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Medical Terminology > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

An/o

A

Anus

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2
Q

Appendic/o

A

Appendix

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3
Q

Bil/i, chol/e

A

Bile

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4
Q

Bucc/o

A

Cheek

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5
Q

Cheil/o

A

Lip

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6
Q

Cyst/o

A

Bladder or sac

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7
Q

Dent/i

A

Teeth

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8
Q

Doch/o

A

Duct

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9
Q

Duoden/o

A

Duodenum

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10
Q

Enter/o

A

S. Intestine

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11
Q

Gastr/o

A

Stomach

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12
Q

Gingiv/o

A

Gum

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13
Q

Gloss/o, lingu/o

A

Tongue

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14
Q

Herni/o

A

Hernia

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15
Q

Ile/o

A

Ileum

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16
Q

Jejun/o

A

Jejunum (empty)

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17
Q

Lith/o

A

Stone

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18
Q

Or/o, stomat/o

A

Mouth

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19
Q

Pancreat/o

A

Pancreas

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20
Q

Proct/o

A

Anus and rectum

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21
Q

Pylor/o

A

Pylorus (gatekeeper)

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22
Q

Rect/o

A

Rectum

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23
Q

Sial/o

A

Saliva

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24
Q

Sigmoid/o

A

Sigmoid colon (resembles)

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25
Q

Stent/o

A

Fat

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26
Q

-emesis

A

Vomiting

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27
Q

Oral cavity, mouth

A

Cavity that receives food for digestion

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28
Q

Salivary glands

A

Three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva: the parotid, the submandibular (submaxilkary), and the sublingual glands

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29
Q

Cheeks

A

Lateral walls of the mouth

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30
Q

Lips

A

Fleshy structures surrounding the mouth

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31
Q

Palate

A

Structure that forms the roof of the mouth; divided into the hard palate and the soft palate

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32
Q

Uvula

A

Small projection hanging form the back middle edge of the soft palate

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33
Q

Tongue

A

Muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane and secured by a band-like membrane known as the frenulum

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34
Q

Gums

A

Tissue covering the processes of the jaws

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35
Q

Teeth

A

Hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food

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36
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat; passageway for food traveling to the esophagus and for air traveling to the larynx

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37
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach

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38
Q

Stomach

A

Sac-like organ that chemically mixes and prepares food received from the esophagus

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39
Q

Cardiac sphincter

A

Opening from the esophagus to the stomach

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40
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Opening from the stomach into the duodenum

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41
Q

Small intestine

A

Smaller tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach

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42
Q

Duodenum

A

First portion of the small intestine

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43
Q

Jejunum

A

Second portion of the small intestine

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44
Q

Ileum

A

Third portion of the small intestine

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45
Q

Large intestine

A

Larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defacation

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46
Q

Cecum

A

First part of the large intestine

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47
Q

Vermiform appendix

A

Worm-like projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help to resist infection

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48
Q

Colon

A

Potions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum; identified by direction or shape

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49
Q

Ascending colon

A

Portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum

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50
Q

Transverse colon

A

Portion of the colon that extends across from the ascending cecum

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51
Q

Descending colon

A

Portion of the colon that extends downward from the transverse colon

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52
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

Portion of the colon (resembling an S) that terminates at the rectum

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53
Q

Rectum

A

Distal (end) portion of the large intestine

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54
Q

Rectal ampulla

A

Dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal

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55
Q

Anus

A

Opening of the rectum to the outside of the body

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56
Q

Feces

A

Waste formed by the absorption of water in the large intestine; usually solid

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57
Q

Defecation

A

Evacuation of feces from the rectum

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58
Q

Peritoneum

A

Membrane surrounding he entire abdominal cavity and consisting of the parietal layer (lining the abdominal wall) and the visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen)

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59
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

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60
Q

Omentum

A

An extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs

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61
Q

Liver

A

Organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion

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62
Q

Gallbladder

A

Receptacle that stores and concentrates the bile produced in the liver

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63
Q

Pancreas

A

Gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food

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64
Q

Biliary ducts

A

Ducts that convey bile; include the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts

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65
Q

Hypochondriac Regions

A

Upper lateral regions beneath the ribs

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66
Q

Epigastric region

A

Upper middle region below the sternum

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67
Q

Lumbar regions

A

Middle lateral regions

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68
Q

Umbilical region

A

Region of the navel

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69
Q

Inguinal regions

A

Lower lateral groin regions

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70
Q

Hypogastric region

A

Region below the navel

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71
Q

Aphagia

A

Inability to swallow

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72
Q

Ascites

A

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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73
Q

Buccal

A

In the cheek

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74
Q

Diarrhea

A

Frequent loose or liquid stools

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75
Q

Constipation

A

Infrequent or incomplete bowel movements characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass

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76
Q

Dyspepsia

A

Indigestion

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77
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty in swallowing

78
Q

Eructation

A

Belch

79
Q

Flatulence

A

Gas in the stomach or intestines

80
Q

Halitosis

A

Bad breath

81
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting blood

82
Q

Hematochezia

A

Red blood in the stool

83
Q

Hepatomegaly

A

Enlargement of the liver

84
Q

Hyperbilirubinemia

A

Excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood

85
Q

Icterus, jaundice

A

Yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood

86
Q

Melena

A

Dark-colored,tarry stool caused by old blood

87
Q

Nausea

A

Feeling sick in the stomach

88
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Feces containing fat

89
Q

Sublingual, hypoglossal

A

Under the tongue

90
Q

Ankyloglossia

A

Tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum

91
Q

Cheilitis

A

Inflammation of the lip

92
Q

Esophageal varices

A

Swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage

93
Q

Esophagitis

A

Inflammation of the esophagus

94
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach

95
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

Backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus

96
Q

Gingivitis

A

Inflammation of the gums

97
Q

Glossitis

A

Inflammation of the tongue

98
Q

Parotiditis , parotitis

A

Inflammation of the parotid gland; also called mumps

99
Q

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

A

Sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the gastric system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria

100
Q

Gastric ulcer

A

Ulcer located in the stomach

101
Q

Duodenal ulcer

A

Ulcer located in the duodenum

102
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A

Narrowed condition of the pylorus

103
Q

Sialoadenitis

A

Inflammation of a salivary gland

104
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the mouth

105
Q

Anal fistula

A

An abnormal, tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum

106
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix

107
Q

Colitis

A

Inflammation of the colon (large intestine)

108
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcerations

109
Q

Colorectal polyps

A

Benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the large intestine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop into malignancy

110
Q

Pediculated polyp

A

Projected on a stalk

111
Q

Sessile polyp

A

Lying flat on the surface

112
Q

Diverticulum

A

An abnormal side pocket in the gastro tract; usually related to a lack of dietary fiber

113
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Presence of diverticula in the gastro tract, especially of the colon

114
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of the diverticula

115
Q

Dysentery

A

Inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, blood stools; most often caused by bacteria or protozoa

116
Q

Enteritis

A

Inflammation of the small intestine

117
Q

Hemorrhoid

A

Swollen, twisted vein in the anal region

118
Q

Hernia

A

Protrusion of a part from its normal location

119
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm

120
Q

Inguinal hernia

A

Protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region

121
Q

Incarcerated hernia

A

Hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction

122
Q

Strangulated hernia

A

Hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous

123
Q

Umbilical hernia

A

Protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel)

124
Q

Ileitis

A

Inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine

125
Q

Intussusception

A

Prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part

126
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum

127
Q

Proctitis

A

Inflammation of the rectum and anus

128
Q

Volvulus

A

Twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction

129
Q

Cholangitis

A

Inflammation of the bile ducts

130
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder

131
Q

Choledocholithiasis

A

Presence of stones in the common bile duct

132
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

133
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue; most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency

134
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver

135
Q

Hepatitis A

A

Inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), usually transmitted orally through focal contamination of food or water

136
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus, which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids

137
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus, which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually

138
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

139
Q

Biopsy (Bx)

A

Removal and microscopic study of tissue for pathological examination

140
Q

Incisional biopsy

A

Removal of a portion of a lesion

141
Q

Excisional biopsy

A

Removal of an entire lesion

142
Q

Needle biopsy

A

Percutaneous removal of tissue or fluid using a special, hollow needle

143
Q

Endoscopy

A

Examination within a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnosis or treatment; used in the gastro tract to detect abnormalities and to perform procedures such as biopsy, excision of lesions, and therapeutic interventions

144
Q

Colonoscopy

A

Examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope

145
Q

Proctoscopy

A

Examination of the rectum and anus with a proctoscope

146
Q

Sigmoidoscopy

A

Examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoidscope

147
Q

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

A

Examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes, such as biopsy, excision of lesions, removal of swallowed objects, dilation of obstructions, stent placement, measures to control hemorrhage, etc.

148
Q

Capsule endoscopy

A

Examination of the s. Intestine made by a tiny video camera placed in a capsule and then swallowed; images are transmitted to a waist-belt recorder and then downloaded onto a computer for assessment of possible abnormalities; traditional endoscopy cannot completely access the small intestine because of its length and complexity

149
Q

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

A

Endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, biliary ducts, and pancreas; includes the use of instruments to obtain tissue samples, extract biliary stones, relieve obstructions, etc

150
Q

Laparoscopy

A

Examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope for diagnostic purposes and/or to perform surgery

151
Q

Upper gastrointestinal series

A

X-ray of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the pt has swallowed a contrast medium; barium is the most commonly used medium

152
Q

Barium swallow

A

X-ray of the esophagus only; used to locate swallowed objects

153
Q

Fluoroscopy

A

X-ray imaging with a fluorescent screen to visualize structures in motion

154
Q

Small bowl series

A

X-ray examination of the small intestine; generally done in conjunction with an upper GI series

155
Q

Lower gastrointestinal series, barium enema

A

X-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium

156
Q

Chloangiogram

A

X-ray image of the bile ducts; often performed during surgery

157
Q

Cholecystogram

A

X-ray image of the gallbladder obtained after oral ingestion of iodine

158
Q

Abdominal sonogram

A

Ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structures

159
Q

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)

A

Images produced using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to evaluate abnormalities of the upper and lower gastro tracts and adjacent structures; also used to guide needle biopsy of tissue and in determining the stage of a malignancy

160
Q

Stool culture and sensitivity

A

Isolation of a stool specimen in a culture medium to identify disease-causing organisms; if organisms are present, the drugs to which they are sensitive are listed

161
Q

Stool occult blood study

A

Chemical test of a stool specimen to detect the presence of blood; positive findings indicate bleeding in the gastro tract

162
Q

Abdominocentesis

A

Puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid

163
Q

Abdominal paracentesis

A

Puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

164
Q

Anal fistulectomy

A

Excision of an anal fistula

165
Q

Anastomosis

A

Union of two hollow vessels; a technique used in bowl surgery

166
Q

Appendectomy

A

Excision of a disease appendix

167
Q

Bariatric surgery

A

Treatment of morbid obesity by surgery to the stomach and/or intestines; procedures include restrictive techniques that limit the size of the stomach and malabsoptive techniques that limit the absorption of the food

168
Q

Cheiloplasty

A

Repair of the lip

169
Q

Cholecystectomy

A

Excision of the gallbladder; common treatment for symptomatic gallbladder disease

170
Q

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy

A

Excision of the gallbladder through a laparoscope

171
Q

Colostomy

A

Creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to create an abdominal anus, allowing stool to bypass a diseased potion of the colon; performed to treat ulcerative colitis, cancer, or obstructions

172
Q

Esophagoplasty

A

Repair of the esophagus

173
Q

Gastrectomy

A

Partial or complete removal of the stomach

174
Q

Gastric resection

A

Partial removal and repair of the stomach

175
Q

Gastroenterostomy

A

Formation of an artificial opening between the stomach and small intestine; often performed at the time of gastrectomy to route food from the remainder of the stomach to the intestine; also performed to repair a perforated duodenal ulcer

176
Q

Glossectomy

A

Excision of all or part of the tongue

177
Q

Glossorraphy

A

Suture of the tongue

178
Q

Hemorrhoidectomy

A

Excision of a hemorrhoid

179
Q

Hepatic lobectomy

A

Excision of a lobe of the liver

180
Q

Herniorrhaphy, hernioplasty

A

Repair of a hernia

181
Q

Ileostomy

A

Surgical creation of an opening on the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for ileal discharges; performed after removal of the colon, such as to treat chronic inflammatory bowel diseases

182
Q

Laparoscopic surgery

A

Abdominal surgery using a laparoscope

183
Q

Laparotomy

A

Incision into the abdomen

184
Q

Pancreatectomy

A

Excision of the pancreas

185
Q

Polypectomy

A

Excision of poylps

186
Q

Proctoplasty

A

Repair of the anus and rectum

187
Q

Gastric lavage

A

Oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for exam and treatment, such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or to monitor bleeding

188
Q

Nasogastric intubation

A

Insertion of a tube through the nose and into the stomach for various purposes, such as to obtain a gastric fluid specimen for analysis

189
Q

Antacid

A

Drug that neutralizes stomach acid

190
Q

Antiemetic

A

Drug that prevents or stops vomiting

191
Q

Antispasmodic

A

Drug that decreases motility in the gastro tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea

192
Q

Cathartic

A

Drug that causes movement of the bowels; also called a laxative

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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