Chapter 2 Flashcards
Gametic Cell Mutation
Changing within the genes in a gamete (sex cell) that can be transmitted by a parent to his or her children
Somatic Cell Mutation
is a change within the cells the of body these changes affect the individual but cannot be transmitted to the next generation
Genetic mutation
Changing of the sequence of a DNA molecule. Potential causes of genetic mutation include exposure to radiation or environmental pollution
Double Helix
Consists of two of the helix strands twisted together
Helix
Shape twisted like a spiral staircase
Gamete
(Sperm or egg) also known as sex cells, is the only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes
Aden-
Gland
Exocrine Glands
Secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands. These hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream & then are transported to organs & structures throughout the body
-crine
means to secrete
Exo-
means out of
Secretion
is the substance produced by a gland. There are two major types of glands: Exocrine glands & Endocrine glands
Gland
Specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
Hypertrophy
a general increase in the bulk production of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues. This enlargement is not due to a tumor formation
Hyperplasia
The enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
Dysplasia
The abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues or organs
Anaplasia
Is a change in the structure of cells & in their orientation to each other. This abnormal cell development is characteristic of tumor formation in cancers
Hypoplasia
The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
Aplasia
Is the deflective development, or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue
Nerve Tissue
Contains cells with specialized ability to react to stimuli & to conduct electrical impulses
Muscle Tissue
Contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli & conduct electrical impluses
Liquid Connective Tissues
Which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients & waste products throughout the body
Loose Connective Tissue
Surrounds various organs & supports both nerve cells & blood vessels
Adip-
Fat
Adipose Tissue
also known as fat, provides productive padding, insulation & support
Dense connective tissues
such as bone & cartilage, form these joints & framework of the body
4 Kinds of Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue, Adipose Tissue, Loose Connective Tissue, Liquid Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue
Support & connect organs and other body tissues, there are 4 kinds of connective tissue
Endothelium
is the specialized epithelial tissue that lines that blood & lymph vessels, body & lymph vessels, body cavities, glands & organs
Epithelium
the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin & the surface layer of mucous membranes
Epithelial tissue
Forms a protective covering for all of the internal & external surface of the body. These tissues also form glands
The four main types of tissue are as follows:
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Nerve Tissue
Hist
tissue
Histology
is the microscopic study of the structure, composition & function of tissue
Adenosis
is any disease or condition of any glad
Adenomalacia
is the abnormal softening of a gland
Adenoma
is a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue
Benign
non-life threatening
Malignant
Means harmful, capable of spreading, & potentially life threatening
Carcin-
Cancerous
Adenocarcinoma
Malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue
Adenitis
is the inflammation of a gland
Adenoids
refer to a mass of glad-life lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx
Dem/i-
Population
think demigraphic
Vector-borne transmission
The spread of certain disease due to the vector
Vector - insects, animals, fleas, ticks, rats, mites
Food-Borne & Waterborne transmission
Also known as fecal-oral transmission is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present
Airborne Transmission
occurs through contact with germs floating in the air. When someone coughs or sneezes, certain pathogens can remain airborne for a long time, infecting someone or even after the sick person is gone
Ex: Measles, chicken Pox, Tuberculosis
Droplet Transmission
the spread of disease such as measles, cold & flu through large respiratory droplets sprayed by cough or sneezing onto a nearby person or object
Bloodborne Transmission
Is the spread of disease through contact with infected blood or other body fluids that are contaminated by infected blood
Ex: HIV, HEP B and most STDs
Functional disorder
produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified
Ex: Panic attacks
Pandemic
Outbreak of disease occurirng over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide.
Ex: AIDS, Covid
Stem Cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long period of time by cell division.
Under certain conditions, stem cells can be transformed into cells with special functions (i.e. cells of the heart that can make the heartbeat or cells that make insulin for the pancreas)
Nucleus
surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within a cell. It has two important functions: controls the activities of the cell and helps it divide
-plasm
formative material of cells
cytoplasm
the material that is within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
cell membrane
tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment
cytologist
specialist in the study and analysis of the cells
cyt-
means cell
cytology
the study of the anatomy, physiology, chemistry and pathology of a cell
cells
basic structural and functional units of the body
Cells are specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs
The complex structures of the body from the smallest to the largest
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Body Systems
These complete the body and enable it to function properly
Anatomic Reference Systems
terms used to describe the location of body planes, directs and cavities
-stasis
control
home/o-
constant
Homeostasis
Processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
Ventral Cavity
Located on the front side of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis.
This is divided into 3 portions:
Thoratic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
Spinal Cavity
Located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord
Cranial Cavity
Located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
Dorsal Cavity
Located on the backside of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into 2 sections:
The Cranial Cavity
The Spinal Cavity
Two major body cavities
Dorsal (back)
Ventral (front)
Lateral
direction toward or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline
Medial
The direction towards or nearer, the midline
Distal
means situated farther from the midline or beginning of a body structure
Proximal
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
Caydal
toward the lower part of the body
-ic
pertaining to
cephalic
toward the head
structures of the body
the cells, tissues, and glands that form the body systems that work together to enable the body to function properly
genetics
The genetic components that transfer characteristics from parents to their child
Tissues
A group of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions
Glands
a group of specialized cells that is capable of producing seretions
Body systems and related organs
organs are somewhat independent parts of the body that perform specific functions. Organs with related functions are organized into body systems
Pathology
The study of the native and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function
aden/o-
gland
abip/o-
fat
anter/o
before front
caud/o-
lower part of the body, tail
posterior
means situated in the back
also the back part of an organ
Anterior
Situated in the front
Abdominal Cavity
The cavity within the abdomen, the space between the abdominal wall and the spine. The abdominal cavity contains a number of crucial organs including the lower part of the esophagus, the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and bladder.
Dorsal
refers to the back of the organ or body
venr-
belly side of the body
ventral
refers to the front, or belly side of the organ or body.
Ventral is the opposite of dorsal
Transverse Plane
horizontal plane that divides the body into Superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
Frontal Plane
a Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Also known as the coronal plane, it is located at right angles to the sagittal plane
mid sagittal plane
aka the midline is the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
vertical plane
an up and down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon
Body Planes
imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes
anatomic position
The body standing in a standard position. This includes:
- the body standing up straight so that the body is erect and facing forward
-holding the arms at the sides with the hands turned so the palms are facing toward the front
Physiology
The study of the functions of the structures of the body
Physi= nature or physical
Anatomy
The study of the structures of the body
-stasis
-static
control, maintenance of a constant level
poster/o-
behind, toward the back
-plas/i-
-plas/o-
-plasia
development, growth, formation
hist/o-
tissue
exo-
out of, outside, away from
end-
endo-
in, within, inside
cyt/o-
cyte-
cell
cephal/o-
head
inferior
means lower-most, below or toward the feet
superior
upper-most, above or toward the head
-ior
pertaining to
poster
means back or toward the back
lumbar
describes the part of the back between the ribs and pelvis
-ar
pertaining to
lumb-
lower back
right and left lumbar regions
located near the inward curve of the spine (on either right or left side)
epi-
above
epigastric region
above the stomach
regions of the thorax and abdomen
divides the abdomen and lower portion into 9 parts
1. right & left hypochondriac regions
2. epigastric region
3. right and left lumbar regions
4. umbilical region
5. right and left iliac regions
6. hypogastric region
right and left hypochondriac regions
covered by the lower ribs
grion
crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh
ingunial
relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen. This includes the groin
abdominopelvic cavity
refers to the abdominal and pelvic cavities as a single unit
pelvic cavity
space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive excretory systems
