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PMP 101 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three zones in the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

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2
Q

What happens at the zona glomerulosa?

A

Mineralocorticoids —> Aldosterone

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3
Q

What happens in the zona fasciculata?

A

Glucocorticoids- —> cortisol

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4
Q

What happens at the zona reticularis?

A

Androgens—> dehydroepiondrosterone

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5
Q

What cell is present in the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells

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6
Q

What happens in chromaffin cells?

A

Catecholanines—> adrenaline/ noradrenaline

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7
Q

What is aldosterone responsible for?

A

Sodium and water homeostasis
Sodium reabsorbtion

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8
Q

How are aldosterone hormones secreted?

A

Stimulates by increased plasma and RAAS system

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9
Q

What is the body’s reaction to more aldosterone?

A

Sodium reabsorption increases in the kidney
Water reabsorption is increased in the kidneys
Potassium excretion is increased in the urine

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10
Q

What disease is as a cause from aldosterone deficiency?

A

Hypoaldosteronism

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11
Q

What disease apis as a cause from an excess of aldosterone?

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conns syndrome)

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12
Q

What is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)?

A

Steroid hormone that regulates the development of male characteristics

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13
Q

How is androgen secreted?

A

Regulated by the level of ACTH

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14
Q

What happens when there is a deficiency of androgens?

A

Hypoandrosteronism (loss of muscle)

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15
Q

What happens when there is an excess of androgens?

A

Excess hair, masculation

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16
Q

What is cortisol?

A

Steroid hormones that regulates the glucose metabolism

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17
Q

How is cortisol secreted?

A

Regulates by the level of ACTH/ CRH

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18
Q

What happens when there is an excess of cortisol?

A

Cushing disease

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19
Q

What happens when there is a deficiency of cortisol?

A

Addisons disease

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20
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/ Argonne vasopressin(AVP) do?

A

Increase permeability and therefore reabsorption of water

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21
Q

How are ADH/AVP secreted?

A

Stimulated by hypovolaemia, hyperosmolarity and hypotension

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22
Q

What happens when there is a deficiency of ADH/AVP?

A

Diabeties insipidus
Polyceria
Polydipsia
Pituitary DI= inadequate release of ADH
Nephrotic DI= dysfunction of receptors in collecting duct

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23
Q

What happens when there is an excess of ADH/AVP?

A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
CNS pathologies, malignancy, CNS drugs
Retention of water in the body
Hyponaterimia

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24
Q

What enzymes are involved in insulin?

A

Pro convertase 1
Proconvertase 2
Carboxypeptidose 4

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25
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Lowers blood glucose

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26
Q

What are the 5 differ t intercellular messenger systems?

A

Paracrine
Autocrine
Endocrine
Neuroendocrine
Neurotransmission

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27
Q

What is involved in paracrine messenger systems?

A

Secreting cells secrete to target cells in close contact

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28
Q

What is involved in autocrine messenger systems?

A

Secreting cells secreted chemicals are taken back by the secreting cells

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29
Q

What is involved in endocrine messenger systems?

A

Secreting cells secrete to blood vessels and it’s taken to target cell

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30
Q

What is involved in neuroendocrine messenger systems?

A

Nerve to target cell

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31
Q

What is involved in neuroteansmission messenger systems?

A

Nerve to nerve

32
Q

How do hormones reach target cells?

A

Glands secrete hormones directly into blood stream
Carried to target cells (away from endocrine gland)

33
Q

What are the 4 different types of hormones?

A

Peptide hormones
Steroidal hormones
Tyrosine containing hormones
Eicosanoids hormones

34
Q

What is the chemical structure of peptide hormones?

A

Chains of amino acids

35
Q

What is the synthesis of peptide hormones?

A

Like any protein synthesis

36
Q

How are peptide hormones realeased?

A

Requires stimuli ( exocytosis)

37
Q

How are peptide hormones transported?

A

Hydrophilic
Freely circulating in blood
No plasma protein bonding

38
Q

What is the chemical structure of steroidal hormones?

A

Cholesterol as the base

39
Q

How is the steroidal hormones synthesised?

A

Like any steroidal synthesis

40
Q

How are steroidal hormones released?

A

Stimulus increases enzyme activation
Simple diffusion across membrane

41
Q

How are steroidal hormones transported?

A

Lipophilic
Binds with plasma protein

42
Q

What is the chemical structure of tyrosine containing hormones?

A

Tyrosine as the base

43
Q

How are tyrosine containing hormones synthesised?

A

Tyrosine creates thyroxine and epinephrine separately

44
Q

How are tyrosine containing hormones released?

A

Stimulus required
Simple diffusion across membrane

45
Q

How are tyrosine containing hormones transported?

A

Lipophilic
Binds with plasma protein

46
Q

What is the chemical structure of eicosanoids?

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acid derivatives

47
Q

How are eicosanoids synthesised?

A

Precursor = arachidonic acid
Enzymes= lipase dictates the production

48
Q

How are eicosanoids released ?

A

Stimulus required
Poorly diffuse through cell membrane

49
Q

What does hyper-secretion show?

A

Tumour or immunological factors

50
Q

What does hyposecretion show?

A

Genetic, immunological attack, destruction by disease, surgical removal

51
Q

What is shown when there is an ectopic disorder?

A

ACTH producing tumour
CRH low
High ACTH

52
Q

What is shown when there is a primary defect?

A

High trophic hormone
Low hormone
Problem in peripheral endocrine gland

53
Q

What is shown when there is secondary defect?

A

High releasing hormone
Low trophic hormone
Problem in the anterior pituitary

54
Q

What are the steps of diagnosing endocrine disorders?

A

1) signs and symptoms
2) hormone level
3) imaging

55
Q

What is the treatment option for hyposecretion?

A

Replace hormone

56
Q

What is the treatment for hyper secretion?

A

Block synthesis

57
Q

What is the treatment for impaired cell responsiveness?

A

Drug to enhance cellular response

58
Q

What is the treatment for a tumor?

A

Surgery or radiotherapy

59
Q

What is the pituitary gland ?

A

A small pea-sized gland located at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus

60
Q

What three lobes are present in the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior pituitary
Intermediate pituitary
Posterior pituitary

61
Q

What hormones are secreted form the anterior pituitary?

A

Somatotropin (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyrotropin (TSH)
Gonatropins —> (FSH) (LH)
Adeenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

62
Q

What is stored and released on the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin
ADH (vasopressin)

63
Q

What is tropic?

A

Turning - affecting the activity of an endocrine gland

64
Q

What is trophic?

A

Feed/grow- promote growth, tissue integrity

65
Q

How is somatotropin stimulated?

A

By a drop in blood glucose

66
Q

What is the direct function of somatotropin?

A

Stimulate: lipolysis, blood glucose, gluconeogenesis, protein synthesis
Restrict: glucose uptake

67
Q

What is the indirect function of somatotropin?

A

Growth (insulin from liver)

68
Q

What influences somatotropin (GH) release?

A

Blood glucose, free fatty acids and amino acid levels

69
Q

What is the outcome of excess somatotropin?

A

Gigantism (children)
Acromegaly (adults)

70
Q

What is the outcome of insufficient somatotropin?

A

Dwarfism

71
Q

What is the function of thyroid hormone (T3)?

A

Basal metabolic rate
Growth and development
Synergistic effect with sympathetic/catecholamine

72
Q

What happens when there is excess of thyroid hormone (T3)?

A

Nodular (hypersecretion)
graves disease(primary abnormal levels of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobin)(t3,t4 is high but tsh is low)
secondary defect to excess to anterior pituitary secretion (increase in t3,t4 and tsh)

73
Q

What happens when there is insufficient of thyroid hormone (T3)?

A

Diffuse (hyposecretion)
hashimotos disease(primary failure of thyroid gland)(increase in tsh but decrease in t3 and t4)
secondary disease to hypothalmic or anterior pituitary failure (decrease in t3,t4 and tsh)(no goitre)

74
Q

What is the function of prolactin?

A

Stimulates lactation in mammary glands
Promotes growth and development of the breast

75
Q

What is the outcome of excess prolactin?

A

Hyperprolactinaemia
Loss of fertility/libido ,galactorhoea

PMP 101 (28 decks)

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