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Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three zones in the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

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2
Q

What happens at the zona glomerulosa?

A

Mineralocorticoids —> Aldosterone

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3
Q

What happens in the zona fasciculata?

A

Glucocorticoids- —> cortisol

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4
Q

What happens at the zona reticularis?

A

Androgens—> dehydroepiondrosterone

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5
Q

What cell is present in the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells

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6
Q

What happens in chromaffin cells?

A

Catecholanines—> adrenaline/ noradrenaline

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7
Q

What is aldosterone responsible for?

A

Sodium and water homeostasis
Sodium reabsorbtion

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8
Q

How are aldosterone hormones secreted?

A

Stimulates by increased plasma and RAAS system

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9
Q

What is the body’s reaction to more aldosterone?

A

Sodium reabsorption increases in the kidney
Water reabsorption is increased in the kidneys
Potassium excretion is increased in the urine

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10
Q

What disease is as a cause from aldosterone deficiency?

A

Hypoaldosteronism

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11
Q

What disease apis as a cause from an excess of aldosterone?

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conns syndrome)

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12
Q

What is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)?

A

Steroid hormone that regulates the development of male characteristics

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13
Q

How is androgen secreted?

A

Regulated by the level of ACTH

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14
Q

What happens when there is a deficiency of androgens?

A

Hypoandrosteronism (loss of muscle)

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15
Q

What happens when there is an excess of androgens?

A

Excess hair, masculation

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16
Q

What is cortisol?

A

Steroid hormones that regulates the glucose metabolism

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17
Q

How is cortisol secreted?

A

Regulates by the level of ACTH/ CRH

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18
Q

What happens when there is an excess of cortisol?

A

Cushing disease

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19
Q

What happens when there is a deficiency of cortisol?

A

Addisons disease

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20
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/ Argonne vasopressin(AVP) do?

A

Increase permeability and therefore reabsorption of water

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21
Q

How are ADH/AVP secreted?

A

Stimulated by hypovolaemia, hyperosmolarity and hypotension

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22
Q

What happens when there is a deficiency of ADH/AVP?

A

Diabeties insipidus
Polyceria
Polydipsia
Pituitary DI= inadequate release of ADH
Nephrotic DI= dysfunction of receptors in collecting duct

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23
Q

What happens when there is an excess of ADH/AVP?

A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
CNS pathologies, malignancy, CNS drugs
Retention of water in the body
Hyponaterimia

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24
Q

What enzymes are involved in insulin?

A

Pro convertase 1
Proconvertase 2
Carboxypeptidose 4

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25
What is the function of insulin?
Lowers blood glucose
26
What are the 5 differ t intercellular messenger systems?
Paracrine Autocrine Endocrine Neuroendocrine Neurotransmission
27
What is involved in paracrine messenger systems?
Secreting cells secrete to target cells in close contact
28
What is involved in autocrine messenger systems?
Secreting cells secreted chemicals are taken back by the secreting cells
29
What is involved in endocrine messenger systems?
Secreting cells secrete to blood vessels and it’s taken to target cell
30
What is involved in neuroendocrine messenger systems?
Nerve to target cell
31
What is involved in neuroteansmission messenger systems?
Nerve to nerve
32
How do hormones reach target cells?
Glands secrete hormones directly into blood stream Carried to target cells (away from endocrine gland)
33
What are the 4 different types of hormones?
Peptide hormones Steroidal hormones Tyrosine containing hormones Eicosanoids hormones
34
What is the chemical structure of peptide hormones?
Chains of amino acids
35
What is the synthesis of peptide hormones?
Like any protein synthesis
36
How are peptide hormones realeased?
Requires stimuli ( exocytosis)
37
How are peptide hormones transported?
Hydrophilic Freely circulating in blood No plasma protein bonding
38
What is the chemical structure of steroidal hormones?
Cholesterol as the base
39
How is the steroidal hormones synthesised?
Like any steroidal synthesis
40
How are steroidal hormones released?
Stimulus increases enzyme activation Simple diffusion across membrane
41
How are steroidal hormones transported?
Lipophilic Binds with plasma protein
42
What is the chemical structure of tyrosine containing hormones?
Tyrosine as the base
43
How are tyrosine containing hormones synthesised?
Tyrosine creates thyroxine and epinephrine separately
44
How are tyrosine containing hormones released?
Stimulus required Simple diffusion across membrane
45
How are tyrosine containing hormones transported?
Lipophilic Binds with plasma protein
46
What is the chemical structure of eicosanoids?
Polyunsaturated fatty acid derivatives
47
How are eicosanoids synthesised?
Precursor = arachidonic acid Enzymes= lipase dictates the production
48
How are eicosanoids released ?
Stimulus required Poorly diffuse through cell membrane
49
What does hyper-secretion show?
Tumour or immunological factors
50
What does hyposecretion show?
Genetic, immunological attack, destruction by disease, surgical removal
51
What is shown when there is an ectopic disorder?
ACTH producing tumour CRH low High ACTH
52
What is shown when there is a primary defect?
High trophic hormone Low hormone Problem in peripheral endocrine gland
53
What is shown when there is secondary defect?
High releasing hormone Low trophic hormone Problem in the anterior pituitary
54
What are the steps of diagnosing endocrine disorders?
1) signs and symptoms 2) hormone level 3) imaging
55
What is the treatment option for hyposecretion?
Replace hormone
56
What is the treatment for hyper secretion?
Block synthesis
57
What is the treatment for impaired cell responsiveness?
Drug to enhance cellular response
58
What is the treatment for a tumor?
Surgery or radiotherapy
59
What is the pituitary gland ?
A small pea-sized gland located at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus
60
What three lobes are present in the pituitary gland?
Anterior pituitary Intermediate pituitary Posterior pituitary
61
What hormones are secreted form the anterior pituitary?
Somatotropin (GH) Prolactin (PRL) Thyrotropin (TSH) Gonatropins —> (FSH) (LH) Adeenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
62
What is stored and released on the posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin ADH (vasopressin)
63
What is tropic?
Turning - affecting the activity of an endocrine gland
64
What is trophic?
Feed/grow- promote growth, tissue integrity
65
How is somatotropin stimulated?
By a drop in blood glucose
66
What is the direct function of somatotropin?
Stimulate: lipolysis, blood glucose, gluconeogenesis, protein synthesis Restrict: glucose uptake
67
What is the indirect function of somatotropin?
Growth (insulin from liver)
68
What influences somatotropin (GH) release?
Blood glucose, free fatty acids and amino acid levels
69
What is the outcome of excess somatotropin?
Gigantism (children) Acromegaly (adults)
70
What is the outcome of insufficient somatotropin?
Dwarfism
71
What is the function of thyroid hormone (T3)?
Basal metabolic rate Growth and development Synergistic effect with sympathetic/catecholamine
72
What happens when there is excess of thyroid hormone (T3)?
Nodular (hypersecretion) graves disease(primary abnormal levels of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobin)(t3,t4 is high but tsh is low) secondary defect to excess to anterior pituitary secretion (increase in t3,t4 and tsh)
73
What happens when there is insufficient of thyroid hormone (T3)?
Diffuse (hyposecretion) hashimotos disease(primary failure of thyroid gland)(increase in tsh but decrease in t3 and t4) secondary disease to hypothalmic or anterior pituitary failure (decrease in t3,t4 and tsh)(no goitre)
74
What is the function of prolactin?
Stimulates lactation in mammary glands Promotes growth and development of the breast
75
What is the outcome of excess prolactin?
Hyperprolactinaemia Loss of fertility/libido ,galactorhoea

PMP 101 (28 decks)

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