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Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the structures of the urinary system?

A

kidney
ureters
bladder
urethra

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2
Q

wht is the function of the kidney (renal pelvis)?

A

where urine is drained into

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3
Q

what is the function of ureters?

A

carry urine to urinary bladder

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4
Q

what is the function of bladder?

A

stores urine

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5
Q

what is the function of the urethra?

A

tube between bladder and external environment

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6
Q

what is the function of kidneys?

A

filtration (blood)
reabsorption
secretion
HOMEOSTASIS

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7
Q

what percentage of the bodys cardiac output is for the kidneys?

A

25%

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8
Q

whta is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

the nephron

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9
Q

how much plasma does the kidney process every day?

A

180L

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10
Q

what are the substances that are filtered and reabsorbed in the kidney?

A

water
sodium chloride
glucose
hydrogen ions
urea
toxic substances

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11
Q

what are the substances present in urine?

A

urea
ureic acid
creatinine
k+
toxic substances

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12
Q

what is the structure of the kidney (outside-in)?

A

renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pyramid
renal pelvis
ureter

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13
Q

what is the path of blood through the kidney?

A

renal artery
segmental artery
interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries
interlobular arteries
afferent arterioles
nephron
efferent arterioles
arcuate veins
interlobar veins
renal vein

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14
Q

what are the two functional units of the nephron?

A

vascular (blood)
tubular (filtered out)

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15
Q

what parts of the nephron are in the renal cortex?

A

bowmans capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convulated tubule

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16
Q

what parts of the nephron are in the medulla?

A

loop of henle
collecting ducts

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17
Q

what are some characteristics about the renal cortex?

A

outer region of kidney
granular

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18
Q

what are some of the characteristucs of the renal medulla?

A

inner region of kidney
made up of triangles (renal pyramids)

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19
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

a ball of capillaries
responsible for filtration

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20
Q

what is the bowmans capsule?

A

encloses glomerulus
in cortex
where filtration occurs

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21
Q

what is the proximal convulated tubule?

A

in cortex
responsible for most reabsorption and secretion

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22
Q

what is the loop of henle?

A

responsible for osotic gradient in medulla

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23
Q

what is the distal convoluted tubule?

A

in cortex
fine tuning of solute/water reabsorption

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24
Q

what is the collecting tubules/ducts?

A

in cortex/medulla
fine tuning of urine concentration

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25
where are podocytes found?
in epithelium of bowmans capsule and surrounding capillaries
26
what are juxtaglomerular cells responsible for?
releasing hormones (renin) that control how much water is reabsorbed (fine tuning)
27
what are the characteristics of the barrier separating the blood and the interstitial fluid?
capillary wall thin vaiable barrier to h2o movement little barrier to solute movement (except protein)
28
what are the characteristics of the barrier seperating the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid (plasma and interstitial fluid)?
cell membrae very thin little barrier to h2o movement barrier to solute movement
29
what is the link between h2o and solutes in the body?
water is regulated through solute regulation most important solute is Na+ (which is moved via a Na-pump, molecular mechanism, energy consuming, 'up' concentration gradient) there is no equivalent molecular h2o pump (h2o only ever moves via osmotic and hydrostatic forces, ie pumping of heart or osmotic effects)
30
what is the name of the ball of capillaries?
glomerulus
31
what is the name of the tubular structure that surrounds the glomerulus?
bowmans capsule
32
what is the name of the arteriole that takes blood to the glomerulus?
afferent arteriole
33
what is the name of the arteriole that takes blood away from the glomerulus?
efferent arteriole
34
what is hypertonic urine?
greater conc of solutes than another
35
what is hypotonic urine?
lower conc of solutes than another
36
what are the three implications of renal function?
need to maintain solute/ h2o balance in body filtration into nephrons reabsorption back into peritubular capillaries
37
what are the function that lead to excretion in the renal process (equation)?
excreted= filtered+secreted-reabsorbed
38
how is urine formed?
filtration active transport osmosis
39
where does filtration happen?
passive ultrafiltration at bowmans capsule
40
where does active transport happen?
energy driven retrival of valuble substances along nephron
41
where does osmosis happen?
mainly in loop PCT+ collecting duct
42
what is filtration in the renal process?
mass movement of water and solutes from plasma to the renal tubule depends on glomerular capillary pressure
43
what is reabsorption in the renal process?
movement of water and solutes from the tubule back into the plasma
44
what is secretion in the renal process?
secretion of additional substances into the tubular fluid
45
what is contained within the renal corpuscle?
combination of glomerulus and bowman capsule
46
what are the filtration barriers in the renal corpuscle?
glomerular capillary basement membrane basal lamina/membrane bowmans capsule epithelia (podocytes)
47
what is hematuria?
red blood cells in urine sign of damge to barrier maybe from outside or inside kidney
48
what could damage the barrier of the outside of the kidney?
kidney stones tumors UTI
49
what could damage the barriers of the inside of the kidney?
inflammation og glomeruli infarct-necrosis of kidney
50
what is proteinuria?
protein in urine
51
why is the protein, albumin, found in the urine of healthy people?
<7nm can pass through the barriers
52
what is the process of reabsorption in the PCT?
* Reabsorption of most solutes is linked to the diffusion of Na + * Carrier molecules for other molecules that co-transported * Each of these carrier molecules binds specifically to that substances to be transported and to Na+ * Move with Na + into tubule cell * As solutes are transported out of the lumen, through the proximal convoluted tubule cells, and into the interstitial fluid, water follows by osmosis. * volume has been reduced by approximately 65%.
53
where are juxtamedullary nephrons in the kidney?
hypertonic medulla
54
what is the vasa recta?
counter current long peritubular capillaries that dip into the medulla blood flow in the vasa recta moves in the opposite direction from filtrate in the loops of henle
55
what are the characteristics of the loop of henle?
further reabsorption of NaCl and h2o by countercurrent multiplier descending loop asceding loop
56
what does the descending loop do?
permeable to water filtrate becomes more concentrated as it loses water
57
what does the ascending loop do?
impermeable to water actively transports Na+ into interstitial space followed by Cl multiply the concentrations of Na+ eep in the medulla
58
what removes the water leaving the loop of henle?
blood in the vasa recta
59
what are the relations of the bladder in the male?
Anterior: * pubic symphysis Posterior: * rectum * ductus deferens * seminal vesicles Superior: * peritoneum * intestines Inferior: * prostate gland
60
what are the realtions of the bladder in the female?
Anterior: * pubic symphysis Posterior: * vagina Superior: * uterus Inferior & lateral: * muscles of the pelvic floor & sidewall
61
what are the characteristics of the ureters?
* Tubes carry urine from each kidney to bladder * 25–30 cm long & ~3-4 mm in diameter * Pass urine by peristaltic waves (smooth muscle) * Enter the back of bladder * Urine backflow - prevented by ureterovesical valves
62
what is the structure of the bladder?
hollow smooth muscle organ bladder can be divided into two parts: 1) body (lying above ureteral orifices) 2) base (consisting of trigone and bladder neck)
63
what are the characteristics of the urinary baldder?
* The only involuntary organ in the body under voluntary control * All humans are incontinent at birth * Activation of numerous neurologic reflexes are learned in early life to control the bladder * 35+ reflexes coordinate activities of bladder smooth muscle, plus striated & smooth muscle of the urethra
64
what are the two phases that the bladder switches between for the micturition reflex?
storage phase (as the bladder fills pressure stays low) voiding phase (voluntary signals relax external sphincter, autonomic contraction of detrusor muscle)
65
what are the steps in the micturition reflex?
bladder fills sensory nerve endings detect detrusor muscle stretch neuronal input to dorsal spinal cord periaqueductal grey matter cortex frontal lobe (social appropriateness) switch medial pontine micturition centre motor nerves ventral spinal cord detrusor muscle contracts external sphincter relaxes
66
what is the pudendal nerve?
voluntary constriction of external sphincter to prevent micturition
67
what does the sympathetic NS do to the bladder?
relaxes destrusor muscle and constricts internal sphincter
68
what does the parasympathetic NS do to the bladder?
contracts detrusor muscle and relaxes internal sphincter
69
what does the somatic NS do to the bladder?
voluntary constriction of external sphincter to prevent micturition
70
what is the process of filtration in the bowmans capsule?
1) glomerular capillary pressure, the blood pressure within the glomerulus, moves fluid from the blood into the capsule 2) capsular pressure, the pressure inside the bowmans capsule, moves fluid from the capsule into the blood 3)colloid osmotic pressure, produced by the concentration of blood proteins, moves fluid from the bowmans capsule into the blood by osmosis 4)filtration pressure is equal to the glomerular capillary pressure minus the capsular and colloid osmotic pressures
71
what is the vasa recta?
capillaries that dip into the medulla helping to remove water leavig the loop of henle

PMP 101 (28 decks)

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