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Medical Terminology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Aden/o

A

Gland

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2
Q

Adren/o, adrenal/o

A

Adrenal gland

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3
Q

Andr/o

A

Male

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4
Q

Crin/o

A

To secrete

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5
Q

Dips/o

A

Thirst

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6
Q

Hormon/o

A

Hormone

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7
Q

Ket/o, keton/o

A

Ketone bodies

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8
Q

Pancreat/o

A

Pancreas

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9
Q

Thym/o

A

Thymus gland

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10
Q

Thyr/o, thyroid/o

A

Thyroid gland

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11
Q

Adrenal glands, suprarenal glands

A

Located on the superior surface of each kidney; the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

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12
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

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13
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Regulars carbohydrate metabolism and have Antiinflammatory effects; cortisol is the most significant glucocorticoid

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14
Q

Mineral corticosteroids

A

Maintain salt and water balance

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15
Q

Androgens

A

Influence development and maintenance of make sex characteristics, for example, facial hair and deep voice

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16
Q

Catecholamines

A

Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response

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17
Q

Epinephrine, adrenaline

A

Secreted in response or physical injury

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18
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Secreted in response to hypotension and physical stress

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19
Q

Ovaries

A

Located on both sides of the uterus in the female pelvis; secrete estrogen and progesterone

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20
Q

Estrogen

A

Responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics

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21
Q

Progesterone

A

Regulates uterine conditions during pregnancy

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22
Q

Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

A

Endocrine tissue within the pancreas; secretes insulin and glucagon

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23
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans that is responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose

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24
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans that serves to regulate carbohydrate metabolism by raising blood sugar

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25
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck; secrete parathyroid hormone

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26
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

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27
Q

Pineal gland

A

Located in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin and serotonin

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28
Q

Melatonin

A

Exact function unknown; affects the onset of puberty

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29
Q

Serotonin

A

A neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin

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30
Q

Pituitary gland, hypophysis

A

Located at the base of the brain; considered the master gland as it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles; the anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, LH, melanocyte stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin; the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

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31
Q

Anterior pituitary, adenohypophysis

A

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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32
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulated secretion from thyroid gland

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33
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH)

A

Stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex

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34
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Initiates the growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates the secretion of estrogen in females and the production of sperm on males

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35
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes

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36
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Affects skin pigmentation

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37
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Influences growth

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38
Q

Prolactin, lactogenic hormone

A

Stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy

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39
Q

Posterior pituitary, neurohypophysis

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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40
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules

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41
Q

Oxytocin

A

Influences uterine contraction

42
Q

Testes

A

Located on both sides within the scrotum in the male; secrete testosterone

43
Q

Testosterone

A

Affects masculinization and reproduction

44
Q

Thymus gland

A

Located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin

45
Q

Thymosin

A

Regulates immune response

46
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Located in the front of the neck; secretes triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin

47
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)

A

Known as the thyroid hormones; regulate metabolism

48
Q

Calcitonin

A

Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

49
Q

Exophthalmos, exophthalmus

A

Protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball

50
Q

Glucosuria, glycosuria

A

Glucose in the urine

51
Q

Hirsutism

A

Shaggy; an excessive growth of hair, especially in unusual places

52
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

An abnormally high level of calcium in the blood

53
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

An abnormally low level of calcium in the blood

54
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High blood sugar

55
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood sugar

56
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

An abnormally high level of potassium in the blood

57
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Deficient level of potassium in the blood

58
Q

Hypersecretion

A

Abnormally increased secretion

59
Q

Hyposecretion

A

Abnormally decreased secretion

60
Q

Ketosis, ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes starvation

61
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions

62
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst

63
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive urination

64
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

A collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone; may be due to excessive production by the adrenal gland (often because of a tumor), or, more commonly, occurs as a side effect of treatment with glucocorticoid hormones, such as prednisone for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or other inflammatory diseases; symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness, hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin with strips, hypertension, and osteoporosis

65
Q

Adrenal virilism

A

Excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women caused by a tumor or hyperplasia; evidenced by amenorrhea, acne, hirsutism, and deepening of the voice

66
Q

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

Metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glucosuria

67
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

Diabetes in which no beta-cell production of insulin occurs and the pt is dependent on insulin for survival

68
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

Diabetes in which either the body produces insufficient insulin or insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced) occurs; the pt usually is not dependent on insulin for survival

69
Q

Hyperinsulinism

A

A condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions; often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the pancreas

70
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

71
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor

72
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands

73
Q

Acromegaly

A

Disease characterized by enlarged features, especially of the face and hands, caused by Hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor

74
Q

Pituitary dwarfism

A

A condition of congenital Hyposecretion of growth hormone that slows growth and causes short, yet proportionate, stature; often treated during childhood with growth hormone; other forms of dwarfism are most often caused by genetic defects

75
Q

Pituitary gigantism

A

A condition of Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones; most often caused by a pituitary tumor

76
Q

Goiter

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation

77
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

A condition of Hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by nervousness, weight loss, rapid pulse, protrusion of the eyeball (exophthalmos), goiter, etc

78
Q

Graves’ disease

A

The most common form of hyperthyroidism; caused by an autoimmune defect that creates antibodies that stimulate the overproduction of thyroid hormones; exophthalmos is a featured characteristic

79
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

A condition of Hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often, obsesity

80
Q

Myxedema

A

Advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin

81
Q

Cretinism

A

Condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that result in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical statue; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed

82
Q

Blood sugar (BS), blood glucose

A

Measurement of the level of sugar in the blood

83
Q

Fasting blood sugar (FBS)

A

Measurement of blood sugar level after fasting for 12hrs

84
Q

Postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)

A

Measurement of blood sugar level after a meal

85
Q

Glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

Measurement of the body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, the measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter for 4 to 6 hours

86
Q

Glycohemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc)

A

A molecule (fraction) in hemoglobin, the level of which rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar; a common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes

87
Q

Electrolyte panel

A

Measurement of the level of specific ions (sodium, potassium, and chloride) along with CO2 (for incorrect measure of bicarbonate ion) in the blood ; electrolytes are essential for maintain water balance as well as nerve, muscle, and heart activity

88
Q

Thyroid function study

A

Measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine the efficiency of glandular secretions, including T3, T4, and TSH

89
Q

Urine sugar and ketone studies

A

Chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine; used as a screen for diabetes

90
Q

Thyroid uptake and image

A

Radionuclide scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously injected isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors

91
Q

Adrenalectomy

A

Excision of the adrenal glands

92
Q

Hypophysectomy

A

Excision of the pituitary gland

93
Q

Pancreatectomy

A

Excision of the pancreas

94
Q

Parathyroidectomy

A

Excision of the parathyroid glands

95
Q

Thymectomy

A

Excision of the thymus gland

96
Q

Thyroidectomy

A

Excision of the thyroid gland

97
Q

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), insulin pump therapy

A

Use of an insulin delivery device that is worn on the body and subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to the individual needs of the diabetic pt

98
Q

Radioiodine therapy

A

Use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells; treatment is administered in a nuclear medicine facility

99
Q

Antidiabetic drug

A

Any of the several agents used to control blood sugar levels in treatment of diabetes mellitus

100
Q

Antithyroid drug

A

An agent that blacks the production of thyroid hormones; used to treat hyperthyroidism

101
Q

Hormone replacement therapy

A

Treatment with a hormone to correct a hormonal deficiency

102
Q

Hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic

A

A drug that lowers the blood glucose level

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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