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PMP 101 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two systems in the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What is involved in the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is involved in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Afferent nerves
Efferent nerves

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4
Q

What are the two types of efferent nerves?

A

Somatic
Autonomic

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5
Q

What are the building blocks of the nervous system?

A

Neurones
Oligodrendrocytes/ Schwann cells
Astrocytes
Microglia

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6
Q

What is a neurone?

A

Responsible for communication
Have a lipid sheath called myelin

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7
Q

What are oligodrendrocytes/ Schwann cells?

A

Facilitate transmission
Produce myelin

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8
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Enable homeostasis
Reuptake of neurotransmitters
Support neurones

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9
Q

What are microglia?

A

Immune cells of the brain
Phagocytise dead cells and debris

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10
Q

What do afferent neurones do?

A

Signals from the periphery to CNS

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11
Q

What do efferent neurones do?

A

Motor neurones: signals from CNS to the muscle/skin
Autonomic neurones: signals from CNS to smooth muscle/ glands

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12
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Connect brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What triggers release of a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) at the end of a synapse?

A

Electrical action potential

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14
Q

What do neurotransmitters do after being released?

A

Bond to post synaptic receptors, triggering depolarisation of the post synaptic neurone.

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15
Q

What are the two main types of neurotransmitters?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters
Inhibitory neurotransmitters

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16
Q

What physical things protects the brain?

A

Cranium
Meninges

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17
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Salty solution secreted into ventricles by choroid plexus
Physical protection by its buoyancy and padding
Chemical protection by being a stable ionic environment

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18
Q

How is the blood supplied to the brain?

A

Nervous tissue
Requires O2 and glucose
15% of blood supply to the brain

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19
Q

How does the blood brain barrier(BBB) protect the brain?

A

Capillaries less permeable
Protects from fluctuations in the blood
Capillary walls have tight junctions
Made from endothelial cells that reproduce themselves constantly

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20
Q

What is the grey and white matter in the brain and spinal cord?

A

Grey matter= neurone cell bodies
White matter=bundles of axons

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21
Q

What are the 4 regions of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

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22
Q

What is the distinct pattern in the spinal cord?

A

Sensory neurones enters via dorsal
Motor neurones leave via ventral

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23
Q

What are the 2 peripheral nerves from the spinal cord?

A

Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves

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24
Q

What are the 4 parts of the human brain?

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalic
Cerebrum

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25
Q

What is the function of the brain stem?

A

Involuntary functions
Blood pressure
Breathing
Vomiting
Sleep

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26
Q

What is the use of cerebellum?

A

Co-ordinates movement

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27
Q

What is the use of the diencephalon?

A

Rules homeostasis between the brain stem and cerebrum

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28
Q

What is the use of the cerebrum?

A

Higher functions

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29
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Maintain internal environment
Mainly involuntary
Contains visceral functions

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30
Q

What is ANS input?

A

Sensory neurones from peripheral organs to centres in hypothalamus, medulla

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31
Q

What is ANS input?

A

Sympathetic or parasympathetic neurones
Generally opposing actions

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32
Q

What do visceral sensory neurones do?

A

Monitor temperature, pain, irritation, chemical changes and stretch in the visceral organs
Run together with autonomic nerves

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33
Q

What do ANS control?

A

Mainly smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and secretory glands

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34
Q

How do visceral sensory neurones communicate?

A

Visceral reflex arcs
Most spinal reflexes such as deflection and micturition reflexes

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35
Q

What are the divisions of ANS?

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

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36
Q

What type of reaction does sympathetic neurones give?

A

Fight or flight
Short term survival
Increases in energy availability

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37
Q

What type of reaction does parasympathetic neurones give?

A

Set and digest
Long term survival
Reduces energy availability

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38
Q

What are the parts involved in the ANS neurone?

A

Preganglionic neuron
Postganglionic neuron

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39
Q

What qualities does the preganglionic ANS neurone have?

A

Myelinated
Cholinergic(PNS)

40
Q

What qualities does the postganglionic ANS neurone have?

A

Nonmyelinated
Cholinergenic ( PNS)
Adrenergenic (SNS)

41
Q

What are the differences in location of the PNS and the SNS?

A

PNS: brain stem, sacral
SNS: thoracic, lumbar

42
Q

What does PNS neurone release?

A

Acetylcholine

43
Q

What does SNS neurone release?

A

Noradrenaline

44
Q

What are receptors?

A

Protein structures that receive and transducer signals

45
Q

What are ionotropic receptors?

A

Include ligand gated ion-channel

46
Q

What are metabotropic receptors?

A

G-protein linked receptors

47
Q

What are the 3 acetylcholine receptors?

A

Nicotinic
Muscarinic
Adrenoceptors

48
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Controls voluntary muscles
Part of peripheral nervous system
Controls centres in the brain

49
Q

What are ascending tracts?

A

Relay information from the spinal cord to the sensory cortex

50
Q

What are descending tracts?

A

Relay information from the motor cortex to the spinal cord.

51
Q

What are neuromuscular junctions?

A

Synapse of a somatic motor neurone and a muscle fibre

52
Q

What is the neurotransmitter at skeletal muscle neuromuscular junctions (NMJ)

A

Acetylcholine (release of the synaptic vesicles)

53
Q

What does acetylcholine bind to at the neuromuscular junctions?

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

54
Q

What is the post synaptic membrane termed as?

A

Motor End Plate (MEP)

55
Q

What cells surround the synapse?

A

Schwann

56
Q

What is the somatic type of muscle?

A

Skeletal

57
Q

What are the two types of autonomic muscle?

A

Cardiac
Smooth

58
Q

What are the main structures of a muscle fibre?

A

Myofibril
Plasma membrane
Transverse tubule
Terminal of cisternal of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasm of a muscle fibre called sacroplasm

59
Q

What are the four main proteins involved in contraction?

A

Myosin
Actin
Trocponin
Tropomyosin

60
Q

What does actin do?

A

Makes up the thin filament

61
Q

What does troponin do?

A

Binds Ca2+

62
Q

What does tropomyosin do?

A

Stimulates muscle to contract

63
Q

In an ultrasound of muscle what does 1 sacromere indicate?

A

What actually contracts

64
Q

In an ultrasound of the muscle what does the gap between filaments indicate?

A

Rest (H zone)

65
Q

What does an A bond indicate in an ultrasound of the muscle?

A

Length of the myosin fibrils

66
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

H zone gets smaller
Z-line overlapping
This indicates contraction

67
Q

What are the steps in cross-bridge cycling?

A
  1. ATP binds to myosin
  2. Myosin hydrolyses ATP
  3. Power stroke
  4. Myosin releases ADP
68
Q

What happens when ATP binds to myosin in the cross bridge cycling?

A

Actin is released as there are two binding sites on myosin

69
Q

What happens when myosin hydrolyses ATP in the cross-bridge cycling?

A

Energy from ATP rotates the myosin head to the cocked position
Myosin binds weakly to actin.

70
Q

What happens in the power stroke in the cross-bridge cycling?

A

Ca2+ binds to troponin
Begins when tropomyosin moves off the binding sites

71
Q

What happens when myosin releases ADP in the cross-bridge cycling?

A

Energy from hydrolysing ATP moves the tropomyosin over

72
Q

What are the events in the NMJ when excitation contraction coupling occur?

A

Resting state
AP arrival
Depolarisation of MEP
Contraction

73
Q

What are the events during a muscle twitch after a single nerve activation?

A

Latent period?
Contraction
Relaxation

74
Q

What happens in the latent period during a muscle twitch after a single nerve activation?

A

Depolarisation transmitted down T tubules
Ca2+ channels open in sarcoplasmic reticulum
Increase in ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca2+ binds to troponin revealing myosin binding site on actin

75
Q

What happens in the contraction period of a muscle twitch after single nerve attraction?

A

Myosin binds to actin, moves and reforms many times causing sarcomeres to shorten.

76
Q

What happens in the relaxation period of a muscle twitch after a single nerve attraction?

A

Ca2+ actively transported back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
Troponin-tropomyosin complex blocks myosin binding
Muscle fibres lengthen passively

77
Q

What are the three basic principles of muscular contraction?

A

All or nothing
Threshold
Recruitment

78
Q

What does recruitment of force depend on?

A

The number of active muscle fibres

79
Q

What does the lowest frequency of stimulation do to the muscle fibres?

A

Muscle fibres relax fully before next AP arrives

80
Q

What do high frequency of stimulation do to muscle fibres?

A

No time for the muscle fibres to relax before next AP arrives

81
Q

What does skeletal muscle contraction red ATP for?

A

Contraction (cross-bridge forming and release)
Relaxation (pump Ca2+)
Restore Na+ and K+ level after AP

82
Q

What sources of ATP doe skeletal muscle have?

A

Phosphocreatine
Carbohydrates

83
Q

What does a weak stimulus do?

A

Activates only neurones with low threshold activation

84
Q

What does a strong stimulus do?

A

Activates neurones with a higher threshold

85
Q

What are the two types of muscle fibre twitches?

A

Slow-twitch
Fast-twitch

86
Q

What are the properties of a slow-twitch muscle fibre?

A

Slow contraction
Aerobic metabolism
Fatigue-resistant

87
Q

What are the properties of fast-twitch muscle fibres?

A

Rapid contraction
Anaerobic metabolism
Activated in any short lived activity

88
Q

What causes a muscle cramp?

A

Hyper excitability of somatic motor neurones- motor unit goes into a state of painful sustained contraction

89
Q

What are the similarities of smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?

A

Force-action myosin cross bridge
Contraction

90
Q

What are the differences between smooth muscle compared to skeletal muscle?

A

Run in several directions
Slower
Less energy to generate amount of force
Controlled by the autonomic nervous system
No troponin in actin filaments

91
Q

What are the sections of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal (reasoning)
Parietal (movement)
Occipital (visual)
Temporal (auditory perception)

92
Q

what are the cortexes in the control centre in the brain?

A

The somatosensory cortex and the motor cortex.
the somatosensory cortex interprets the information that is coming in and sends it to the motor cortex for a reaction.

93
Q

why is the resting membrane potential (-70mV) not the same as what the potential value of k+ ions?

A

many other ions contribute to the RMP

94
Q

what are the main differences between volatge activated and ligand activated ion channels?

A

voltage activated= activated by a change in the voltage, Na and K activated by less negative/ more positive membrane potentials
ligand activated= need the presence of a ligand (ie a neurotransmitter) to open the channel, the channel closes when it diffuses away

95
Q

what is the difference between the absolute and relative refractory periods?

A

absolute – when Na channels are closed/in their inactive state
Relative – when the membrane potential is more negative and it is harder to reach threshold

PMP 101 (28 decks)

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