Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Ankyl/o
Crooked or stiff
Arthr/o, articul/o
Joint
Brachi/o
Arm
Cervic/o
Neck
Chondr/o
Cartilage (gristle)
Cost/o
Rib
Crani/o
Skull
Dactyl/o
Digit (finger or toe)
Fasci/o
Fascia (a band)
Femor/o
Femur
Kyph/o
Humped-back
Lei/o
Smooth
Lord/o
Bent
Lumb/o
Loin (lower back)
Myel/o
Bone marrow or spinal cord
Oste/o
Bone
Patell/o
Knee cap
Pelv/i
Pelvis (basin) or hip bone
Radi/o
Radius
Rhabd/o
Rod shaped or striated (skeletal)
Sarc/o
Flesh
Scoli/o
Twisted
Spondyl/o, vertebr/o
Vertebra
Stern/o
Sternum (breastbone)
Ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
Tendon (to stretch)
Thorac/o
Chest
Ton/o
Tone or tension
Uln/o
Ulna
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
Axial skeleton
Bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone (u-shaped bone at the base of the tongue)
Bone
Specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skeleton
Compact bone
Tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones
Spongy bone, cancellous bone
Mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity
Long bones
Bones of the arms and legs
Short bones
Bones of the wrist and ankles
Flat bones
Bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull
Irregular bones
Bones of the vertebrae and face
Sesamoid bones
Round bones found near joints (ex: patella)
Epiphysis
Wide ends of a long bone
Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone
Metaphysis
Growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone
Endosteum
Membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
Medullary cavity
Cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow
Bone marrow
Soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones
Red bone marrow
Functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults
Yellow bone marrow
Gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells
Periosteum
A fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
Articular cartilage
A gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate
Articulation
A joint; the point where two bones come together
Bursa
A fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secrets synovial fluid
Disk/disc
A flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue between the vertebrae that reduces friction
Nucleus pulposus
The soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk
Ligament
A flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
Synovial membrane
Membrane lining the capsule of a joint
Synovial fluid
Joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
Muscle
Tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body
Striated muscle/skeletal muscle
Voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle found in internal organs
Cardiac muscle
Muscle of the heart
Origin of a muscle
Muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
Insertion of a muscle
Muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
Tendon
A band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
Fascia
A band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
Anatomic or anatomical position
A term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions,or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright (erect), facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward; the pt is visualized in this pose when applying any other term of reference
Body planes
Reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts
Coronal plane, frontal plane
Vertical direction of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
Sagittal plane
Vertical division of the body into right and left portions
Transverse plane
Horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
Anterior, ventral
Front of the body
Posterior, dorsal
Back of the body
Anterior-posterior (AP)
From front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray
Posterior-anterior (PA)
From back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
Superior, cephalic
Situated above another structure, toward the head
Inferior, caudal
Situated below another structure, away from the head
Proximal
Toward the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the proximal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip
Distal
Away from the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the distal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area at the end of the bone near the knee
Medial
Toward the middle (midline)
Lateral
Toward the side
Axis
The imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part
Erect
Normal standing position
Decubitus
Lying down, especially in bed; lateral decubitus is lying on the side
Prone
Lying face down and flat
Recumbent
Lying down
Supine
Horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back “on the spine”
flexion
Bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
Extension
Straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased
Abduction
Movement away from the body
Adduction
Movement toward the body
Rotation
Circular movement around an axis
Eversion
Turning outward (ex: of a foot)
Inversion
Turning inward (of a foot)
Supination
Turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) upward or forward
Pronation
Turning of the palmar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward
Dorsiflexion
Bending of the foot or the toes upward
Plantar flexion
Bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
Range of motion (ROM)
Total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements (ex: ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct); measured in degrees
Goniometer
Instrument used to measure joint angles
Arthralgia
Joint pain
Atrophy
Shrinking of muscle size
Crepitation/ crepitus
Grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones
Exostosis
A projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
Flaccid
Flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
Hypertrophic
Increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle
Hypotonia
Reduced muscle tone or tension
Myalgia, myodynia
Muscle pain
Ostealgia, osteodynia
Bone pain
Rigor, rigidity
Stiffness; stiff muscle
Spasm
Drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
Spastic
Uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm)
Tetany
Tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
Tremor
Shaking; rhythmic muscular movement
Ankylosis
Stiff joint condition
Arthritis
Inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; there are more than 100 different types of arthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA), degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease (DJD)
Most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints (ex: knee or hip), characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) and causing ankylosis and deformity
Gouty arthritis
Acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint (especially the great toe), caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood)
Bony necrosis, sequestrum
Bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture
Bunion
Swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
Chrondromalacia
Softening of cartilage
Epiphysitis
Inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone
Fracture (Fx)
Broken or cracked bone
Closed fracture
Broken bone with no wound
Open fracture
Compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound
Simple fracture
Non displaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (hairline fracture, stress fracture, or a crack)
Complex fracture
Displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
Fracture line
The line of the break in a broken bone ex: oblique, spiral, or transverse
Comminuted fracture
Broken in many small pieces
Greenstick fracture
Bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children
Herniated disk
Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
Myeloma
Bone marrow tumor
Myositis
Inflammation of muscle
Myoma
Muscle tumor
Leiomyoma
Smooth muscle tumor
Leiomyosarcoma
Malignant smooth muscle tumor
Rhabdomyoma
Skeletal muscle tumor
Rhabdomyosacroma
Malignant skeletal muscle tumor
Muscular dystrophy
A category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; Duchenne type is most common
Osteoma
Bone tumor
Osteosarcoma
Type of malignant bone tumor
Osteomalacia
Disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin d deficiency
Rickets
Osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity
Osteomyelitis
Infection of bone and bone marrow, causing inflammation
Osteoporosis
Condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily
Spinal curvatures
Curvatures of the spine or spinal column
Kyphosis
Abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back condition)
Lordosis
Abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S shaped curve)
Spondylolisthesis
Forward skipping of a lumbar vertebra
Spondylosis
Stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration
Sprain
Injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
Subluxation
Partial dislocation
Tendinitis or tendonitis
Inflammation of a tendon
Electromyogram (EMG)
A neurodiagnostic, graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle both at rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders (ex: muscular dystrophy) usually performed by a neurologist
Nuclear medicine imaging/ radionuclide organ imaging
An ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes
Bone scan
A nuclear scan (radionuclide image) of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, etc.
Arthogram
A radiograph of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
A non ionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio frequency waves to visualize a anatomic structures; useful in orthopedic studies to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders
Radiography
An imaging modality using x-rays; commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, and joints
Computed tomography (CT), computed axial tomography (CAT)
A specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into two-dimensional or three-dimensional image
Sonography
Ultrasound imaging; a nonionizing technique that is useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention, such as that performed during arthroscopy
Amputation
Partial or complete removal of a limb
AKA; above knee amputation
BKA: below knee amputation
Arthrocentesis
Puncture for aspiration of a joint
Arthrodesis
Binding or fusing of joint surfaces
Arthroplasty
Repair or reconstruction of a joint
Arthroscopy
Procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within
Bone grafting
Transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
Bursectomy
Excision of a bursa
Myoplasty
Repair of a muscle
Open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture
Internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them in place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins
Osteoplasty
Repair of a bone
Osteotomy
A incision into bone
Spondylosyndesis
Spinal fusion
Tenotomy
Division of a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
Closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture
External manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing
Casting
Use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing
Splinting
Use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can be adjusted more easily to accommodate swelling from an injury
Traction (Tx)
Application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing
Closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture
External manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position; often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
Orthosis
Use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bones position to provide limb support (back, knee, or wrist brace)
Physical therapy
Treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury; involves many different modalities such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound
Prosthesis
An artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint
Analgesic
A drug that relieves pain
Narcotic
A potent analgesic with addictive properties
Antiinflammatory
A drug that reduces inflammation
Antipyretic
A drug that relieves fever
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
A group of drugs with analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties (ibuprofen and aspirin) commonly used to treat arthritis
