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Medical Terminology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Alveol/o

A

Alveolus (air sac)

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2
Q

Bronch/o, bronchi/o

A

Bronchus (airway)

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3
Q

Bronchiol/o

A

Bronchiole (little airway)

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4
Q

Capn/o, carb/o

A

Carbon dioxide

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5
Q

Laryng/o

A

Larynx (voice box)

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6
Q

Lob/o

A

Lobe (a portion)

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7
Q

Nas/o, rhin/o

A

Nose

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8
Q

Or/o

A

Mouth

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9
Q

Ox/o

A

Oxygen

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10
Q

Palat/o

A

Palate

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11
Q

Pharyng/o

A

Pharynx (throat)

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12
Q

Phren/o

A

Diaphragm (also mind)

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13
Q

Pleur/o

A

Pleura (lining of lungs)

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14
Q

Pneum/o, pneumon/o

A

Air or lung

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15
Q

Pulmon/o

A

Lung

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16
Q

Sinus/o

A

Sinus (cavity)

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17
Q

Spir/o, -pnea

A

Breathing

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18
Q

Thorac/o, pector/o, steth/o

A

Chest

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19
Q

Tonsill/o

A

Tonsil

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20
Q

Trache/o

A

Trachea (windpipe)

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21
Q

Uvul/o

A

Uvula

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22
Q

Nose

A

Structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; also houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell

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23
Q

Sinuses

A

Air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity

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24
Q

Palate

A

Roof of the mouth; partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft palate

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25
Q

Hard palate

A

Bony anterior portion of the palate

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26
Q

Soft palate

A

Muscular posterior portion of the palate

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27
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and for air to the larynx

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28
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages

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29
Q

Oropharynx

A

Central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis

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30
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus

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31
Q

Tonsils

A

Oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine tonsils

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32
Q

Adenoid

A

Lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil

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33
Q

Uvula

A

Small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate; named for its grape-like shape

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34
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box; passageway for air moving from the pharynx to the trachea; contains the vocal cords

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35
Q

Glottis

A

Opening between the vocal cords in the larynx

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36
Q

Epiglottis

A

A lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway

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37
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into the right and left bronchi

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38
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli

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39
Q

Right and left bronchus

A

Two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs

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40
Q

Bronchioles

A

Progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways

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41
Q

Alveoli

A

Thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that exchange gases

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42
Q

Lungs

A

Two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage; responsible for respiration

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43
Q

Lobes

A

Subdivisions of the lung, with two on the left and three on the right

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44
Q

Pleura

A

Membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)

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45
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura

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46
Q

Diaphragm

A

Muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and moves upward and downward to aid in respiration

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47
Q

Mediastinum

A

Partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and that encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland

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48
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Thin sheets of tissue that line respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid

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49
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucous cell secretions upward

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50
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration

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51
Q

Eupnea

A

Normal breathing

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52
Q

Bradypnea

A

Slow breathing

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53
Q

Tachypnea

A

Fast breathing

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54
Q

Hypopnea

A

Shallow breathing

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55
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Deep breathing

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56
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty breathing

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57
Q

Apnea

A

Inability to breathe

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58
Q

Orthopnea

A

Ability to breathe only in an upright position

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59
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A

Pattern or breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and, sometimes, in rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea

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60
Q

Crackles, rales

A

Popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis

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61
Q

Wheezes, rhonchi

A

High-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema

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62
Q

Stridor

A

High-pitched, crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx)

63
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Degeneration and death or tissue with a cheese-like appearance

64
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blush coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

65
Q

Dysphonia

A

Hoarseness

66
Q

Epistaxis

A

Nosebleed

67
Q

Expectoration

A

Coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs

68
Q

Sputum

A

Material expelled from the lungs by coughing

69
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the lungs

70
Q

Hypercapnia, hypercarbia

A

Excessive levels of carbon dioxide in the blood

71
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Excessive movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypocapnia

72
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

73
Q

Hypoxia

A

Deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells

74
Q

Obstructive lung disorder

A

Condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs

75
Q

Restrictive lung disorder

A

Condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs

76
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Fluid filling the spaces around the alveoli and, eventually, flooding into the alveoli

77
Q

Pulmonary infiltrate

A

Density on an x-ray image representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process

78
Q

Rhinorrhea

A

Thin, watery discharge from the nose (runny nose)

79
Q

Asthma

A

Panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane; characterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough

80
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of lung tissue (alveoli)

81
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Abnormal dialation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus

82
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchi

83
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma

A

Lung cancer; cancer originating in the bronchi

84
Q

Bronchospasm

A

Constriction of bronchi caused by spasm of the peribronchial smooth muscle

85
Q

Emphysema

A

Obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls, resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange

86
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

Permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

87
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally think, viscous (sticky) mucous that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract; mucus that obstructs the airways leads to infection, inflammation, and damage of lung tissue

88
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of the larynx

89
Q

Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB), croup

A

Inflammation of the upper airways with swelling; creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct “seal bark” cough

90
Q

Laryngospasm

A

Spasm of the laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction

91
Q

Nasal polyposis

A

Presence of numerous polyps in the nose (a polyp is a tumor on a stalk)

92
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Inflammation of the pharynx

93
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

94
Q

Empyema, pyothorax

A

Accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity

95
Q

Hemothorax

A

Blood in the pleural cavity

96
Q

Pleuritis, pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleura

97
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

Chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts, such as coal, asbestos, or silicone

98
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation in the lung resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites or from aspiration of chemicals

99
Q

Pneumocystis pneumonia

A

Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii organism, a common opportunistic infection in those who are positive for HIV

100
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall

101
Q

Pneumohemothorax

A

Air and blood in the pleural cavity

102
Q

Pneumonitis

A

Inflammation of the lung, often caused by hypersensitivity to chemical or dusts

103
Q

Pulmonary embolism (PE)

A

occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot

104
Q

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)

A

Disease caused by the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs; characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesions

105
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the sinuses

106
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often resulting in snoring

107
Q

Tonsillitis

A

Acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils

108
Q

Upper respiratory infection (URI)

A

Infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi

109
Q

Arterial blood gas (ABG)

A

Analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases

110
Q

pH

A

Abbreviation for the potential of hydrogen; measurement of blood acidity or alkalinity

111
Q

PaO2

A

Abbreviation for partial pressure of oxygen; measurement of the amount of oxygen in the blood

112
Q

PaCO2

A

Abbreviation for partial pressure of carbon dioxide; measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

113
Q

Endoscopy

A

Examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes

114
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

Use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways

115
Q

Nasopharyngoscopy

A

Use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities, such as obstructions, growths, and cancers

116
Q

Examination methods

A

Techniques used during physical examination to objectively evaluate the respiratory system

117
Q

Auscultation

A

To listen; a physical exam method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope, such as auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds

118
Q

Percussion

A

A physical exam method of tapping the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity, such as the chest

119
Q

Lung biopsy (Bx)

A

Removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathologic examination

120
Q

Lung scan, ventilation-perfusion scan

A

A two part nuclear scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of ventilation (respiration) or perfusion (blood flow) made 1) after radioactive material is injected in the pts blood and 2) as the pt breathes radioactive material into the airways; comparison of the two scans indicates whether an abnormality exists in the airways or the pulmonary circulation

121
Q

MRI

A

Non-ionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions

122
Q

Polysomnography (PSG)

A

Recording of various aspects of sleep for diagnosis of sleep disorders

123
Q

Pulmonary function testing (PFT)

A

Direct and indirect measurements of lung volume and capacities

124
Q

Spirometry

A

Direct measurement of lung volume and capacity

125
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

Amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration

126
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

Amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration

127
Q

Peak flow (PF), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

A

Measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration

128
Q

Pulse oximetry

A

Noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at a site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger; used to monitor hypoxemia

129
Q

Radiology

A

X-ray imaging

130
Q

Chest x-ray

A

X-ray imaging of the chest to visualize the lungs; directional terms identify the path of the x-ray beam to produce the radiograph:
PA= from back to front
AP= from front to back
Lateral= toward the side

131
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lung; CT of the head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses

132
Q

Pulmonary angiography

A

X-ray imaging of the blood vessels of the lungs after the injection of contrast material

133
Q

Adeniodectomy

A

Excision of the adenoids

134
Q

Lobectomy

A

Removal of a lobe of a lung

135
Q

Nasal polypectomy

A

Removal of a nasal polyp

136
Q

Pneumonectomy

A

Removal of an entire lung

137
Q

Thoracentesis

A

Puncture for aspiration of the chest (pleural cavity)

138
Q

Thoracoplasty

A

Repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs

139
Q

Thoracoscopy

A

Endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thoracoscope

140
Q

Thoracostomy

A

Creation of an opening in the chest, usually to insert a tube

141
Q

Thoracotomy

A

Incision into the chest

142
Q

Tonsillectomy

A

Excision of the palatine tonsils

143
Q

Tonsillectomy and adeniodectomy

A

Excision of the tonsils and adenoids

144
Q

Tracheostomy

A

Creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube

145
Q

Tracheotomy

A

Incision into the trachea

146
Q

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

Method of artificial respiration and chest compressions to move oxygenated blood to vital body organs when breathing and the heart have stopped

147
Q

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy

A

Use of a device with a mask that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages; commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea

148
Q

Endotracheal intubation

A

Passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixtures to the lungs

149
Q

Incentive spirometry

A

A common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the pt to inhale and hold an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications

150
Q

Mechanical ventilation

A

Mechanical breathing using a ventilator

151
Q

Anticoagulant

A

A drug that dissolves or prevents the formation of thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels (heparin)

152
Q

Bronchodilator

A

A drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi

153
Q

Expectorant

A

A drug that brakes up mucous and promotes coughing

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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