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Chapter 1: Medical Terms > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Gametic Cell Mutation

A

Changing within the genes in a gamete (sex cell) that can be transmitted by a parent to his or her children

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2
Q

Somatic Cell Mutation

A

is a change within the cells the of body these changes affect the individual but cannot be transmitted to the next generation

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3
Q

Genetic mutation

A

Changing of the sequence of a DNA molecule. Potential causes of genetic mutation include exposure to radiation or environmental pollution

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4
Q

Double Helix

A

Consists of two of the helix strands twisted together

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5
Q

Helix

A

Shape twisted like a spiral staircase

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6
Q

Gamete

A

(Sperm or egg) also known as sex cells, is the only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes

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7
Q

Aden-

A

Gland

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8
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands. These hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream & then are transported to organs & structures throughout the body

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9
Q

-crine

A

means to secrete

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10
Q

Exo-

A

means out of

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11
Q

Secretion

A

is the substance produced by a gland. There are two major types of glands: Exocrine glands & Endocrine glands

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12
Q

Gland

A

Specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions

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13
Q

Hypertrophy

A

a general increase in the bulk production of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues. This enlargement is not due to a tumor formation

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14
Q

Hyperplasia

A

The enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues

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15
Q

Dysplasia

A

The abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues or organs

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16
Q

Anaplasia

A

Is a change in the structure of cells & in their orientation to each other. This abnormal cell development is characteristic of tumor formation in cancers

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17
Q

Hypoplasia

A

The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells

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18
Q

Aplasia

A

Is the deflective development, or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue

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19
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

Contains cells with specialized ability to react to stimuli & to conduct electrical impulses

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20
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli & conduct electrical impluses

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21
Q

Liquid Connective Tissues

A

Which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients & waste products throughout the body

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22
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Surrounds various organs & supports both nerve cells & blood vessels

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23
Q

Adip-

A

Fat

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24
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

also known as fat, provides productive padding, insulation & support

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25
Q

Dense connective tissues

A

such as bone & cartilage, form these joints & framework of the body

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26
Q

4 Kinds of Connective Tissue

A

Dense Connective Tissue, Adipose Tissue, Loose Connective Tissue, Liquid Connective Tissue

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27
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Support & connect organs and other body tissues, there are 4 kinds of connective tissue

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28
Q

Endothelium

A

is the specialized epithelial tissue that lines that blood & lymph vessels, body & lymph vessels, body cavities, glands & organs

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29
Q

Epithelium

A

the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin & the surface layer of mucous membranes

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30
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Forms a protective covering for all of the internal & external surface of the body. These tissues also form glands

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31
Q

The four main types of tissue are as follows:

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle Tissue
  4. Nerve Tissue
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32
Q

Hist

A

tissue

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33
Q

Histology

A

is the microscopic study of the structure, composition & function of tissue

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34
Q

Adenosis

A

is any disease or condition of any glad

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35
Q

Adenomalacia

A

is the abnormal softening of a gland

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36
Q

Adenoma

A

is a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue

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37
Q

Benign

A

non-life threatening

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38
Q

Malignant

A

Means harmful, capable of spreading, & potentially life threatening

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39
Q

Carcin-

A

Cancerous

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40
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue

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41
Q

Adenitis

A

is the inflammation of a gland

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42
Q

Adenoids

A

refer to a mass of glad-life lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx

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43
Q

Dem/i-

A

Population
think demigraphic

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44
Q

Vector-borne transmission

A

The spread of certain disease due to the vector
Vector - insects, animals, fleas, ticks, rats, mites

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45
Q

Food-Borne & Waterborne transmission

A

Also known as fecal-oral transmission is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present

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46
Q

Airborne Transmission

A

occurs through contact with germs floating in the air. When someone coughs or sneezes, certain pathogens can remain airborne for a long time, infecting someone or even after the sick person is gone
Ex: Measles, chicken Pox, Tuberculosis

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47
Q

Droplet Transmission

A

the spread of disease such as measles, cold & flu through large respiratory droplets sprayed by cough or sneezing onto a nearby person or object

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48
Q

Bloodborne Transmission

A

Is the spread of disease through contact with infected blood or other body fluids that are contaminated by infected blood
Ex: HIV, HEP B and most STDs

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49
Q

Functional disorder

A

produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified
Ex: Panic attacks

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50
Q

Pandemic

A

Outbreak of disease occurirng over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide.
Ex: AIDS, Covid

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51
Q

Stem Cells

A

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long period of time by cell division.
Under certain conditions, stem cells can be transformed into cells with special functions (i.e. cells of the heart that can make the heartbeat or cells that make insulin for the pancreas)

52
Q

Nucleus

A

surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within a cell. It has two important functions: controls the activities of the cell and helps it divide

53
Q

-plasm

A

formative material of cells

54
Q

cytoplasm

A

the material that is within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

55
Q

cell membrane

A

tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment

56
Q

cytologist

A

specialist in the study and analysis of the cells

57
Q

cyt-

A

means cell

58
Q

cytology

A

the study of the anatomy, physiology, chemistry and pathology of a cell

59
Q

cells

A

basic structural and functional units of the body
Cells are specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs

60
Q

The complex structures of the body from the smallest to the largest

A

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Body Systems
These complete the body and enable it to function properly

61
Q

Anatomic Reference Systems

A

terms used to describe the location of body planes, directs and cavities

62
Q

-stasis

A

control

63
Q

home/o-

A

constant

64
Q

Homeostasis

A

Processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

65
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

Located on the front side of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis.
This is divided into 3 portions:
Thoratic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity

66
Q

Spinal Cavity

A

Located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord

67
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain

68
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

Located on the backside of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into 2 sections:
The Cranial Cavity
The Spinal Cavity

69
Q

Two major body cavities

A

Dorsal (back)
Ventral (front)

70
Q

Lateral

A

direction toward or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline

71
Q

Medial

A

The direction towards or nearer, the midline

72
Q

Distal

A

means situated farther from the midline or beginning of a body structure

73
Q

Proximal

A

situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

74
Q

Caydal

A

toward the lower part of the body

75
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

76
Q

cephalic

A

toward the head

77
Q

structures of the body

A

the cells, tissues, and glands that form the body systems that work together to enable the body to function properly

78
Q

genetics

A

The genetic components that transfer characteristics from parents to their child

79
Q

Tissues

A

A group of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions

80
Q

Glands

A

a group of specialized cells that is capable of producing seretions

81
Q

Body systems and related organs

A

organs are somewhat independent parts of the body that perform specific functions. Organs with related functions are organized into body systems

82
Q

Pathology

A

The study of the native and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function

83
Q

aden/o-

A

gland

84
Q

abip/o-

A

fat

85
Q

anter/o

A

before front

86
Q

caud/o-

A

lower part of the body, tail

87
Q

posterior

A

means situated in the back
also the back part of an organ

88
Q

Anterior

A

Situated in the front

89
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

The cavity within the abdomen, the space between the abdominal wall and the spine. The abdominal cavity contains a number of crucial organs including the lower part of the esophagus, the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and bladder.

90
Q

Dorsal

A

refers to the back of the organ or body

91
Q

venr-

A

belly side of the body

92
Q

ventral

A

refers to the front, or belly side of the organ or body.
Ventral is the opposite of dorsal

93
Q

Transverse Plane

A

horizontal plane that divides the body into Superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

94
Q

Frontal Plane

A

a Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Also known as the coronal plane, it is located at right angles to the sagittal plane

95
Q

mid sagittal plane

A

aka the midline is the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves

96
Q

sagittal plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

97
Q

vertical plane

A

an up and down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon

98
Q

Body Planes

A

imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes

99
Q

anatomic position

A

The body standing in a standard position. This includes:
- the body standing up straight so that the body is erect and facing forward
-holding the arms at the sides with the hands turned so the palms are facing toward the front

100
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the functions of the structures of the body
Physi= nature or physical

101
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structures of the body

102
Q

-stasis
-static

A

control, maintenance of a constant level

103
Q

poster/o-

A

behind, toward the back

104
Q

-plas/i-
-plas/o-
-plasia

A

development, growth, formation

105
Q

hist/o-

A

tissue

106
Q

exo-

A

out of, outside, away from

107
Q

end-
endo-

A

in, within, inside

108
Q

cyt/o-
cyte-

A

cell

109
Q

cephal/o-

A

head

110
Q

inferior

A

means lower-most, below or toward the feet

111
Q

superior

A

upper-most, above or toward the head

112
Q

-ior

A

pertaining to

113
Q

poster

A

means back or toward the back

114
Q

lumbar

A

describes the part of the back between the ribs and pelvis

115
Q

-ar

A

pertaining to

116
Q

lumb-

A

lower back

117
Q

right and left lumbar regions

A

located near the inward curve of the spine (on either right or left side)

118
Q

epi-

A

above

119
Q

epigastric region

A

above the stomach

120
Q

regions of the thorax and abdomen

A

divides the abdomen and lower portion into 9 parts
1. right & left hypochondriac regions
2. epigastric region
3. right and left lumbar regions
4. umbilical region
5. right and left iliac regions
6. hypogastric region

121
Q

right and left hypochondriac regions

A

covered by the lower ribs

122
Q

grion

A

crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh

123
Q

ingunial

A

relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen. This includes the groin

124
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

refers to the abdominal and pelvic cavities as a single unit

125
Q

pelvic cavity

A

space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive excretory systems

126
Q
A

Chapter 1: Medical Terms (17 decks)

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