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Medical Terminology > Nervous System And Psychiatry > Flashcards

Nervous System And Psychiatry Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Cerebr/o

A

Cerebrum (largest part of the brain)

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2
Q

Cerebell/o

A

Cerebellum (little brain)

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3
Q

Crani/o

A

Skull

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4
Q

Encephal/o

A

Entire brain

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5
Q

Esthesi/o

A

Sensation

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6
Q

Gangli/o

A

Ganglion (knot)

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7
Q

Gli/o

A

Glue

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8
Q

Gnos/o

A

Knowing

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9
Q

Kinesi/o

A

Movement

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10
Q

Lex/o

A

Word or phrase

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11
Q

Mening/o, meningi/o

A

Meninges (membranes)

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12
Q

Myel/o

A

Spinal cord or bone marrow

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13
Q

Narc/o

A

Stupor or sleep

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14
Q

Neur/o

A

Nerve

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15
Q

Phas/o

A

Speech

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16
Q

Phob/o

A

Exaggerated fear or sensitivity

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17
Q

Phor/o

A

Carry or bear

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18
Q

Phren/o, psych/o, thym/o

A

Mind

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19
Q

Schiz/o

A

Split

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20
Q

Somat/o

A

Body

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21
Q

Somn/o, somn/I, hypn/o

A

Sleep

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22
Q

Spin/o

A

Spine (thorn)

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23
Q

Spondyl/o, vertebr/o

A

Vertebra

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24
Q

Stere/o

A

Three-dimensional or solid

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25
Q

Tax/o

A

Order or coordination

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26
Q

Thalam/o

A

Thalamus (a room)

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27
Q

Ton/o

A

Tone or tension

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28
Q

Top/o

A

Place

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29
Q

Ventricul/o

A

Ventricle (belly or pouch)

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30
Q

Cata-

A

Down

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31
Q

-asthenia

A

Weakness

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32
Q

-lepsy

A

Seizure

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33
Q

-mania

A

Condition of abnormal impulse toward

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34
Q

-paresis

A

Slight paralysis

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35
Q

-plegia

A

Paralysis

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36
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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37
Q

Brain

A

Portion of the CNS contained within the cranium

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38
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain; divided into right and left halves, known as cerebral hemispheres, which are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum; lobes of the cerebrum are named after the skull bones they underlie

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39
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere; responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality

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40
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Portion posterior to the frontal lobe; responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch

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41
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Portion that lies below the frontal lobe; responsible for hearing, taste, and smell

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42
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes; responsible for vision

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43
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter; responsible for higher mental functions

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44
Q

Thalamus/diencephalon

A

Each of two grey matter nuclei deep within the brain; responsible for relaying sensory info to the cortex

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45
Q

Gyri

A

Convolutions (mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres

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46
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow grooves that separate gyri

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47
Q

Fissures

A

Deep groves in the brain

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48
Q

Cerebellum

A

Portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum; responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles

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49
Q

Brainstem

A

Region of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord; responsible for breathing, heart rate, and body temperature; the three levels are the mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, and medulla oblongata

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50
Q

Ventricles

A

Series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral genoisoheres and brain stem filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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51
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord

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52
Q

Spinal cord

A

Column of nervous tissue from the brainstem through the vertebrae; responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and the body

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53
Q

Meninges

A

Three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater

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54
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Nerves that branch from the CNS including the nerves of the brain (cranial nerves) and spinal cord (spinal nerves)

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55
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain

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56
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord

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57
Q

Sensory nerves

A

Nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory info to the brain; also called afferent nerves

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58
Q

Motor nerves

A

Nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and the glands; also called efferent nerves

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59
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and various glands

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60
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Control center for the autonomic nervous system located below the thalamus (diencephalon)

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61
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Division of the autonomic nervous system that is concerned primarily with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations

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62
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Division of the ANS that is most active in ordinary conditions; it counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience

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63
Q

Aphasia, dysphasia

A

Impairment because of localized brain injury that affects the understanding, retrieving, and formulating of meaningful and sequential elements of a language, as demonstrated by an inability to use or comprehend words; occurs as a result of a stroke, head trauma, or disease

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64
Q

Coma

A

A general term referring to levels of decreased consciousness with varying responsiveness; a common method of assessment is the Glasgow Coma Scale

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65
Q

Delirium

A

A state of mental confusion caused by disturbances in cerebral function; the many causes include fever, shock, and drug overdose

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66
Q

Dementia

A

An impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion

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67
Q

Motor deficit

A

Loss or impairment of muscle function

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68
Q

Sensory deficit

A

Loss or impairment of sensation

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69
Q

Neuralgia

A

Pain along the course of a nerve

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70
Q

Paralysis

A

Temporary or permanent loss of motor control

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71
Q

Flaccid paralysis

A

Defective (flabby) or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion

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72
Q

Spastic paralysis

A

Stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a CNS disorder

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73
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Partial paralysis of the right and left half of the body

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74
Q

Sciatica

A

Pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve, caused by compression or trauma of the nerve or its roots

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75
Q

Seizure

A

Sudden, transient disturbances in brain function resulting from an abnormal firing of nerve impulses; may or may not be associated with convulsion

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76
Q

Convulsion

A

To pull together; type of seizure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles

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77
Q

Syncope

A

Fainting

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78
Q

Tactile stimulation

A

Evoking a response by touching

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79
Q

Hyperesthesia

A

Increased sensitivity to stimulation such as pain or touch

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80
Q

Paresthesia

A

Abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause

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81
Q

Agnosia

A

Any of many types of loss of neurologic function involving interpretation of sensory info

82
Q

Asterogenesis

A

Inability to judge the form of an object by touch

83
Q

Atopognosis

A

Inability to locate a sensation properly, such as an inability to locate a point touched on the body

84
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

Disease of structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration to loss of all intellectual functions, total disability, and death

85
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

Condition of progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle control; symptoms advance from muscle weakness in the arms and legs, to the muscles of speech, swallowing, and breathing, to total paralysis and death; also known as Lou Gehrig disease

86
Q

Cerebral palsy (CP)

A

Condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth; characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination

87
Q

Cerebrovascular disease

A

Disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain

88
Q

Cerebral arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries of the brsin

89
Q

Cerebral atherosclerosis

A

Condition of the lipid buildup within the blood vessels of the brain

90
Q

Cerebral aneurysm

A

Dilation of a blood vessel in the brain

91
Q

Cerebral thrombosis

A

Presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain

92
Q

Cerebral embolism

A

Obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus transported through the circulation

93
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), stroke

A

Damage to the brain caused by Cerebrovascular disease, such as occlusion of a blood vessel by a thrombus or embolus (ischemic stroke) or intercranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneurysm

94
Q

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

Brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain, usually caused by partial occlusion that results in temporary neurologic deficit (impairment); often precedes a CVA

95
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain

96
Q

Epilepsy

A

Disorder affecting the CNS; characterized by recurrent seizures

97
Q

Tonic-clonic seizure

A

Stiffening-jerking; a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups; previously termed grand mal seizure

98
Q

Absence seizure

A

Seizure involving a brief loss of consciousness without motor involvement; previously termed petit mal seizure

99
Q

Partial seizure

A

Seizure involving only limited areas of the brain with localized symptoms

100
Q

Glioma

A

Tumor of glial cells graded according to degree of malignancy

101
Q

Herniated disk

A

Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression of the nerve root

102
Q

Herpes zoster

A

Viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves, characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following the affected nerves, usually unilateral; also known as shingles

103
Q

Huntington chorea, Huntington disease

A

Hereditary disease of the CNS characterized by bizarre, involuntary body movements and progressive dementia

104
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain as a result of developmental anomalies, infection, injury, or tumor

105
Q

Meningioma

A

Benign tumor of the coverings of the brain (the meninges)

106
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges

107
Q

Migraine headaches

A

Paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of mostly unilateral headache, often accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, or vomiting, lasting hours or days and caused by dilatation of the arteries

108
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Disease of the CNS characterized by the demyelination of nerve fibers, with episodes of neurologic dysfunction followed by recovery

109
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing a progressive decrease in muscle strength; activity resumes and strength returns after a period of rest

110
Q

Myelitis

A

Inflammation of the spinal cord

111
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sleep disorder characterized by a sudden, uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis, and dreams intruding while awake

112
Q

Neural tube defects

A

Congenital deformities of the brain and spinal cord caused by incomplete development of the neural tube, the embryonic structure that forms the nervous system

113
Q

Anencephaly

A

Defect in closure of the cephalic portion of the neural tube that results in incomplete development of the brain and bones of the skull; the most drastic neural tube defect usually results in a stillbirth

114
Q

Spina bifida

A

Defect in development of the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching of the meninges or of the meninges and spinal cord; considered to be the most common neural tube defect

115
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Condition of slowly progressive degeneration in an area of the brainstem resulting in a decrease of dopamine; characterized by tremor, rigidity of the muscles, and slow movements; usually occurs later in life

116
Q

Plegia

A

Paralysis

117
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis on one side of the body

118
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis from the waist down

119
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of all four limbs

120
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis

121
Q

Polyneuritis

A

Inflammation involving two or more nerves, often caused by a nutritional deficiency,such as lack of thiamine

122
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often causing snoring

123
Q

Electrodiagnostic procedures

A

Diagnostic procedures used to evaluate the function of the nervous system by recording the electrical signals produced in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

124
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Record of the minute electrical impulses of the brain; used to identify neurologic conditions that affect brain function and level of consciousness

125
Q

Evoked potentials

A

Record of minute electrical potentials (waves) that are extracted from ongoing EEG activity to diagnose auditory, visual, and sensory pathway disorders; also used to monitor the neurologic function of pts during surgery

126
Q

Polysomnography (PSG)

A

Recording of various aspects of sleep to diagnose sleep disorders

127
Q

Lumbar puncture (LP)

A

Introduction of a specialized needle into the spine in the lumbar region for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, such as to obtain CSF for testing; also called spinal tap

128
Q

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

Magnetic resonance imaging of blood vessels to detect pathologic conditions, such as thrombosis and atherosclerosis

129
Q

Intracranial MRA

A

Magnetic resonance image of the head to visualize the vessels of the circles of Willis (common side of cerebral aneurysm, stenosis, or occlusion)

130
Q

Extracranial MRA

A

Magnetic resonance image of the neck to visualize the cartiod artery

131
Q

Nuclear medicine imaging

A

Radionucleotide organ imaging

132
Q

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain scan

A

Scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of the brain after the administration of radioactive isotopes

133
Q

Position-emission tomography (PET)

A

Technique combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of brain anatomy and corresponding physiology; used to study stroke, alzheimer disease, epilepsy, metabolic brain disorders, chemistry of nerve transmissions in the brain, and so on; provides greater accuracy than SPECT, but is used less often bc of cost and the limited availability of radioisotopes

134
Q

Radiography

A

X-ray imaging

135
Q

Cerebral angiogram

A

X-ray of blood vessels in the brain after intracarotid injection of contrast medium

136
Q

Computed tomography of the head

A

CT (x-ray) images of the head used to visualize abnormalities such as brain tumors and malformations

137
Q

Myelogram

A

X-ray of the spinal cord obtained after intraspinal injection of contrast medium

138
Q

Reflex testing

A

Test performed to observe the body’s response to a stimulus

139
Q

Deep tendon reflexes (DTR)

A

Involuntary muscle contraction after percussion at a tendon indicating function; positive findings are either no reflex response or an exaggerated response to stimulus. Numbers are often used to record responses
0= no response
1= diminished response
2= normal response
3= more brisk than avg response
4= hyperactive response

140
Q

Babinski sign, babinski reflex

A

Pathologic response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot; a positive sign is indicated when the toes dorsiflex (curl upward)

141
Q

Transcranial Doppler sonogram

A

Image made by sending ultrasound beams through the skull to assess blood flow in intracranial vessels; used in the diagnosis and management of stroke and head trauma

142
Q

Carotid endarterectomy

A

Incision and coring of the lining of the carotid artery to clear a blockage caused by the buildup of the atherosclerotic plaque or a clot; an open procedure used to treat pts who are at risk for stroke

143
Q

Crainectomy

A

Excision of part of the skull to approach the brain

144
Q

Crainotomy

A

Incision into the skull to approach the brain

145
Q

Discectomy

A

Removal of a herniated disc, often done percutaneously

146
Q

Endovascular neurosugery, interventional neuroadiology

A

Minimally invasive techniques for diagnosis and treatment of disorders within blood vessels of the neck, brain, and spinal cord using specialized catheters inserted percutaneously into the femoral artery and guided by angiographic imaging to the treatment site; performed in a specialized angiographic lab by interventional neuroradiologists; common procedures are:
Percutaneous translumimal angioplasty with stent (PTA)
Embolization of intracranial aneurysms and vascular malformations

147
Q

Laminectomy

A

Excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to approach the spinal cord

148
Q

Vertebral lamina

A

Flattened posterior portion of the vertebral arch

149
Q

Microsurgery

A

Use of a microscope to dissect minute structures during surgery

150
Q

Neuroplasty

A

Surgical repair of a nerve

151
Q

Spondylosyndesis

A

Spinal fusion

152
Q

Radiation therapy

A

Treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to impede the proliferation of malignant cells

153
Q

Sterotactic radiosurgery

A

Radiation treatment to inactivate malignant lesions using multiple, precise external radiation beams focused on a target with the aid of a sterotactic frame and imaging such as CT, MRI, or angiography; used to treat inoperable brain tumors and other lesions

154
Q

Sterotactic frame

A

Mechanical device used to localize a point in space, targeting a precise site

155
Q

Analgesic

A

Agent that relieves pain

156
Q

Anticonvulsant

A

Agent that prevents or lessons convulsion

157
Q

Hypnotic

A

Agent that induces sleep

158
Q

Affect

A

Emotional feeling or mood

159
Q

Flat affect

A

Significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction

160
Q

Apathy

A

A lack of interest or display of emotion

161
Q

Catatonia

A

A state of unresponsiveness to one’s outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate

162
Q

Delusion

A

A persistent belief that has no basis in reality

163
Q

Grandiose delusion

A

A persons false belief that he or she possesses great wealth, intelligence, or power

164
Q

Persecutory delusion

A

A persons false belief that someone is plotting against him or her with the intent to harm

165
Q

Dysphoria

A

A restless, dissatisfied mood

166
Q

Euphoria

A

An exaggerated, unfounded feeling of well-being

167
Q

Hallucination

A

A false perception of the sense for which there is no reality; most commonly hearing or seeing things

168
Q

Ideation

A

The formulation of thoughts and or ideas, such as suicidal ideation

169
Q

Mania

A

State of abnormal elation and increased activity

170
Q

Neurosis

A

A psychologic condition in which anxiety is prominent

171
Q

Psychosis

A

A psychologic condition characterized by distortion of reality resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one’s environment

172
Q

Thought disorder

A

Thought that lacks clear processing or logical direction

173
Q

Major depression, major depressive illness, clinical depression, major affective disorder, unipolar disorder

A

A disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, sleep, activity, appetite, and social behavior; characterized by feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest

174
Q

Dysthymia

A

A milder affective disorder characterized by chronic depression

175
Q

Manic depression, bipolar disorder

A

An affective disorder characterized by mood swings or mania and depression

176
Q

Seasonal affective disorder

A

An affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall and winter and that remit in the spring

177
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

The most common anxiety disorder, characterized by chronic, excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday problems; affects the ability to relax or concentrate, but does not usually interfere with social interactions or employment; physical symptoms include muscle tension, trembling, twitching, fatigue, headaches, nausea, and insomnia

178
Q

Panic disorder

A

A disorder of sudden, recurrent attacks of intense feelings, including physical symptoms that mimic a heart attack with a general sense of loss of control or feeling that death is imminent; often progresses to agoraphobia

179
Q

Phobia

A

Exaggerated fear of a specific object or circumstance that causes anxiety and panic; named for the object or circumstance

180
Q

Post traumatic stress disorder

A

A condition resulting from an extremely traumatic experience, injury, or illness that leaves the sufferer with persistent thoughts and memories of the ordeal; symptoms may include feelings of fear, detachment, etc.

181
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

An anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions accompanied by repeated compulsions; can interfere with all aspects of a persons daily life; for example, the thought that a door is not locked causing repetitive checking to make sure it is locked, or thoughts that ones body has been contaminated causing repetitive washing

182
Q

Hypochondriasis

A

a preoccupation with thoughts of disease and concern that one is suffering from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary

183
Q

Autism

A

a developmental disability, commonly appearing during the first three years of life, resulting from a neurologic disorder
affecting brain function, as evidenced by difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication and an inability to relate to anything beyond oneself in social interactions; persons with autism often exhibit body movements such as rocking and repetitive hand movements; persons commonly become preoccupied with observing parts of small objects or moving parts or with performing meaningless rituals

184
Q

Dyslexia

A

a developmental disability characterized by difficulty understanding written or spoken words, sentences, or paragraphs that affects reading, spelling, and self-expression

185
Q

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

A

a dysfunction characterized by consistent hyperactivity, distractibility, and lack of control over impulses, which interferes with ability to function normally at school, home, or work

186
Q

Mental retardation

A

a condition of subaverage intelligence characterized by an IQ of 70 or less, resulting in the inability to adapt to normal social activities

187
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

a severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about one’s body weight, as evidenced by an overwhelming fear of becoming fat that results in a refusal to eat and body weight well below normal

188
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by efforts to limit digestion though induced vomiting, use of laxatives, or excessive exercise

189
Q

Substance abuse disorders

A

mental disorders resulting from abuse of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or other toxins, causing personal and social dysfunction; identified by the abused substance, such as alcohol abuse, amphetamine abuse, opioid (narcotic) abuse, and polysubstance abuse

190
Q

Schizophrenia

A

a disease of brain chemistry causing a distorted cognitive and emotional perception of one’s environment; symptoms include distortions of normal function (such as disorganized thought, delusions, hallucinations, and catatonic behavior), flat affect, apathy, and withdrawal from reality

191
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy

A

Electrical shock applied to the brain to induce convulsions; used to treat pts with severe depression

192
Q

Light therapy

A

Use of specialized illuminating light boxes and visitors to test seasonal affective disorder

193
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and nonverbal interaction with pts, individually or in a group, employing specific actions and techniques

194
Q

Behavioral therapy

A

Treatment to decrease or stop unwanted behavior

195
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

Treatment to change unwanted patterns of thinking

196
Q

Psychotropic drugs

A

Medications used to treat mental illnesses

197
Q

Antianxiety agents, anxiolytic agents

A

Drugs used to reduce anxiety

198
Q

Antidepressant

A

Agent that counteracts depression

199
Q

Neuroleptic agents

A

Drug used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia

200
Q

Sedative

A

Agent that has a calming effect and quiets nervousnesses

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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