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Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two systems in the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What is involved in the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is involved in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Afferent nerves
Efferent nerves

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4
Q

What are the two types of efferent nerves?

A

Somatic
Autonomic

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5
Q

What are the building blocks of the nervous system?

A

Neurones
Oligodrendrocytes/ Schwann cells
Astrocytes
Microglia

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6
Q

What is a neurone?

A

Responsible for communication
Have a lipid sheath called myelin

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7
Q

What are oligodrendrocytes/ Schwann cells?

A

Facilitate transmission
Produce myelin

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8
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Enable homeostasis
Reuptake of neurotransmitters
Support neurones

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9
Q

What are microglia?

A

Immune cells of the brain
Phagocytise dead cells and debris

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10
Q

What do afferent neurones do?

A

Signals from the periphery to CNS

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11
Q

What do efferent neurones do?

A

Motor neurones: signals from CNS to the muscle/skin
Autonomic neurones: signals from CNS to smooth muscle/ glands

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12
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Connect brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What triggers release of a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) at the end of a synapse?

A

Electrical action potential

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14
Q

What do neurotransmitters do after being released?

A

Bond to post synaptic receptors, triggering depolarisation of the post synaptic neurone.

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15
Q

What are the two main types of neurotransmitters?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters
Inhibitory neurotransmitters

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16
Q

What physical things protects the brain?

A

Cranium
Meninges

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17
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Salty solution secreted into ventricles by choroid plexus
Physical protection by its buoyancy and padding
Chemical protection by being a stable ionic environment

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18
Q

How is the blood supplied to the brain?

A

Nervous tissue
Requires O2 and glucose
15% of blood supply to the brain

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19
Q

How does the blood brain barrier(BBB) protect the brain?

A

Capillaries less permeable
Protects from fluctuations in the blood
Capillary walls have tight junctions
Made from endothelial cells that reproduce themselves constantly

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20
Q

What is the grey and white matter in the brain and spinal cord?

A

Grey matter= neurone cell bodies
White matter=bundles of axons

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21
Q

What are the 4 regions of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

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22
Q

What is the distinct pattern in the spinal cord?

A

Sensory neurones enters via dorsal
Motor neurones leave via ventral

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23
Q

What are the 2 peripheral nerves from the spinal cord?

A

Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves

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24
Q

What are the 4 parts of the human brain?

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalic
Cerebrum

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25
What is the function of the brain stem?
Involuntary functions Blood pressure Breathing Vomiting Sleep
26
What is the use of cerebellum?
Co-ordinates movement
27
What is the use of the diencephalon?
Rules homeostasis between the brain stem and cerebrum
28
What is the use of the cerebrum?
Higher functions
29
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
Maintain internal environment Mainly involuntary Contains visceral functions
30
What is ANS input?
Sensory neurones from peripheral organs to centres in hypothalamus, medulla
31
What is ANS input?
Sympathetic or parasympathetic neurones Generally opposing actions
32
What do visceral sensory neurones do?
Monitor temperature, pain, irritation, chemical changes and stretch in the visceral organs Run together with autonomic nerves
33
What do ANS control?
Mainly smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and secretory glands
34
How do visceral sensory neurones communicate?
Visceral reflex arcs Most spinal reflexes such as deflection and micturition reflexes
35
What are the divisions of ANS?
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
36
What type of reaction does sympathetic neurones give?
Fight or flight Short term survival Increases in energy availability
37
What type of reaction does parasympathetic neurones give?
Set and digest Long term survival Reduces energy availability
38
What are the parts involved in the ANS neurone?
Preganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron
39
What qualities does the preganglionic ANS neurone have?
Myelinated Cholinergic(PNS)
40
What qualities does the postganglionic ANS neurone have?
Nonmyelinated Cholinergenic ( PNS) Adrenergenic (SNS)
41
What are the differences in location of the PNS and the SNS?
PNS: brain stem, sacral SNS: thoracic, lumbar
42
What does PNS neurone release?
Acetylcholine
43
What does SNS neurone release?
Noradrenaline
44
What are receptors?
Protein structures that receive and transducer signals
45
What are ionotropic receptors?
Include ligand gated ion-channel
46
What are metabotropic receptors?
G-protein linked receptors
47
What are the 3 acetylcholine receptors?
Nicotinic Muscarinic Adrenoceptors
48
What does the somatic nervous system do?
Controls voluntary muscles Part of peripheral nervous system Controls centres in the brain
49
What are ascending tracts?
Relay information from the spinal cord to the sensory cortex
50
What are descending tracts?
Relay information from the motor cortex to the spinal cord.
51
What are neuromuscular junctions?
Synapse of a somatic motor neurone and a muscle fibre
52
What is the neurotransmitter at skeletal muscle neuromuscular junctions (NMJ)
Acetylcholine (release of the synaptic vesicles)
53
What does acetylcholine bind to at the neuromuscular junctions?
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
54
What is the post synaptic membrane termed as?
Motor End Plate (MEP)
55
What cells surround the synapse?
Schwann
56
What is the somatic type of muscle?
Skeletal
57
What are the two types of autonomic muscle?
Cardiac Smooth
58
What are the main structures of a muscle fibre?
Myofibril Plasma membrane Transverse tubule Terminal of cisternal of sarcoplasmic reticulum Tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum Cytoplasm of a muscle fibre called sacroplasm
59
What are the four main proteins involved in contraction?
Myosin Actin Trocponin Tropomyosin
60
What does actin do?
Makes up the thin filament
61
What does troponin do?
Binds Ca2+
62
What does tropomyosin do?
Stimulates muscle to contract
63
In an ultrasound of muscle what does 1 sacromere indicate?
What actually contracts
64
In an ultrasound of the muscle what does the gap between filaments indicate?
Rest (H zone)
65
What does an A bond indicate in an ultrasound of the muscle?
Length of the myosin fibrils
66
What is the sliding filament theory?
H zone gets smaller Z-line overlapping This indicates contraction
67
What are the steps in cross-bridge cycling?
1. ATP binds to myosin 2. Myosin hydrolyses ATP 3. Power stroke 4. Myosin releases ADP
68
What happens when ATP binds to myosin in the cross bridge cycling?
Actin is released as there are two binding sites on myosin
69
What happens when myosin hydrolyses ATP in the cross-bridge cycling?
Energy from ATP rotates the myosin head to the cocked position Myosin binds weakly to actin.
70
What happens in the power stroke in the cross-bridge cycling?
Ca2+ binds to troponin Begins when tropomyosin moves off the binding sites
71
What happens when myosin releases ADP in the cross-bridge cycling?
Energy from hydrolysing ATP moves the tropomyosin over
72
What are the events in the NMJ when excitation contraction coupling occur?
Resting state AP arrival Depolarisation of MEP Contraction
73
What are the events during a muscle twitch after a single nerve activation?
Latent period? Contraction Relaxation
74
What happens in the latent period during a muscle twitch after a single nerve activation?
Depolarisation transmitted down T tubules Ca2+ channels open in sarcoplasmic reticulum Increase in ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ binds to troponin revealing myosin binding site on actin
75
What happens in the contraction period of a muscle twitch after single nerve attraction?
Myosin binds to actin, moves and reforms many times causing sarcomeres to shorten.
76
What happens in the relaxation period of a muscle twitch after a single nerve attraction?
Ca2+ actively transported back into sarcoplasmic reticulum Troponin-tropomyosin complex blocks myosin binding Muscle fibres lengthen passively
77
What are the three basic principles of muscular contraction?
All or nothing Threshold Recruitment
78
What does recruitment of force depend on?
The number of active muscle fibres
79
What does the lowest frequency of stimulation do to the muscle fibres?
Muscle fibres relax fully before next AP arrives
80
What do high frequency of stimulation do to muscle fibres?
No time for the muscle fibres to relax before next AP arrives
81
What does skeletal muscle contraction red ATP for?
Contraction (cross-bridge forming and release) Relaxation (pump Ca2+) Restore Na+ and K+ level after AP
82
What sources of ATP doe skeletal muscle have?
Phosphocreatine Carbohydrates
83
What does a weak stimulus do?
Activates only neurones with low threshold activation
84
What does a strong stimulus do?
Activates neurones with a higher threshold
85
What are the two types of muscle fibre twitches?
Slow-twitch Fast-twitch
86
What are the properties of a slow-twitch muscle fibre?
Slow contraction Aerobic metabolism Fatigue-resistant
87
What are the properties of fast-twitch muscle fibres?
Rapid contraction Anaerobic metabolism Activated in any short lived activity
88
What causes a muscle cramp?
Hyper excitability of somatic motor neurones- motor unit goes into a state of painful sustained contraction
89
What are the similarities of smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?
Force-action myosin cross bridge Contraction
90
What are the differences between smooth muscle compared to skeletal muscle?
Run in several directions Slower Less energy to generate amount of force Controlled by the autonomic nervous system No troponin in actin filaments
91
What are the sections of the cerebrum?
Frontal (reasoning) Parietal (movement) Occipital (visual) Temporal (auditory perception)
92
what are the cortexes in the control centre in the brain?
The somatosensory cortex and the motor cortex. the somatosensory cortex interprets the information that is coming in and sends it to the motor cortex for a reaction.
93
why is the resting membrane potential (-70mV) not the same as what the potential value of k+ ions?
many other ions contribute to the RMP
94
what are the main differences between volatge activated and ligand activated ion channels?
voltage activated= activated by a change in the voltage, Na and K activated by less negative/ more positive membrane potentials ligand activated= need the presence of a ligand (ie a neurotransmitter) to open the channel, the channel closes when it diffuses away
95
what is the difference between the absolute and relative refractory periods?
absolute – when Na channels are closed/in their inactive state Relative – when the membrane potential is more negative and it is harder to reach threshold

PMP 101 (28 decks)

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