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Medical Terminology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Albumin/o

A

Protein

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2
Q

Bacteri/o

A

Bacteria

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3
Q

Cyst/o, vesic/o

A

Bladder or sac

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4
Q

Dips/o

A

Thirst

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5
Q

Glomerul/o

A

Glomerulus (small ball)

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6
Q

Ket/o, keton/o

A

Ketone bodies

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7
Q

Lith/o

A

Stone

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8
Q

Meat/o

A

Meatus (opening)

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9
Q

Nephr/o, ren/o

A

Kidney

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10
Q

Pyel/o

A

Renal pelvis (basin)

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11
Q

Py/o

A

Pus

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12
Q

Ureter/o

A

Ureter

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13
Q

Urethr/o

A

Urethra

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14
Q

Ur/o, urin/o

A

Urine

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15
Q

Kidneys

A

Two structures located on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine

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16
Q

Cortex

A

Outer part of the kidney

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17
Q

Hilum

A

Indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave

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18
Q

Medulla

A

Inner part of the kidney

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19
Q

Calices or calyces

A

Ducts that carry urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis

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20
Q

Nephron

A

Microscopic functional units of the kidney, compromised of kidney cells and capillaries, each of which is capable of forming urine

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21
Q

Glomerulus

A

Small, ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron

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22
Q

Bowman capsule

A

Top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus

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23
Q

Renal tubule

A

Stem portion of the nephron

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24
Q

Ureter

A

Tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

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25
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Basin-like portion of the ureter within the kidney

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26
Q

Ureteropelvic junction

A

Point of connection between the renal pelvis and the ureter

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27
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Sac that holds the urine

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28
Q

Urethra

A

Single canal that carries urine outside of the body

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29
Q

Urethral meatus

A

Opening in the urethra to the outside of the body

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30
Q

Urine

A

Fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste products

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31
Q

Urea

A

Waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine

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32
Q

Creatine

A

Waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in the urine

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33
Q

Albuminuria

A

Presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise

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34
Q

Anuria

A

Absence of urine formation

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35
Q

Bacteriuria

A

Presence of bacteria in the urine

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36
Q

Dysuria

A

Painful urination

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37
Q

Enuresis

A

Involuntary discharge of urine, usually referring to a lack of bladder control

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38
Q

Nocturnal enuresis

A

Bed-wetting during sleep

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39
Q

Glucosuria, glycosuria

A

Glucose in the urine

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40
Q

Hematuria

A

Presence of blood in the urine

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41
Q

Incontinence

A

Involuntary discharge of urine or feces

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42
Q

Stress urinary incontinence

A

Involuntary discharge of urine with couching, sneezing, and/or strained exercise

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43
Q

Ketonuria

A

Presence of ketone bodies in the urine

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44
Q

Ketone bodies, ketone compounds

A

Acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoactetic acid; products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body’s abnormal utilization or carbs, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation

45
Q

Nocturia

A

Urination at night

46
Q

Oligouria

A

Scanty production of urine

47
Q

Polyuria

A

Condition of excessive urination

48
Q

Pyuria

A

Presence of white blood cells in the urine, usually indicating infection

49
Q

Urinary retention

A

Retention of urine resulting from an inability to void (urinate) naturally because of spasm or obstruction

50
Q

Adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD)

A

Inherited condition of multiple cysts that gradually form in the kidney, causing destruction of normal tissue that leads to renal failure; diagnosed in adults presenting with HTN, kidney enlargement, and recurrent UTIs

51
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Form of nephritis involving the glomerulus

52
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys caused by an obstructed outflow of urine

53
Q

Nephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney

54
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the renal pelvis

55
Q

Nephrosis

A

Degenerative disease of the renal tubules

56
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

Presence of a renal stone or stones

57
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder

58
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra

59
Q

Urethrocystitis

A

Inflammation of the urethra and bladder

60
Q

Urethral stenosis

A

Narrowed condition of the urethra

61
Q

UTI

A

Invasion of pathogenic organisms (commonly bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms may include dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise

62
Q

Uremia, azotemia

A

Excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure

63
Q

Cytoscopy

A

Examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope

64
Q

Intravenous pyelogram, intravenous urogram

A

X-ray image of the urinary tract obtained after an iodine contrast medium has been injected into the bloodstream; the contrast passes through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma,etc

65
Q

Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB)

A

Abdominal x-ray image of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; typically used as a scout film before obtaining an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

66
Q

Scout film

A

Plain-film x-ray image obtained to detect any obvious pathology before further imaging

67
Q

Renal angiogram, renal arteriogram

A

X-ray image of the renal artery obtained after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery

68
Q

Retrograde pyelogram, retrograde urogram

A

X-ray image of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis obtained after contrast medium has been injected up to the kidney by way of a small catheter passed through a cystoscope; used to detect the presence of stones, obstructions, etc

69
Q

Voiding cystourethrogram

A

X-ray image of the bladder and urethra obtained during urination

70
Q

Abdominal sonogram

A

Abdominal ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder

71
Q

Urinalysis

A

Physical, Chemical, And microscopic examination of urine

72
Q

Specific gravity (SpGr)

A

Measure of the concentration or dilution of urine

73
Q

Albumin, protien

A

Chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine

74
Q

Ketones

A

Chemical test used to detect the presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positive test indicates that fats are being used by the body instead of carbs, which occurs during starvation or an uncontrolled diabetic state

75
Q

Urine occult blood

A

Chemical test for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from RBC hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidneys

76
Q

Bilirubin

A

Chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease

77
Q

Urobilinogen

A

Chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine; increased amounts are seen in gallbladder and liver disease

78
Q

Nitrite

A

Chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine

79
Q

Microscopic findings

A

Microscopic identification of abnormal constituents in the urine

80
Q

Urine culture and sensitivity

A

Isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the growth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified as are drugs to which they are sensitive

81
Q

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

Blood test t determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the inability of one or both kidneys to excrete urea

82
Q

Creatinine, serum

A

Test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood; useful in assessing kidney function

83
Q

Creatinine, urine

A

Test to determine the level of creatinine in the urine

84
Q

Creatinine clearance testing

A

Measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and in a 24hr urine specimen to determine the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidneys

85
Q

Urologic endoscopic surgery

A

Use of specialized endoscopes within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures, such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stone retrieval, placement of a stent, etc

86
Q

Resectoscope

A

Urologic endoscope inserted through through the urethra to resect lesions of the bladder, urethra, or prostate

87
Q

Intracorporeal lithotripsy

A

Method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using discharges of electrical energy that are transmitted to a probe within a flexible endoscope; most commonly used to pulverize bladder stones

88
Q

Nephrotomy

A

Incision into the kidney

89
Q

Nephrorrhaphy

A

Suture of an injured kidney

90
Q

Nephrolithotomy

A

Incision into the kidney for the removal of stones

91
Q

Nephrectomy

A

Excision of a kidney

92
Q

Pyeloplasty

A

Surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis

93
Q

Stent placement

A

Use of a stent to hold open vessels or tubes

94
Q

Urinary diversion

A

Creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to rest defects or diseases

95
Q

Noncontinent ileal conduit

A

Removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening (stoma) created in the abdomen; urine drains continually into an external appliance (bag); noncontinent indicates that urine cannot be held and drains continually

96
Q

Continent urostomy

A

An internal reservoir (pouch) constructed from a segment of intestine that diverts urine through n opening (stoma) that is brought through the abdominal wall; a valve is created internally to prevent leakage, and the patient empties the pouch by catheterization; continent refers to the ability to hold or retain urine

97
Q

Orthotopic bladder, neobladder

A

Bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra, allowing “natural” voiding

98
Q

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

A

Procedure using ultrasound outside the body to bombard and disintegrate a stone within; most commonly used to treat urinary stones above the bladder

99
Q

Kidney dialysis

A

Methods of filtering impurities from the blood, replacing the function of one or both kidneys lost in renal failure

100
Q

Hemodialysis

A

Method of removing impurities by pumping the pts blood through a dialyzer, the specialized filter of the artificial kidney machine (hemodialyzer)

101
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

Method of removing impurities using the peritoneum as the filter; a catheter inserted in the peritoneal cavity delivers cleansing fluid (dialysate) that is washed in and out of cycles

102
Q

Urinary catheterization

A

Methods of placing a tube into the bladder to drain or collect urine

103
Q

Straight catheter

A

A type of catheter that is inserted through the urethra into the bladder to relieve urinary retention or to collect a sterile specimen of urine for testing; the catheter is removed immediately after the procedure

104
Q

Foley catheter

A

Indwelling catheter inserted through the urethra and into the bladder that includes a collection system allowing urine to be drained into a bag; the catheter can remain in place for an extended period

105
Q

Suprapubic catheter

A

Indwelling catheter inserted directly in the bladder through an abdominal incision above the pubic bone that includes a collection system that allows urine to be drained into a bag; used in pts requiring long term catheterization

106
Q

Analgesic

A

Drug that relieves pain

107
Q

Antibiotic

A

Drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

108
Q

Antispasmodic

A

Drug that relieves spasm

109
Q

Diuretic

A

Drug that increases the secretion of urine

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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