden
means first part of the small intestine
-ostomy
means surgically creating an opening
gastro-
stomach
anastomosis
is a surgical connection between two hollow, or tubular structures (plural, anastomoses)
ileectomy
is the surgical removal of the ileum
ile
means ileum
ostomy
is a surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and the body surface. This artificial opening is also known as a stoma. Ostomy can be used alone as a noun to describe a procedure or as a suffix with the work part that describes the organ involved
ileostomy
is the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the abdominal wall
ile
means small intestine
colostomy
is the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface. The segment of the intestine below the ostomy is usually removed, and the fecal matter flows through the stoma into a disposable bag. A colostomy can be temporary to divert feces from an area that needs to heal
hemorrhoidectomy
is the surgical removal of hemorrhoids. Rubber band ligation is often used instead of surgery. Rubber bands cut off the circulation at the base of the hemorrhoid, causing it to eventually fall off. Ligation means the tying off of blood vessels or duct
protopexy
is the surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ. Prolapse means the falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part
hepatectomy
is the surgical removal of all or part of the liver
liver transplant
is an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer. Because liver tissue regenerates, a partial liver transplant, in which only part of the organ is donated, can be adequate. A partial liver can be donated by a living donor whose blood and tissue types match
choledocholithotomy
is an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of a gallstone
choledoch/o
means the common bile duct
lith
means stone
cholecystectomy
is the surgical removal of the gallbladder. An open cholecystectomy is performed through an incision in the right side of the upper abdomen. A laparoscopic cholecystectomy, also known as a lap choley, is the surgical removal of the gallbladder using a laparoscope and other instruments inserted through three or four small incisions in the abdomen wall
BMI
body mass index
COL
colonoscopy
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI
gastrointestinal
IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
ibs
irritable bowel syndrome
nasogastric tube
NG Tube
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
TPN
total parenteral nutrition
UC
ulcerative colitis
chirrh/o
orange-yellow
pept/o
digestion
proct/o
rectum and anus
-cele
hernia
-emesis
vomiting
-lithiasis
presence of stones
-meagly
abnormal enlargement
-paresis
partial paralysis
-pepsia
digestion
-phagia
eating, swallowing
bowel
intestine
occult blood
blood that is not visibly apparent and can be detected only by lab testing
parenteral
outside of or bypassing the digestive system
stricture
abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage
medical term for burping
eructation
Barium enema
also called a lower GI series, a liquid contrast medium (barium) is injected into the rectum that coats the lower GI tract. X-rays are the ntaken of the rectum and colon
