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Medical Terminology > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Ankyl/o

A

Crooked or stiff

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2
Q

Arthr/o, articul/o

A

Joint

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3
Q

Brachi/o

A

Arm

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4
Q

Cervic/o

A

Neck

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5
Q

Chondr/o

A

Cartilage (gristle)

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6
Q

Cost/o

A

Rib

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7
Q

Crani/o

A

Skull

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8
Q

Dactyl/o

A

Digit (finger or toe)

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9
Q

Fasci/o

A

Fascia (a band)

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10
Q

Femor/o

A

Femur

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11
Q

Kyph/o

A

Humped-back

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12
Q

Lei/o

A

Smooth

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13
Q

Lord/o

A

Bent

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14
Q

Lumb/o

A

Loin (lower back)

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15
Q

Myel/o

A

Bone marrow or spinal cord

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16
Q

Oste/o

A

Bone

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17
Q

Patell/o

A

Knee cap

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18
Q

Pelv/i

A

Pelvis (basin) or hip bone

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19
Q

Radi/o

A

Radius

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20
Q

Rhabd/o

A

Rod shaped or striated (skeletal)

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21
Q

Sarc/o

A

Flesh

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22
Q

Scoli/o

A

Twisted

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23
Q

Spondyl/o, vertebr/o

A

Vertebra

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24
Q

Stern/o

A

Sternum (breastbone)

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25
Q

Ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

A

Tendon (to stretch)

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26
Q

Thorac/o

A

Chest

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27
Q

Ton/o

A

Tone or tension

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28
Q

Uln/o

A

Ulna

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29
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities

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30
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone (u-shaped bone at the base of the tongue)

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31
Q

Bone

A

Specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skeleton

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32
Q

Compact bone

A

Tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones

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33
Q

Spongy bone, cancellous bone

A

Mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity

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34
Q

Long bones

A

Bones of the arms and legs

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35
Q

Short bones

A

Bones of the wrist and ankles

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36
Q

Flat bones

A

Bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

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37
Q

Irregular bones

A

Bones of the vertebrae and face

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38
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Round bones found near joints (ex: patella)

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39
Q

Epiphysis

A

Wide ends of a long bone

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40
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of a long bone

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41
Q

Metaphysis

A

Growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone

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42
Q

Endosteum

A

Membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone

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43
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow

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44
Q

Bone marrow

A

Soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones

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45
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults

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46
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells

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47
Q

Periosteum

A

A fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone

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48
Q

Articular cartilage

A

A gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate

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49
Q

Articulation

A

A joint; the point where two bones come together

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50
Q

Bursa

A

A fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secrets synovial fluid

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51
Q

Disk/disc

A

A flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue between the vertebrae that reduces friction

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52
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

The soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk

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53
Q

Ligament

A

A flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone

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54
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Membrane lining the capsule of a joint

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55
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

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56
Q

Muscle

A

Tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body

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57
Q

Striated muscle/skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton

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58
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary muscle found in internal organs

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59
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Muscle of the heart

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60
Q

Origin of a muscle

A

Muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts

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61
Q

Insertion of a muscle

A

Muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts

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62
Q

Tendon

A

A band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone

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63
Q

Fascia

A

A band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle

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64
Q

Anatomic or anatomical position

A

A term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions,or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright (erect), facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward; the pt is visualized in this pose when applying any other term of reference

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65
Q

Body planes

A

Reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts

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66
Q

Coronal plane, frontal plane

A

Vertical direction of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

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67
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Vertical division of the body into right and left portions

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68
Q

Transverse plane

A

Horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

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69
Q

Anterior, ventral

A

Front of the body

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70
Q

Posterior, dorsal

A

Back of the body

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71
Q

Anterior-posterior (AP)

A

From front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray

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72
Q

Posterior-anterior (PA)

A

From back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam

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73
Q

Superior, cephalic

A

Situated above another structure, toward the head

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74
Q

Inferior, caudal

A

Situated below another structure, away from the head

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75
Q

Proximal

A

Toward the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the proximal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip

76
Q

Distal

A

Away from the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the distal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area at the end of the bone near the knee

77
Q

Medial

A

Toward the middle (midline)

78
Q

Lateral

A

Toward the side

79
Q

Axis

A

The imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part

80
Q

Erect

A

Normal standing position

81
Q

Decubitus

A

Lying down, especially in bed; lateral decubitus is lying on the side

82
Q

Prone

A

Lying face down and flat

83
Q

Recumbent

A

Lying down

84
Q

Supine

A

Horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back “on the spine”

85
Q

flexion

A

Bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased

86
Q

Extension

A

Straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased

87
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the body

88
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the body

89
Q

Rotation

A

Circular movement around an axis

90
Q

Eversion

A

Turning outward (ex: of a foot)

91
Q

Inversion

A

Turning inward (of a foot)

92
Q

Supination

A

Turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) upward or forward

93
Q

Pronation

A

Turning of the palmar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward

94
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Bending of the foot or the toes upward

95
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

96
Q

Range of motion (ROM)

A

Total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements (ex: ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct); measured in degrees

97
Q

Goniometer

A

Instrument used to measure joint angles

98
Q

Arthralgia

A

Joint pain

99
Q

Atrophy

A

Shrinking of muscle size

100
Q

Crepitation/ crepitus

A

Grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones

101
Q

Exostosis

A

A projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage

102
Q

Flaccid

A

Flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone

103
Q

Hypertrophic

A

Increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle

104
Q

Hypotonia

A

Reduced muscle tone or tension

105
Q

Myalgia, myodynia

A

Muscle pain

106
Q

Ostealgia, osteodynia

A

Bone pain

107
Q

Rigor, rigidity

A

Stiffness; stiff muscle

108
Q

Spasm

A

Drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle

109
Q

Spastic

A

Uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm)

110
Q

Tetany

A

Tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction

111
Q

Tremor

A

Shaking; rhythmic muscular movement

112
Q

Ankylosis

A

Stiff joint condition

113
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; there are more than 100 different types of arthritis

114
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA), degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease (DJD)

A

Most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints (ex: knee or hip), characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage

115
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

Most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) and causing ankylosis and deformity

116
Q

Gouty arthritis

A

Acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint (especially the great toe), caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood)

117
Q

Bony necrosis, sequestrum

A

Bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture

118
Q

Bunion

A

Swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa

119
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa

120
Q

Chrondromalacia

A

Softening of cartilage

121
Q

Epiphysitis

A

Inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone

122
Q

Fracture (Fx)

A

Broken or cracked bone

123
Q

Closed fracture

A

Broken bone with no wound

124
Q

Open fracture

A

Compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound

125
Q

Simple fracture

A

Non displaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (hairline fracture, stress fracture, or a crack)

126
Q

Complex fracture

A

Displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair

127
Q

Fracture line

A

The line of the break in a broken bone ex: oblique, spiral, or transverse

128
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Broken in many small pieces

129
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

130
Q

Herniated disk

A

Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root

131
Q

Myeloma

A

Bone marrow tumor

132
Q

Myositis

A

Inflammation of muscle

133
Q

Myoma

A

Muscle tumor

134
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Smooth muscle tumor

135
Q

Leiomyosarcoma

A

Malignant smooth muscle tumor

136
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Skeletal muscle tumor

137
Q

Rhabdomyosacroma

A

Malignant skeletal muscle tumor

138
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

A category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; Duchenne type is most common

139
Q

Osteoma

A

Bone tumor

140
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Type of malignant bone tumor

141
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin d deficiency

142
Q

Rickets

A

Osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity

143
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Infection of bone and bone marrow, causing inflammation

144
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily

145
Q

Spinal curvatures

A

Curvatures of the spine or spinal column

146
Q

Kyphosis

A

Abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back condition)

147
Q

Lordosis

A

Abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)

148
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S shaped curve)

149
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Forward skipping of a lumbar vertebra

150
Q

Spondylosis

A

Stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration

151
Q

Sprain

A

Injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture

152
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial dislocation

153
Q

Tendinitis or tendonitis

A

Inflammation of a tendon

154
Q

Electromyogram (EMG)

A

A neurodiagnostic, graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle both at rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders (ex: muscular dystrophy) usually performed by a neurologist

155
Q

Nuclear medicine imaging/ radionuclide organ imaging

A

An ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes

156
Q

Bone scan

A

A nuclear scan (radionuclide image) of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, etc.

157
Q

Arthogram

A

A radiograph of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium

158
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

A non ionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio frequency waves to visualize a anatomic structures; useful in orthopedic studies to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders

159
Q

Radiography

A

An imaging modality using x-rays; commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, and joints

160
Q

Computed tomography (CT), computed axial tomography (CAT)

A

A specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into two-dimensional or three-dimensional image

161
Q

Sonography

A

Ultrasound imaging; a nonionizing technique that is useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention, such as that performed during arthroscopy

162
Q

Amputation

A

Partial or complete removal of a limb
AKA; above knee amputation
BKA: below knee amputation

163
Q

Arthrocentesis

A

Puncture for aspiration of a joint

164
Q

Arthrodesis

A

Binding or fusing of joint surfaces

165
Q

Arthroplasty

A

Repair or reconstruction of a joint

166
Q

Arthroscopy

A

Procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within

167
Q

Bone grafting

A

Transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect

168
Q

Bursectomy

A

Excision of a bursa

169
Q

Myoplasty

A

Repair of a muscle

170
Q

Open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture

A

Internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them in place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins

171
Q

Osteoplasty

A

Repair of a bone

172
Q

Osteotomy

A

A incision into bone

173
Q

Spondylosyndesis

A

Spinal fusion

174
Q

Tenotomy

A

Division of a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle

175
Q

Closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture

A

External manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing

176
Q

Casting

A

Use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing

177
Q

Splinting

A

Use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can be adjusted more easily to accommodate swelling from an injury

178
Q

Traction (Tx)

A

Application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing

179
Q

Closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture

A

External manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position; often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing

180
Q

Orthosis

A

Use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bones position to provide limb support (back, knee, or wrist brace)

181
Q

Physical therapy

A

Treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury; involves many different modalities such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound

182
Q

Prosthesis

A

An artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint

183
Q

Analgesic

A

A drug that relieves pain

184
Q

Narcotic

A

A potent analgesic with addictive properties

185
Q

Antiinflammatory

A

A drug that reduces inflammation

186
Q

Antipyretic

A

A drug that relieves fever

187
Q

Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

A

A group of drugs with analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties (ibuprofen and aspirin) commonly used to treat arthritis

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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