Chapter 5 - Respiratory System Flashcards
Respiratory system does 4 important things:
-Brings oxygen into the body
-helps get rid of carbon dioxide
-filers, warms, and humidifies the air we breathe and provides protection from microorganisms;
-organs of the respiratory system play a role in the sense of smell and the creation of sound
Nas/o
Nose
Function: exchanges air during inhaling and exhaling; warms, moisturizes, and filters inhaled air
Sinus/o
Sinuses
functions: Produce mucus for the nasal cavities, make bones of the skull lighter, aid in sound production
Pharyng/o
Pharynx
functions: transports air back and forth between the nose and the trachea
laryng/o
Larnyx
functions: makes speech possible
Epiglott/o
Epiglottis
functions: Closes off the trachea during swallowing
trache/o
trachea
functions: transports air back and forth between the pharynx and the brochi
bronch/o
bronchi/o
Bronchi
functions: transports air from the trachea into the lungs
alveli
alveol/o
Functions: Air sacs that exchange gases with the pulmonary capillary blood
Pneum/o
pneumon/o
pulmon/o
Lungs
Functions: Bring oxygen into the body, and remove carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body
bronch/o, bronci/o
bronchial tube, bronchus
phon/o
sound, voice
pleur/o
pleura, side of the body
-pnea
breathing
somn/o
sleep
spir/o
to breathe
thorac/o, -thorax
chest, pleural cavity
trache/o, trachea
windpipe, trachea
alveoli
small grapelike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole
anoxia
the absence of oxygen from the body’s tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood
antitussive
medication administered to prevent or relieve coughing
aphonia
loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds
asbestosis
the form oh pneumoconiosis caused by asbestos particles in the lungs
asphyxia
the loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function
asthma
a chronic, inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction and characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing
atelectasis
the incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax
bradypnea
an abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually of less than 10 breaths per minutes
bronchodilator
a medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs
bronchorrhea
an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi
bronchoscopy
the visual examination of the bronchi through using a bronchoscope
bronchospasm
a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airway shut
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
an irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea
croup
an acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords, resulting in a barking cough and stridor
cyanosis
a blush discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood
cystic fibrosis
a life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus
diphtheria
an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract
dysphonia
difficulty in speaking, which may include any impairment in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy’s voice during puberty
dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing; also known as shortness of breath
emphysema
the progressive, long-term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking
empyema
an accumulation of pus in a body cavity
endotracheal intubation
the passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway
epistaxis
bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, an injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure; also known as a nnosebleed
hemoptysis
the expectoration of blood or bloodstained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage
hemothrox
a collection of blood in the pleural cavity
hypercapnia
the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
hyperpnea
an increase in the depth and rate of the respiratory movements
hypopnea
shallow or slow respirations
hypoxemia
the condition of having low oxygen levels in the blood
hypoxia
the condition of having deficient oxygen levels in the body’s tissues and organs; less severe than anoxia
laryngectomy
the surgical removal of the larynx
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx; also commonly used to describe voice loss that is caused by this inflammation
laryngoscopy
the visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope
laryngospasm
the sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx
mediastinum
the middle section of the chest cavity located between the lungs. This cavity contains the heart and its veins and arteries, the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, the thymus glad, and lymph nodes
nebulizer
an electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouthpiece
otolaryngologist
a physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck
pertussis
contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness and a noisy inspiration
pharyngitis
an inflammation of the pharnyx
phlegm
thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages
pleurisy
an inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity; causes pleurodynia
pleurodynia
a sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalation
pnemoconiosis
any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact
pneumonectomy
the surgical removal of all or part of a lung
pneumonia
a serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other liquid
pneumothorax
the accumulation of air in the pleural space, causing a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse
polysomnography
the diagnostic measurement of physiological activity during sleep; also known as a sleep study
pulmonologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system
pulse oximeter
an external monitor placed on the patient’s fingertip or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood
pyothorax
a collection of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane
sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
sleep apnea
a potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stop and starts during sleep for long enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels
spirometer
a recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each breath
tachypnea
an abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually of more than 20 breaths per minute
tachypnea
an abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually of more than 20 breaths per minutes
thoracentesis
the surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity
thoracotomy
a surgical incision into chest walls to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment
tracheostomy
the surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea in order to inset a temporary or permanent tube to facilitate breathing
tracheotomy
an emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage
tuberculosis
an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually attacks the lungs; also known as TB, it can also affect other parts of the body
Respiratory System
supplies the blood with oxygen for transportation to the cells in all parts of the body. Oxygen is vital to the survival and function of these cells. The respiratory system also removed carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body.
upper respiratory tract
consists of the nose (nostrils), mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea
lower respiratory tract
consists of the bronchial tree and lungs. These structures are located within and protected by the thoracic cavity, or thorax, also known as the rib cage
the upper respiratory tract and the bronchial tree of the lower respiratory tract are sometimes referred to as the airway
nose
air enters the body through the nose and passes through the nasal cavity
nostrils
external openings of the nose
nasal septum
is a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections.
septum
is a wall that separates two chambers
cilia
thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to removing debris
mucous membranes
line the nose. These specialized tissues also line the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems as well as other parts of the respiratory system
mucus
a slippery secretion produced by the mucous membranes that protect and lubricates these tissues. In the nose, the mucus helps moisten, warm, and filter the air as it enters.
mucous
name of the tissue
mucus
the secretion that flows from the tissue
olfactory receptors
are nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell. They are also important to the sense of taste. These receptors are located in the mucous membrane in the upper part of the nasal cavity - humans have 12 million receptor cells for smell in the upper extreme upper region of the nasal cavity (olfactory region)
tonsils and adenoids
help protect the body from infection coming through the nose or the mouth.
palatine tonsils
also known as the tonsils, are located at the back of the mouth
nasopharyngeal tonsils
also known as the adenoids, are higher up, behind the nose and the roof of the mouth
paranasal sinuses
air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, are located in the bones of the skull
sinus
can be a sac or cavity in any organ or tissue, however the term sinus more commonly refers to the paranasal sinusesf
functions of the sinuses are:
- to make the bones of the skull lighter
- to help produce sound by giving resonance to the voice
- to produce mucus to provide lubrication for the tissues of the nasal cavity.
The sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity via short ducts. The four pairs of paranasal sinuses are located on either side of the nose and are named for the bones in which they are located
frontal sinuses
are located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows. An infection here can cause severe pain in this area
sphenoid sinuses
are located in the sphenoid bone behind the eye and under the pituitary gland, are close to the optic nerves, and an infection here can damage vision
maxillary sinuses
are the largest of the paranasal sinuses, are located in the maxillary bones under the eyes. An infection in these sinuses can cause pain in the posterior maxillary teeth
ethmoid sinuses
are located in the ethmoid bones between the nose and the eyes, are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital (eye) cavity by only a thin layer of bone
pharnyx
commonly known as the throat, receives the air after it passes through the nose or mouth, as well as food.
pharynx is made up of three division
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
the first division, is posterior to the nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth. This portion of the pharynx is used only by the respiratory system for the transport of air and opens into the oropharynx
oropharynx
which is the second division, is the portion that is visible when looking into the mouth. The oropharynx is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems and transports air, food, and fluids downward to the laryngopharynx
laryngopharynx
which is the third division, is also shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems. Air, food, and fluids continue downward to the openings of the esophagus and trachea where air enters the trachea and food and fluids flow into the esophagus.
larynx
also known as the voice box, is a triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachae
Thyroid cartilage
the largest in supporting the larynx, which is supported by a series of nine separate cartilages. The thyroid cartilage is also known as the Adam’s apple
Larynx contains
the vocal cords. During breathing, the cords are separated to let air pass. During speech, they close together, and sound is produced as air is expelled from the lungs, causing the cords to vibrate against each other
Protective Swallowing Mechanisms
respiratory and digestive system share part of the pharynx. During swallowing, there is a risk of a blocked airway or aspiration pneumonia caused by food or water going into the trachea and entering the lungs instead of going into the esophagus. Two protective mechanisms act automatically during swallowing to ensure that only air goes into the lungs:
The soft plate, which is the muscular posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, moves up and backward during swallowing to close off the nasopharynx. This prevents food or liquid from going up the nose.
At the same time the epiglottis, which is a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so that food does not enter the trachea and lungs
epiglottis
a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so that food does not enter the trachea and lungs
trachea
is to transport air to and from the lungs. This tube, which is commonly known as the windpipe, is located directly in front of the esophagus
Trachea is held open
by a series of flexible C-shaped cartilage rings that make it possible for the trachea to compress so that food can pass down the esophagus
bronchi
are two large tubes, also known as primary bronchi, which branch out from the trachea and convey air into the two lungs (singular, bronchus). Because of the similarity of these structures to an inverted tree, this is referred to as the bronchial tree
Within the lung, each primary bronchus divides and subdivides into increasingly smaller bronchioles, which are the smallest branches of the bronchi
Alveoli
also known as air sacs, are the very small, grapelike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole (singular, alveolus). The alveoli are where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. Each lung contains millions of alveoli.
During respiration, the alveoli are filled with air from the bronchioles.
A network of microscopic pulmonary capillaries surrounds the alveoli. Pulmonary means relating to or affecting the lungs.
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air inside the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries occurs through the thing, elastic walls of the alveoli
The alveoli produce a detergent-like substance, known as surfactant, which reduces the surface tension of the fluid in the lungs. This makes the alveoli more stable so they do not collapse when an individual exhales. Premature babies often lack adequate surfactant
lungs
which are the essential organs of respiration, are divides into lobes.
The right lung is larger and has three lobes: the upper, middle, and lower (or superior, middle, and inferior)
The left lung has only two lobes, the upper and lower, due to space restrictions because the heart is located on that side of the body
mediastinum
is the middle section of the chest cavity and is located between the lungs. The cavity contains connective tissue and organs, including the heart and its veins and arteries, the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, the thymus gland, and lymph nodes
Pleura
allows the lungs to move smoothly within the chest
parietal pleura
is the outer layer of the pleura. It lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, and forms the sac containing each lung. the parietal pleura is attached to the chest wall. Parietal means relating of the walls of a cavity.
visceral pleura
which is the inner layer of pleura that covers each lung, is attached directly to the lungs. Visceral means relating to the internal organs
pleural cavity
also known as the pleural space, is the thing, fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes. The fluid acts as lubricant, allowing the membranes to slide easily over each other during respiration
diaphragm
also known as the thoracic diaphragm, is a dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen. It is the contraction and relaxation of this muscle that makes breathing possible
phrenic nerves
stimulate the diaphragm and cause it to contract
diaphragm
refers to a dividing structure, so the term is also used to describe a contraceptive device that separates the vagina from the cervix
respiration
or breathing is the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide that is essential to life. A single respiration, or breath, consists of one inhalation and one exhalation. Ventilation is another word for moving air in and out of the lungs.
inhalation
is the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward. this action causes the thoracic cavity to expand. This produces a vacuum within the thoracic cavity that draws air into the lungs
exhalation
is the act of breathing out. As the diaphragm relaxes, it moves upward, causing the thoracic cavity to become narrower. This action forces air out of the lungs
external respiration
is the act of bringing air in and out of the lungs from the outside environment and, in the process, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide
-As air is inhaled into the alveoli, oxygen immediately passes into the surrounding capillaries and is carried by the erythrocytes (red blood cells) to all body cells.
-At the same time, the waste product carbon dioxide that has passed into the bloodstream is transported into the air spaces of the lungs to be exhaled
Internal respiration
also known as cellular respiration, is the exchange of gases within the cells of the blood and tissues
-In this process, oxygen passes from the bloodstream into the cells
-The cells give off the waste product carbon dioxide, which passes into the bloodstream
-The bloodstream transports the carbon dioxide to the lungs, where it is expelled during exhalation
otolaryngologist
also known as an ENT, is a physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck
pulmonologist
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system
thoracic surgeon
performs operations on the organs inside the thorax, or chest, including the heart, lungs, and esophagus
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
is a group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breathe out. COPD, which is most often caused by long-term smoking, is generally permanent and progressive. Most people with COPD suffer from two related conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
is a disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, usually cigarette smoke. An increase in the number and size of mucus-producing cells results in excessive mucus production and thickening of the walls of the air passages. This causes chronic coughing, difficulty getting air in and out of the lungs, and increased risk of bacterial lung infections
emphysema
is the progressive, long- term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking. Emphysema is characterized by a decrease in the total number of alveoli, enlargement of the remaining alveoli, and the progressive destruction of the walls of the remaining alveoli.
As the alveoli are destroyed, breathing becomes increasingly rapid, shallow, and difficult. In an effort to compensate for the loss of capacity, the lungs chronically over inflate, and the rib cage stays partially expanded all the time, resulting in a slightly rounded shape called a barrel chest.
Asthma
is a chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction
Asthma attack
is characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing
Wheezing
is a breathing sound caused by a partially obstructed airway. The frequency and severity of asthma attacks are influenced by a variety of factors, including allergens, environmental agents, exercise, and infection
airway inflammation
is the swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus. This usually occurs after the airway has been exposed to inhaled allergens
bronchospasm
is a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, tightening and squeezing the airway shut
exercise-induced asthma
is the narrowing of the airways that develops after 5 to 15 minutes of physical exertion
upper respiratory infections (URI)
and acute nasopharyngitis are among the terms used to describe the common cold. An upper respiratory infection can be caused by any one of 200 different viruses, the most common of which is the human rhinovirus
Allergic rhinitis
commonly referred to as an allergy, is an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus. Allergies are discussed in chapter 6.
Nonallergic rhinitis
is an inflammation of the lining of the nose caused by something other than an allergen, such as cold air, spicy food, or medication
Croup
(Kroop) is an acute respiratory infection in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx,, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords resulting in a barking cough and stridor.
Stridor
is a harsh, high-pitched sound caused by a blockage present when breathing in
Diphtheria
is an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract. The diphtheria bacteria produce toxins that can damage the heart muscle and peripheral nerves. Through immunization, the disease is now largely prevented
epistaxis
also known as a nosebleed, is bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressue
influenza
also known as the flu, is an acute, highly contagious viral infection characterized by respiratory inflammation, fever, chills, and muscle pain. Influenza is spread by respiratory droplets and occurs most commonly in epidemics during the colder months. There are many strains of the influenza virus. Some strains can be prevented by annual immunization
pertussis
also known as whooping cough, is a contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness and a noisy inspiration.
Paroxysmal
means sudden or spasmlike. Childhood immunization against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus are given together (DPT); however, the incidence of pertussis is on the rise
rhinorrhea
also known as a runny nose, is the watery flow of mucus from the nose
sinusitis
is an inflammation of the sinuses
pharyngitis
also known as a sore throat, is an inflammation of the pharynx. It is often a symptom of a cold, flu, or sinus infection. Pharyngitis caused by the bacteria Streptococcus is commonly referred to as strep throat
laryngospasm
is the sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx. It is sometimes associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Aphonia
is the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds
Dysphonia
is difficulty in speaking, which may include any impairment in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy’s voice during puberty.
Laryngitis
is an inflammation of the larynx. This term is also commonly used to describe voice loss that caused by this inflammation
tracheorrhagia
is bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea
bronchiectasis
is the permanent dilation of the bronchi, caused by chronic infection and inflammation
bronchorrhea
is an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi. This is often caused by chronic bronchitis or asthma
Pleurisy
also known as pleuritis, is an inflammation of pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity. Pleurisy, which causes pleurodynia, may result from trauma, tuberculosis, connective tissue disease, or an infection
pleurodynia
is a sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalation
pleurodynia
is a sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalation
pleural effusion
is the excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. This produces a feeling of breathlessness because it prevents the lung from fully expanding.
effusion
is the escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or into a body cavity
pyothorax
also known as empyema of the pleural cavity, is the presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane
empyema
refers to a collection of pus in a body cavity
hemothorax
is a collection of blood in the pleural cavity. This condition often results from chest trauma, such as a stab wound, or it can be caused by disease or surgery
pneumothorax
is the accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse. This can have an external cause, such as a stab wound through the chest wall, or it can occur when there is a lung-disease-related rupture in the pleura that allows air to leak into the pleural space
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
is a lung condition usually caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes, inhaled vomit, or sepsis.
sepsis
is a systemic bacterial infection in the bloodstream. ARDS is a life-threatening condition in which inflammation in the lungs and fluid in the alveoli lead to low levels of oxygen in the blood
atelectasis
or collapsed lung, is the incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax
pulmonary edema
is an accumulation of fluid in lung tissues, especially the alveoli. Pulmonary edema is often a symptom of heart failure
edema
means swelling.
pulmonary embolism
is the sudden blockage of pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region
pneumorrhagia
is bleeding from the lungs
tuberculosis (TB)
which is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually attacks the lungs; however, it can also affect other parts of the body. Pleurisy and coughing up blood (hemoptysis) can be symptoms of TB in the lungs
-TB occurs most commonly in individuals whose immune systems are weakened by another condition such as AIDS. A healthy individual can carry latent TB without showing symptoms of the disease. Latent means present but not active
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
is a dangerous form of the disease that can occur when the prescribed drug regimen is not strictly followed, rendering the treatment insufficient to destroy all the bacteria
pneumonia
is a serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other fluids
-Pneumonia is most commonly caused by an infection and often follows a cold, flu, chronic illness, or other condition, especially in the elderly, that weakens the immune system and its ability to stave off infection.
pneumon
means lung
There are two types of bacterial pneumonia named for the parts of the lungs affected, these are:
Bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia
bronchopneumonia
is a localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles. Bronchopneumonia often leads to lobar pneumonia
lobar pneumonia
affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung.
Double pneumonia
is lobar pneumonia involving both lungs and is usually a form of bacterial pneumonia
pneumonia named for the causative agent
as many as 30 causes of pneumonia have been identified; however, the most common causative agents are air pollution, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and inhaled liquid or chemicals
aspiration pneumonia
can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs. As used here, aspiration means inhaling or drawing a foreign substance into the upper respiratory tract
bacterial pneumonia
is almost commonly caused by streptococcus pneumonia.
pneumococcal pneumonia
is the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination
community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
is any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic. CAP may be bacterial pneumonia or be caused by a virus or fungi. This is the most common form of pneumonia, and it affect people of all ages
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
or nosocomial pneumonia, is a type of pneumonia contracted during a stay in the hospital when a patient’s defenses are impaired. Patients on a ventilator are particularly at risk.
Nosocomial
means hospital-acquired
walking pneumonia
also known as mycoplasma pneumonia, is a milder but longer-lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It get its name from the fact that the patient is often not bedridden
pneumocystis pneumonia
is an opportunistic infection caused by the yeast-like fungus pneumocystis carinii.
Viral pneumonia
which can be caused by several different types of viruses, accounts from approximately a third of all pneumonias
interstitial lung disease
refers to a group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures.
interstitial
means relating to spaces within or around a tissue or an organ. In these lung conditions the tissue around the alveoli becomes scarred or stiff, leading to a reduction of oxygen being transferred to the blood
pulmonary fibrosis
or interstitial fibrosis, is the progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty in breathing.
Fibrosis
is a condition in which normal tissue is replaced by fibrotic (hardened) tissue
-Many connective tissue diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and lupus can cause pulmonary fibrosis, as can environmental toxins such as asbestos and silica. Pulmonary fibrosis can also occur without a known cause
pneumoconiosis
is any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact
asbestosis
is caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestos
silicosis
is caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glasswork, and sandblasting
silic
means glass
-osis
means abnormal condition or disease
cystic fibrosis
is a life threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus. This results in damage to the lungs, poor growth, and nutritional deficiencies. common symptoms of cystic fibrosis include wheezing and persistent cough
lung cancer
which is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, is a condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung. Important risk factors for lung cancer are smoking and inhaling secondhand smoke
breathing disorders
describes abnormal changes in the rate or depth of breathing. Specific terms describe in greater detail the changes that are occuring.
Eupnea
is easy or normal breathing. This is the baseline for judging some breathing disorders. Eupnea is the opposite of apnea
apnea
is the temporary absence of spontaneous respiration. It is a common respiratory problem in premature infants. Apnea is the opposite of eupnea
bradypnea
is an abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually of less than 10 breaths per minute. Bradypnea is the opposite of tachypnea
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
is an irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea. This pattern sometimes occurs in comatose patients or those nearing death
tachypnea
is an abnormal rapid rate of respiration, usually of more than 20 breaths per minute. Tachypnea is the opposite of bradypnea
dyspnea
is also known as shortness of breath (SOB), is difficult or labored breathing. Shortness of breath is frequently one of the first symptoms of heart failure. It can also be caused by strenuous physical exertion or can be due to lung damage that produces dyspnea even at rest
hyperpnea
which is commonly associated with exertion, is breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest. Hyperpnea may also occur at high altitude or be caused by anemia or sepsis. Hyperpnea is the opposite of hypopnea
hypopnea
is shallow or slow respiration. Opposite of nyperpnea
Hyperventilation
is an abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety. This decreases the level of carbon dioxide in the blood, causing dizziness and tingling in the fingers and toes
sleep apnea
is a potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep for periods long enough to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
is caused by the muscles at the back of the throat relaxing and narrowing the airways
snoring
which can be a symptom of sleep apnea, is noisy breathing caused by virbration of the soft palate
expectoration
is the act of coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus, or other body fluid
hemoptysis
is the expectoration of blood or blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage
airway obstruction
commonly known as choking, occurs when food or a foreign object partially or completely blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs. This can be a life-threatening emergency requirement immediate action through the performance of abdominal thrusts. This is also known as the heimlich maneuver
anoxia
is the absence of oxygen from the body’s tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood. If anoxia continues for more than 4 to 6 minutes, irreversible brain damage can occur
hypoxia
is the condition of having deficient oxygen levels in the body’s tissues and organs; however, it is less severe than anoxia. This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including head trauma, carbon monoxide poisoning, suffocation, and high altitudes. Compare with hypoxemia
Altitude hypoxia
also known as altitude sickness, is a condition that can be brought on by the decreased oxygen in the air at higher altitudes, usually above 8,000 feet
asphyxia
is the loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to functions. Asphyxia can be caused by chocking, suffocation, drowning, or inhaling gases such as carbon monoxide
asphyxiation
is a state of asphyxia or suffocation. in this life-threatening condition, oxygen levels in the blood drop quickly, carbon dioxide levels rise, and unless the patient’s breathing is restored within a few minutes, death or serious brain damage follows
cyanosis
is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood
hypercapnia
is the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
hypoxemia
is the condition of having low oxygen levels in the blood, usually due to respiratory disorders or heart conditions. compare with hypoxia
Respiratory failure (RF)
also known as respiratory acidosis, is a condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low (hypoxemia) or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high (hypercapnia). It is a medical emergency that can result from a chronic condition or develop suddenly
smoke inhalation
is damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
is the sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 2 and 6 months. Although the cause of SIDS is still unknown, the “Safe to Sleep” (formerly “Back to Sleep”) campaign recommending that infants sleep on their back instead of facedown with no blankets, pillows, or toys in the crib has significantly reduced the incidence of SIDS
respiratory rate
which is an important vital sign, is a count of the number of breaths (one inhalation and one exhalation) per minute
Respiratory sounds
such as rales, rhonchi, and stridor provide information about the condition of the lungs and pleura.
bronchoscopy
is the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope.
A bronchoscope
is a flexible, fiberoptic device that is passed through the nose or mouth and down the airways. It can also be used for operative procedures, such as tissue repair or the removal of a foreign object
chest x-ray
also known as chest imaging, is a valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung cancer, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis, and emphysema
laryngoscopy
is the visual examination of the larynx and vocal cords using a flexible or rigid laryngoscope inserted through the mouth.
indirect laryngoscopy
is a simpler version of this test in which the larynx is viewed by shining a light on an angled mirror held at the back of the soft palate
peak flow meater
is an inexpensive handheld device used to let patients with asthma measure air flowing out of the lungs, revealing any narrowing of the airways i advance of an asthma attack
polysomnography
also known as a sleep study, measures physiological activity during sleep and is often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
are a group of tests that measure volume and flow of air by using a spirometer. These tests are measured against a norm for the individual’s age, height, and sex
spirometer
is a recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled (volume) and the length of time required for each breath
incentive spirometer
is used to help patients who have recently had surgery keep their lungs healthy during recovery
pulse oximeter
is an external monitor placed on the patient’s fingertip or earlobe to measure the oxygen level in the blood. This is a noninvasive method of assessing basic respiratory function
sputum cytology
is a procedure in which a sample of mucus is coughed up from the lungs and then examined under a microscope to detect cancer cells
sputum
is phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes
phlegm
is thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages
The two kinds of tests to detect tuberculosis infection
tuberculin skin testing and blood tests
Tuberculin skin testing
also known as Mantoux PPD Skin test, is screening test for tuberculosis in which a very small amount of PPD tuberculin (a purified protein derivative) is injected just under the top layer of the skin on the forearm. The site is checked for a reaction 48-72 hours later.
-A positive result from either a skin or blood test indicates the possibility of exposure to the disease, and this response warrants further testing such as a chest x-ray and sputum cytology
antitussive
commonly known as cough medicine, is administered to prevent or relieve coughing
tuss
cough
-ive
performs
bronchodilator
is an inhaled medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs. Patients with asthma use short-acting bronchodilators as needed as rescue medications, while long-acting bronchodilators are used every day to control the condition
metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
administers a specific amount of a medication such as bronchodilator in aerosol form. A gas propellant mixes with the medicine to push it into the lungs
nebulizer
is an electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a mist, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouthpiece.
Most people with asthma take two kinds of medicine:
controller medicines
Quick-relief, or rescue medicines
controller medicines
such as inhaled corticosteroids, are long-acting medications taken daily to prevent attacks. These medications help control inflammation and stop the airways from reacting to the factors that trigger the asthma
quick-relief, or rescue medicines
are taken at the first sign of an attack to dilate the airways and make breathing easier. Corticosteroids may also be given intravenously during a severe attack
endotracheal intubation (ETT)
is the passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway, especially when a patient is on a ventilator.
Intubation
is the insertion of a tube, usually for the passage of air or fluids
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
is a procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treating by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus
laryngectomy
is the surgical removal of the larynx
laryngotomy
is a surgical incision into the larynx, performed when the upper part of the airway is obstructed
Septoplasty
is the surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum
tracheostomy
is the surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea to insert a temporary or permanent tube to facilitate breathing. The term tracheostomy is used to refer to the surgical procedure and to the stoma itself.
stoma
means a surgically created opening on a body surface
tracheotomy
is a procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage
pneumonectomy
is the surgical removal of all or part of a lung
lobectomy
is the surgical removal of a lobe of an organ, usually the lung, brain, or liver
wedge resection
is a surgery in which as small wedge-shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed, along with a margin of healthy tissue around the cancer
thoracentesis
is the surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity. This procedure is performed to remove liquid (pleural effusion) or air (pneumothorax) from the pleural cavity
thoracotomy
is a surgical incision into the chest walls to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment. A thoracotomy is used to gain access to the lungs, heart, esophagus, diaphragm, and other organs
video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)
is the use of a thoracoscope to view the inside of the pleural cavity through very small incisions.
thoracoscope
is a specialized endosscope used for treating the thorax. This procedure is used to remove small sections of cancerous tissue and to obtain biopsy specimens to diagnose certain types of pneumonia, infections, or tumors of the chest wall. It is also used to treat repeatedly collapsing lungs
Treatments for cystic fibrosis include:
pancreatic enzymes
chest percussion
pancreatic enzymes
to aid the digestive system as well as bronchodilators to keep airways open
chest percussion
which is a therapeutic technique to remove excess mucus from the lungs. This is often performed with the patient positioned at an angle to allow gravity to help drain the secretions
diaphragmatic breathing
also known as abdominal breathing, is a relaxation technique used to relieve anxiety
CPAP Machine
(continuous positive airway pressure) is a noninvasive ventilation device used in the treatment of sleep apnea. A face mask is connected to a pump that creates constant air pressure in the nasal passages, holding the airway open. Although this does not cure sleep apnea, it does reduce snoring and prevents dangerous apnea disturbances
BiPAP maachine
(bilevel positive airway pressure) is like a CPAP machine; however, it can be set at a higher pressure for inhaling and a lower pressure for exhaling. It is used for sleep apnea in patients with neuromuscular diseases or those who find the CPAP machine uncomfortable
Ambu bag or bag valve mask (BMV)
is an emergency resuscitator used to assist ventilation. A flexible air chamber is squeezed to force air through a face mask into the lungs of the patient, a process referred to as “bagging”
ventilator
is a mechanical device for artificial respiration that is used to replace or supplement the patient’s natural breathing function. The ventilator forces air into the lungs; exhalation takes place passively as the lungs contract
supplemental oxygen
is administered when the patient is unable to maintain an adequate oxygen saturation level in the blood from breathing normal air. Oxygen is administered by using a compressor either flowing into a hood or tent or delivered directly to the patient using one of the following:
-Nasal cannula
-rebreather mask
-non-rebreather mask
nasal cannula
a small tube that divides into two nasal prongs
rebreather mask
allows the exhaled breath to be partially reused, delivering up to 60% oxygen
non-rebreather mask
allows higher levels of oxygen to be added to the air taken in by the patient
hyperbaric oxygen therapy
involves breathing pure oxygen in a special chamber that allows air pressure to be raised up to three times higher than normal. The lungs and the bloodstream are thus able to absorb more oxygen, which is delivered throughout the body to promote healing and fight infection
eu-
good, normal
-dynia
pain
-ia
abnormal condition
-metry
to measure
-pnea
breathing
-ptysis
spitting up, coughing up
-rrhagia
bleeding
latent
describes a condition that is present but not active or causing symptoms
visceral
relating to the soft internal organs of the body, including the lungs, the heart, and the organs of the digestive, urinary, reproductive, and circulatory systems
CXR
chest x-ray
LLL
Left Lower lobe (of lung)
LUL
lower upper lobe (of lung)
NG tube
nasogastric tube
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
PFT
pulmonary function test
PNA
pneumonia
RLL
Right lower lobe (of lung)
RUL
right upper lobe (of lung)
URI
upper respiratory infection
Lung cancer
is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States for both men and women. It claims more lives each year than colon, prostate, ovarian, and breast cancer combined. Cigarette smoking is estimated to cause 80-85 percent of lung cancer.
Common symptoms of lung cancer:
-cough
-wheezing
-SOB
-hempotysis (blood-tinged sputum)
-chest pain
-voice hoarseness
Two main categories of lung cancer
small cell lung cancer
non-small cell lung cancer
small cell lung cancer
is found in 10-15 percent of patients
non-small cell lung cancer
includes most other types of lung cancer and is found in the remaining 85-90 percent of patients. There are subcategories of non-small cell lung cancer, the most common of which are adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma
difference between small cell and non-small cell cancers
small cell cancers grow and metastasize differently. Small cell cancer tends to be more aggressive and can spread quickly. Small and non-small cancers have different treatment regimens for surgery, radiation and chemo
mesothelioma
is a tumor of the tissue that lines the pleura. It is a disease of people who worked at jobs where they inhaled asbestos particles. It can be benign or malignant. Treatment of malignant mesothelioma can involve surgery, radiation, and/or chemo
pneumoconiosis or black lung disease
is caused by inhaling coal dust and is common in coal miners. It causes inflammation and scarring of the lungs
Silicosis
caused by breathing in silica dust. This is a dust found in sandblasting operations and glass manufacturing facilities. IT causes scarring of the lungs and increases the risk for other lung diseases
asbestosis
this condition is caused when a person breathes in tiny asbestos fibers. Over time, this leads to scarring of the lungs and stiff lung tissue. It’s often linked with construction and shipyard work. Patients have a high risk of developing mesothelioma
