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Medical Terminology > Blood And Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Blood And Lymphatic System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Blast/o

A

Germ or bud

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2
Q

Chrom/o, chromat/o

A

Color

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3
Q

Chyl/o

A

Juice

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4
Q

Cyt/o

A

Cell

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5
Q

Hem/o, hemat/o

A

Blood

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6
Q

Immun/o

A

Safe

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7
Q

Lymph/o

A

Clear fluid

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8
Q

Morph/o

A

Form

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9
Q

Myel/o

A

Bone marrow or spinal cord

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10
Q

Phag/o

A

Eat or swallow

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11
Q

Plas/o

A

Formation

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12
Q

Reticul/o

A

A net

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13
Q

Splen/o

A

Spleen

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14
Q

Thromb/o

A

Clot

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15
Q

Thym/o

A

Thymus gland

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16
Q

plasma

A

Liquid portion of the blood and lymph; contains water, proteins, and cellular components (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets)

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17
Q

Serum

A

Liquid portion of the blood that remains after clotting

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18
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red blood cell, transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

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19
Q

Hemoglobin

A

The protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

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20
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cell; protects the body from harmful invading substances

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21
Q

Granulocytes

A

A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm

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22
Q

Neutrophil

A

A granular leukocyte, named for the neutral strain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria

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23
Q

Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte

A

Another term for neutrophil, referring to the many segments in its nucleus

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24
Q

Eosinophil

A

A granular leukocyte, named for the rose-colored stain of its granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions

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25
Q

Basophil

A

A granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues

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26
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

A group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei

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27
Q

Lymphocyte

A

An agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity; the three categories of lymphocytes are T cells (thymus-dependent), B cells (bone-marrow dependent), and natural killer (NK) cells

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28
Q

Monocyte

A

An agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection

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29
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood clotting (coagulation)

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30
Q

Thymus

A

Primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum, that helps to maintain the body’s immune response by producing T lymphocytes

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31
Q

Spleen

A

Organ between the stomach and the diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides an environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune responses

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32
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid that is circulated through the lymph vessels

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33
Q

Lymph capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels

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34
Q

Lymph vessels

A

Vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes

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35
Q

Lacteals

A

Specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream

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36
Q

Chyle

A

White or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals

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37
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Many small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions

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38
Q

Lymph ducts

A

Collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins

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39
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Receives lymph from the right upper part of the body

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40
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities

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41
Q

Immunity

A

Process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen

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42
Q

Antigen

A

A substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it

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43
Q

Antibody

A

A substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body

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44
Q

Active immunity

A

A long-lasting immunity that results from stimulating the body to produce its own antibodies; developed either naturally, in response to an infection, or artificially, in response to the administration of a vaccine

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45
Q

Passive immunity

A

A short-lasting immunity that results from foreign antibodies that are covered either naturally, through the placenta to a fetus, or artificially, by injection of a serum containing antibodies

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46
Q

Microcytosis

A

Presence of small red blood cells

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47
Q

Macrocytosis

A

Presence of large red blood cells

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48
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Presence of RBCs of unequal size

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49
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Presence of large, irregularly shaped RBCs

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50
Q

Reticulocytosis

A

An increased number of immature erythrocytes in the blood

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51
Q

Erythropenia

A

An abnormally reduced number of RBCs

52
Q

Lymphocytopenia

A

An abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes

53
Q

Neutropenia

A

A decreased number of neutrophils

54
Q

Pancytopenia

A

An abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood

55
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

An abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood, impairing the clotting process

56
Q

Hemolysis

A

Breakdown of the RBC membrane

57
Q

Immunocompromised

A

Impaired immunologic defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or by therapy with immunosuppressive agents

58
Q

Immunosuppression

A

Impaired ability to provide an immune response

59
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Enlargement (diseased) lymph nodes

60
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Enlargement of the spleen

61
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

A syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurological diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood

62
Q

Anemia

A

A condition of reduced numbers of RBCs, hemoglobin, or packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of RBCs to transport oxygen to the tissues

63
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

A normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce RBCs

64
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

A microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron that affects the production of hemoglobin and is characterized by small RBCs containing low amounts of hemoglobin

65
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

A macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing RBCs to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number

66
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function; rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples of autoimmune diseases

67
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

A disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing RBC destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus

68
Q

Rh factor

A

Presence or lack of antigens on the surface of RBCs, which causes a reaction between Rh-positive blood and Rh-negative blood

69
Q

Rh positive

A

Presence of antigens

70
Q

Rh negative

A

Absence of antigens

71
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body

72
Q

Hemophilia

A

A group of hereditary bleeding disorders caused by a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood

73
Q

Leukemia

A

Chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow

74
Q

Myelodysplasia

A

Disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells (cells that give rise to different types of blood cells); usually develops into a specific type of leukemia

75
Q

Lymphoma

A

Any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin disease

76
Q

Metastasis

A

Process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to a distant organ; the plural form, metastases, indicates spreading to two or more distant sites

77
Q

Mononucleosis

A

Condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis)

78
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increase number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood

79
Q

Septicemia

A

Systemic disease caused by infection with microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood

80
Q

Phlebotomy, venipuncture

A

Incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing

81
Q

Blood chemistry

A

Test of the fluid portion of blood to measure the amounts of its chemical constituents

82
Q

Blood chemistry panels

A

Specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry test’s performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions

83
Q

Basic metabolic panel (BMP)

A

Battery of tests used as a general screen for disease; includes tests for calcium, carbon dioxide, chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium, and blood urea nitrogen

84
Q

Comprehensive metabolic panel

A

Tests performed in addition to the basic panel for expanded screening: albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartame aminotransferase (AST)

85
Q

Blood culture

A

Test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms; the specimen is observed, and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified

86
Q

CD4 cell count

A

A measure of the number of CD4 cells (a subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood; used in monitoring the course of HIV and in timing the treatment of AIDS; the normal adult range is 600-1500 cells in a given volume of blood

87
Q

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

Timed test that measures the rate at which RBCs settle through a volume of plasma

88
Q

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

A

Test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders

89
Q

Thromboplastin

A

Substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation

90
Q

Prothrombin time (PT)

A

Test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood

91
Q

Prothrombin

A

Protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process

92
Q

Complete blood count (CBC)

A

A common lab blood test performed as a screen of general health or for diagnostic purposes and typically includes the component tests that follow; test results are usually reported along with normal values so that the clinician can interpret the results based on the instrumentation used in the lab; normal ranges also may vary depending on the region and climate

93
Q

White blood count (WBC)

A

A count of the number of WBCs in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated lab methods

94
Q

Red blood count (RBC)

A

A count of the number of RBCs in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated lab methods

95
Q

Hemoglobin (HGB or Hgb)

A

A test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin (expressed in grams)

96
Q

Hematocrit (HCT or Hct)

A

A measurement of the percentage of packed RBCs in a given volume of blood

97
Q

Blood indices

A

Calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of RBCs to classify an anemia

98
Q

Mean corpuscular (cell) volume (MCV)

A

Calculation of the volume of individual RBCs using HCT and RBC results: MCV= HCT/RBC

99
Q

Mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin (MCH)

A

Calculation of the content (weight) of hemoglobin in the average RBC using HGB and HCT results: MCHC= HGB/HCT

100
Q

Mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

A

Calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each RBC using HGB and HCT results: MCHC= HGB/HCT

101
Q

Differential count

A

Determination of the number of each type of WBC (leukocyte) in a stained blood smear; each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examined

Type of leukocyte Normal range
Lymphocytes. 25-33%
Monocytes. 3-7%
Neutrophils. 54-75%
Eosinophils. 1-3%
Basophils. 0-1%

102
Q

Red cell morphology

A

As part of identifying and counting the WBCs, the condition, size, and shape of RBCs in the background of the smeared slide are noted

103
Q

Platelet count (PLT)

A

Calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood; the normal adult range is 150,000-450,000 platelets in a given volume of blood

104
Q

Bone marrow aspiration

A

Needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathologic examination

105
Q

Bone marrow biopsy

A

Pathologic examination of bone marrow tissue

106
Q

Lymphangiogram

A

An x-ray image of a lymph node or vessel obtained after injection of a contrast medium

107
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

Fully body x-ray CT images are used to detect tumors and cancers such as lymphoma

108
Q

Position-emission tomography (PET)

A

Scanning technique combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography technology to produce images of anatomy and metabolic function within the body; useful in determining the recurrence of cancers or to measure response to therapy; commonly used in evaluating lymphoma

109
Q

Bone marrow transplant

A

Transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production

110
Q

Lymphadenectomy

A

Removal of a lymph node

111
Q

Lymphadenotomy

A

Incision into a lymph node

112
Q

Lymph node dissection

A

Removal of possible cancer-causing lymph nodes for pathologic examination

113
Q

Splenectomy

A

Removal of the spleen

114
Q

Thymectomy

A

Removal of the thymus gland

115
Q

Blood transfusion

A

Introduction of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner

116
Q

Autologous blood

A

Blood donated by and stored for a pt for future personal use

117
Q

Homologous blood

A

Blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient

118
Q

Blood component therapy

A

Transfusion of a specific blood component, such as packed RBCs, platelets, or plasma

119
Q

Cross-matching

A

Method of matching a donors blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility

120
Q

Immunotherapy

A

Use of biological agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body’s own defense mechanisms, as seen in the treatment if AIDS, cancer, or allergy

121
Q

Plasmapheresis

A

Removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements (platelets) followed by reinfusion

122
Q

Anticoagulant

A

A drug that prevents clotting of the blood

123
Q

Hemostatic

A

A drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels

124
Q

Vasoconstrictor

A

A drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow

125
Q

Vasodilator

A

A drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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