The Immune System

Question 1

What is the immune system?

Answer 1

The ability to resist damage from pathogens, toxins and internal threats

Question 2

What are the two types of the immune response?

Answer 2

Nonspecific innate immunity
Specific acquired immunity

Question 3

What is the immunogens functions?

Answer 3

The trigger of the body’s immune system

Question 4

What does the nonspecific innate immunity mean?

Answer 4

The body will respond no matter what is the cause

Question 5

What does specific acquires immunity mean?

Answer 5

Improves each time it meets an invading pathogen

Question 6

What is the lymphatic system?

Answer 6

System of vessels, cells and grand that carries excess fluids to the bloodstream and filters pathogens form the blood

Question 7

What is lymph?

Answer 7

Lymph is the interstitial fluid once it has entered the lymphatic system

Question 8

What are the function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 8

Fluid balance
Lipid absorption
Defence against pathogens

Question 9

Where does the lymphatic system lead to?

Answer 9

The neck where the fluid is drained to the bloodstream through ducts

Question 10

In what direction does the fluid move in the bloodstream?

Answer 10

One direction through the valves (not circulating)

Question 11

What are the lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine called?

Answer 11

Lacteals

Question 12

What are the stages of organisation for the drainage into the neck?

Answer 12

Lymphatic capillaries form vessels which form trunks which form 2 ducts

Question 13

Where does the right duct drain?

Answer 13

Into the top right side of the body

Question 14

Where does the left duct drain to?

Answer 14

Everywhere in the body except for the top right side of the body

Question 15

Why is one of the lymphatic organs the tonsils?

Answer 15

Because this is where the protective ring of lymphatic tissue is around the nasal and oral cavities as these receive many pathogens

Question 16

Where are the lymph nodes?

Answer 16

Along the lymph vessels

Question 17

What is activated when lymph flows through nodes?

Answer 17

The lymphocytes are activated to divide and remove pathogens using macrophages

Question 18

What does the lymphatic organ, the spleen do?

Answer 18

Filters blood

Question 19

What happens in the white pulp in the spleen?

Answer 19

Lymphatic tissue surrounded the arteries and can stimulate to divide

Question 20

What happens in the red pulp in the spleen?

Answer 20

Where the macrophages and rbc’s remove foreign substances and worn out rbc’s through phagocytosis

Question 21

When does the lymphatic organ, the thymus begin to degrade?

Answer 21

Around 20 years old

Question 22

What pushes the fluid to the neck?

Answer 22

Muscle contraction

Question 23

What are the key cells of the immune system?

Answer 23

Leukocytes

Question 24

What are the six types of leukocytes?

Answer 24

Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Dendritic cells

Question 25

What are the physical barriers of the immune system?

Answer 25

Skin Mouth Stomach Mucosal epithelia Fluid that are washed from the body

Question 26

What do chemical mediators produce?

Answer 26

The immune response

Question 27

What happens when complement chemical mediators are activated?

Answer 27

A series of reactions happen where each complement protein activated the next

Question 28

What do complement chemical mediators act as and why?

Answer 28

Act as chemotactic agents to attract phagocytise cells to the site of inflammation

Question 29

What are the three types of chemical mediators aiming to activate?

Answer 29

C3

Question 30

What are cytokines chemical mediators?

Answer 30

Small signalling molecules released from cells to trigger immune response

Question 31

What are interferons chemical mediators used for?

Answer 31

To induce cells to produce viral nucleic acids and proteins from viruses and activate other immune cells

Question 32

What are the smaller chemical mediators?

Answer 32

Histamine Prostaglandins Leukotrienes

Question 33

What do the smaller chemical mediators cause?

Answer 33

Vasodilation Increase vascular permeability Stimulate phagocytosis

Question 34

What are the stages of phagocytosis cells?

Answer 34

Neutrophils act first then die Macrophages act in the later stages of infection

Question 35

What are the inflammatory cells?

Answer 35

Basophils Mast cells Eosinophils These are all wait for a response then degrade to release histamine in a tissue injury

Question 36

The inflammatory response leads to …

Answer 36

Vasodilation (increase blood flow) Vascular permeability (leakage of fluids into tissue which leads to swelling, more phagocytes and clotting factors) Recruitment of phagocytes in tissue (increases temperature to increase the activity of phagocytes)

Question 37

What is adaptive immune response?

Answer 37

Specific and has memory Responsible for antigens (substances that bind to receptors on lymphocytes)

Question 38

What are the two ways adaptive immunity is mediated?

Answer 38

Cell mediated (T cells) Antibody mediated (protein generated by plasma cells)

Question 39

What does adaptive immunity require?

Answer 39

Antigen recognition and Mhc molecules

Question 40

What are the two types of cells that lymphocyte proliferation uses?

Answer 40

Helper T cells B cells

Question 41

What are B cells?

Answer 41

Phagocytosis same antigen as helper T cell to stimulate B cells

Question 42

What do antibodies bind to?

Answer 42

Antigens and destroyed to make extracellular antigens

Question 43

What are the shape of proteins in antibody immunity?

Answer 43

Y shaped molecules Consisting of four polypeptide chains (two heavy, two light) Have a variable top where the antigen binds Also they are immunoglobulins

Question 44

What is primary response to antibody production?

Answer 44

When B cells undergoes several divisions after an exposure to antigen, that forms plasma cells and memory B cells that produce antibodies that produces disease symptoms

Question 45

What is the secondary response to antigen production?

Answer 45

Previously exposed to antigen where memory B cells divide quickly to form plasma cells and quickly produce antibodies and makes memory cells and is quicker to produce antibodies

Question 46

What are the different effect of antibodies?

Answer 46

Inactive antigen Activated complement cascade Initiates release of inflammatory mediators Facilitate phagocytosis Antibody dependant cellular activity

Question 47

What are the antibodies produced in allergic response?

Answer 47

IgE and IgG

Question 48

What do IgE antibodies do?

Answer 48

Immediately bind to mast cells and basophils

Question 49

IgG

Answer 49

Most abundant antibody Found in blood, lymph and intestines Protects against virus and bacteria

Question 50

IgA

Answer 50

Found mainly in sweat, tears saliva, mucus, milk and GI secretions Provides localised protection on mucous membranes against bacteria and viruses

Question 51

IgM

Answer 51

First antibody in class to be secreted by plasma cells after initial exposure to an antigen Found in blood, lymph and as antigen receptors on surface of b cells

Question 52

IgD

Answer 52

Found in blood, lymph and as antigen receptors on surface of B cells Involved in activation of B cells

Question 53

IgE

Answer 53

Found on mast cells and basophils Involves in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions and provides protection against parasitic worms

Question 54

What are antibodies produced from?

Answer 54

Plasma cells

Question 55

What are the WBC’s b lymphocytes and t lymphocytes known as?

Answer 55

Memory cells Keeps a record of every microbe it has ever defected

Question 56

What are the three types of immunity?

Answer 56

Innate Acquired Passive

Question 57

What is the function of macrophage?

Answer 57

They are found in tissues and secrete cytokines in response to infection

Question 58

where do b cells mature?

Answer 58

bone marrow

Question 59

where do t cells mature?

Answer 59

thymus