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Medical Terminology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Aort/o

A

Aorta

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2
Q

Arteri/o

A

Artery

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3
Q

Ather/o

A

Fatty paste

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4
Q

Atri/o

A

Atrium

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5
Q

Coron/o

A

Circle or crown

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6
Q

Pector/o, steth/o

A

Chest

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7
Q

Sphygm/o

A

Pulse

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8
Q

Thromb/o

A

Clot

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9
Q

Ven/o, phleb/o

A

Vein

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10
Q

Varic/o

A

Swollen, twisted vein

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11
Q

Ventricul/o

A

Ventricle (belly or pouch)

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12
Q

Atrium

A

Upper right or left chamber of the heart

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13
Q

Endocardium

A

Membrane lining the cavities of the heart

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14
Q

Epicardium

A

Membrane forming the outer layer of the heart

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15
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Partition between the right and left atria

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16
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Partition between the right and left ventricles

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17
Q

Myocardium

A

Heart muscle

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18
Q

Pericardium

A

Protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid between

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19
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Layer closest to the heart

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20
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Outer layer

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21
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Fluid-filled cavity between the pericardial layers

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22
Q

Ventricle

A

Lower right or left chamber of the heart

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23
Q

Heart valves

A

Structure within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood

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24
Q

Aortic valve

A

Heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

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25
Q

Mitral valve/bicuspid valve

A

Heart valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

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26
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

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27
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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28
Q

Valve of the veins

A

Valves located at intervals within the lining of veins, especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart

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29
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles

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30
Q

Aorta

A

Large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle

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31
Q

Arterioles

A

Small vessels that receive blood from the arteries

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32
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules

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33
Q

Veins

A

Vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules

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34
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Circulation of blood throughout the body via arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues

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35
Q

Coronary circulation

A

Circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue

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36
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gases

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37
Q

Diastole

A

To expand; period during the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria

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38
Q

Systole

A

To contract; period during the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and the pulmonary artery

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39
Q

Normotension

A

Normal blood pressure

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40
Q

Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure

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41
Q

Hypertension (HTN)

A

High blood pressure

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42
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

The pacemaker; highly specialized, neurological tissue impeded in the wall of the right atrium; responsible for initiating electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and firing conduction of impulses to the AV node

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43
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

Neurological tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the bundle of His

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44
Q

Bundle of His

A

Neurological fibers extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers

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45
Q

Purkinje fibers, purkinje network

A

Fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contrast

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46
Q

Polarization

A

Resting; resting state of a myocardial cell

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47
Q

Depolarization

A

Change of a myocardial cell from a polarized (resting) state to a state of a contraction

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48
Q

Repolarizarion

A

Recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state

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49
Q

Normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

A

Regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node (60-100bpm)

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50
Q

Aneurysm

A

A widening; a bulging of the wall of the heart, aorta, or artery caused by a congenital defect of acquired weakness

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51
Q

Saccular aneurysm

A

A sac-like bulge on one side

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52
Q

Fusiform aneurysm

A

A spindle-shaped bulge

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53
Q

Dissecting aneurysm

A

A split or tear of the vessel wall

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54
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle; often caused by narrowing of the coronary areries

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55
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of the arterial walls

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56
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the buildup of fatty substances that harden within the walls of arteries

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57
Q

Atheromatous plaque

A

A swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fat

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58
Q

Claudication

A

To limp; pain in a limb (especially the calf) while walking that subsides after rest; caused by inadequate blood supply

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59
Q

Constriction

A

Compression of a part that causes narrowing (stenosis)

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60
Q

Diaphoresis

A

Profuse sweating

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61
Q

Embolus

A

A clot carried in the bloodstream that obstructs the flow of blood when it lodges

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62
Q

Heart murmur

A

An abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves

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63
Q

Infarct

A

To stuff; a localized area of necrosis caused by ischemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel

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64
Q

Ischemia

A

To hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel

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65
Q

Perfusion deficit

A

Lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion, etc.

66
Q

Occlusion

A

Plugging; an obstruction or a closing off

67
Q

Palpitation

A

Subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats

68
Q

Stenosis

A

Condition of narrowing of a part

69
Q

Thrombus

A

A stationary blood clot

70
Q

Vegetation

A

To grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally as a result of infection

71
Q

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

A

Signs and symptoms indicating an active process of atherosclerotic plaque buildup or formation of a thrombus, or spasm within a coronary artery, causing reduction or loss of blood flow to myocardial tissue; includes unstable angina and other pathological events leading to myocardial infarction (MI); early diagnosis and rapid treatment are critical to avoid or minimize damage to heart muscle

72
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat

73
Q

Dysrhythmia- bradycardia

A

Slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)

74
Q

Dysrhythmia- fibrillation

A

Chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation

75
Q

Dysrhythmia- premature ventricular contraction (PVC)

A

A ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node (pacemaker)

76
Q

Dysrhythmia- tachycardia

A

Fast heart rate (greater than 100 bpm)

77
Q

Bacterial endocarditis

A

A bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves

78
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, as results from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart

79
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

A general term for disease of the heart muscle, such as alcoholic cardiomyopathy (damage to the heart muscle caused by excessive alcohol consumption)

80
Q

Congenital anomaly of the heart

A

Malformations of the heart that are present at birth

81
Q

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

A

An opening in the septum separating the atria

82
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

Narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta, resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body

83
Q

Patent ductus arteriosis

A

An abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth

84
Q

Ventricular septal defect

A

An opening in the septum separating the ventricles

85
Q

Congestive heart failure/left ventricular failure

A

Failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in a “bottleneck” of congestion in the lungs that may extend to the veins, causing edema in lower portions of the body

86
Q

Cor pulmonale/ right ventricular failure

A

Enlargement of the right ventricle, resulting from chronic disease within the lungs, that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to the lungs

87
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

A condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium; most often caused by atherosclerosis

88
Q

Hypertension HTN

A

Persistently high blood pressure

89
Q

Essential hypertension, primary hypertension

A

High blood pressure attributed to no single cause; risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia, and hereditary factors

90
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

High blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease

91
Q

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

Protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and back flow of blood

92
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack; death of myocardial tissue caused by ischemia as a result of an occlusion of a coronary artery; usually caused by atherosclerosis; symptoms include pain in the chest or upper body, shortness of breath, diaphoresis, and nausea

93
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of myocardium; most often caused by viral or bacterial infection

94
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericaridum

95
Q

Rheumatic heart disease

A

Damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever

96
Q

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)

A

The abrupt cessation of any cardiac output (CO), most commonly as the result of ventricular fibrilltion; causes sudden death unless defibrillation is initiated immediately

97
Q

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

Formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most often in the femoral and iliac veins

98
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein

99
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation

100
Q

Varicose veins

A

Abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves, most often seen in the legs

101
Q

Auscultation

A

Physical examination method of listening to sounds within the body with a stethoscope

102
Q

Gallop

A

Abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction

103
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

A

An electrical picture of the heart represented by positive and negative deflections on a graph labeled with the letters P, Q, R, S, and T, which correspond to events of the cardiac cycle

104
Q

Stress electrocardiogram (stress ECG or EKG)

A

Electrocardiogram of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise using a treadmill or ergometer (bicycle); useful in detecting heart conditions

105
Q

Holter ambulatory monitor

A

Portable electrocardiograph worn by the patient that monitors electrical activity of the heart over 24 hours; useful in detecting periodic abnormalities

106
Q

Intracardiac electrophysiological study (EPS)

A

Invasive procedure involving placement of catheter-guided electrodes within the heart to evaluate and map the electrical conduction of cardiac arrhythmias; intracardiac catheter ablation may be performed at the same time to treat the arrhythmia

107
Q

Intracardiac catheter ablation

A

Use of radio frequency waves sent through a catheter within the heart to treat arrthymias by selectively destroying myocardial tissue at sites that generate abnormal electrical pathways

108
Q

Magnetic resonance angiography

A

Magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and blood vessels for evaluation of pathology

109
Q

Nuclear medicine imaging

A

Radionuclide organ imaging of the heart after administration of radioactive isotopes to visualize structures and to analysis functions

110
Q

Myocardial radionuclide perfusion scan

A

Scan of the heart made after an IV injection of an isotope as it is absorbed by myocardial cells in proportion to blood flow throughout the heart; useful in evaluating coronary artery disease (CAD)

111
Q

Myocardial radionuclide perfusion stress scan

A

Nuclear perfusion scan of the heart that is made before and after the induction of controlled physical exercise stress in pts who are unable to ambulate

112
Q

Multiple gated acquisition scan (MUGA)

A

Nuclear image of the beating heart in motion made as radioactive isotopes are injected in the bloodstream and traced through the heart’s chambers; useful in evaluating the pumping function of the ventricles

113
Q

Positron-emission tomography (PET) scan of the heart

A

Use of specialized nuclear isotopes and computed tomographic techniques to produce perfusion images and to study the cellular metabolism of the heart; can be performed at rest or with stress

114
Q

Radiology

A

X-ray imaging

115
Q

Angiography

A

Process of x-ray imaging a blood vessel after injection of contrast medium, most commonly after catheter placement

116
Q

Angiogram

A

Record obtained by angiography

117
Q

Coronary angiogram

A

X-ray image of the blood vessels of the heart using a catheter to inject contrast

118
Q

Arteriogram

A

X-ray image of a particular artery

119
Q

Aortogram

A

X-ray image of the aorta

120
Q

Venogram

A

X-ray image of a vein

121
Q

Cardiac catheterization

A

Introduction of a flexible , narrow tube through a vein or artery into the heart to withdraw samples of blood, to measure pressures within the heart chambers or vessels, and to inject contrast media for fluoroscopic radiography and cine film imaging of the chambers of the heart and coronary arteries; often includes interventional procedures such as angioplasty and atherectomy

122
Q

Left heart catheterization

A

X-ray imaging of the left ventricular cavity and coronary arteries

123
Q

Right heart catheterization

A

Measurement of oxygen saturation and pressure readings of the right side of the heart

124
Q

Ventriculogram

A

X-ray image of the ventricles

125
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

Measurement of the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction

126
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

Measurement of the amount of blood ejected per minute from either ventricle of the heart

127
Q

Ejection fraction

A

Measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction

128
Q

Computed tomographic angiography (CTA)

A

Specialized, noninvasive, three-dimensional computed tomographic scan of the heart and circulation of the “greater” blood vessels, such as the coronary arteries, aorta, and pulmonary veins; performed with or without contrast

129
Q

Sonography

A

Sonographic imaging

130
Q

Echocardiography (echo)

A

Recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate structure and motion

131
Q

Stress echocardiogram (stress echo)

A

Echocardiogram of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise or a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress in pts who are unable to ambulate; useful in detecting conditions such as ischemia or infarction

132
Q

Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

A

Echocardiogram of the heart after placement of an ultrasonic transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus

133
Q

Doppler sonography

A

Ultrasound technique used to evaluate blood flow to determine the presence of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or carotid insufficiency, or to determine flow through the heart, chambers, valves, and so on

134
Q

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

Grafting a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another part of the body to bypass an occluded coronary artery, restoring circulation to myocardial tissue; the traditional method includes temporary arrest of the heart with circulation of the patients blood through a heart-lung machine during the procedure; an alternative, off-pump approach uses a stabilizer to perform the procedure on the beating heart; the abbreviation CABG is pronounced “cabbage”

135
Q

Anastomosis

A

Opening; the joining of two blood vessels to allow flow from one to the other

136
Q

Endarterectomy

A

Surgical removal of the lining of an artery to clear a blockage caused by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque buildup

137
Q

Valve replacement

A

Surgery to replace a diseased heart valve with an artificial valve, there are two types of artificial valves: tissue valves, most commonly made from animal tissue and mechanical valves, made from synthetic material

138
Q

Valvuloplasty

A

Surgical repair of a defective heart valve

139
Q

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

A

Interventional procedures used to treat coronary artery disease (CAD) performed at the time of cardiac catheterization in a specialized lab setting instead of the traditional operating room

140
Q

Angioscopy, vascular endoscopy

A

Use of a flexible fiber optic angioscope (accompanied by an irrigation system, camera, video recorder, and monitor) that is guided through a specific blood vessel to visually assess a lesion and to select the mode of therapy

141
Q

Atherectomy

A

Excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup

142
Q

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

A method for treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter with a balloon attachment, then inflating the balloon to dilate and open the narrowed portion of the vessel and restore blood flow to the myocardium; most often includes the placement of a stent

143
Q

Intravascular stent placement

A

Implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a vessel and assure its patency (openness); most often used to treat a stenosis or a dissection or to reinforce patency of a vessel after angioplasty

144
Q

Defibrillation

A

Termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivering an electrical stimulus to the heart; most commonly, this is done by applying the electrodes of the defibrillator externally to the chest wall, but it can also be performed internally, such as during open heart surgery or via an implanted decice

145
Q

Defibrillator

A

Device that delivers the electrical stimulus in defibrillation

146
Q

Cardioversion

A

Restoration of a fast or irregular heart rate to a normal rhythm, either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical energy

147
Q

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

A

An implanted, battery-operated device with rate-sensing leads; the device monitors cardiac impulses and initiates an electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia

148
Q

Pacemaker

A

A device used to treat slow heart rates (bradycardia) by electrically stimulating the heart to contract; most often, it’s implanted with lead wires and battery circuitry under the skin, but it can also be placed on a temporary basis externally with lead wires inserted into the heart via a vein

149
Q

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

A

Drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensin in the blood by ACE; used in the treatment of hypertension

150
Q

Antianginal

A

Drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to the tissues to relieve the pain of angina pectoris

151
Q

Antiarrhythmic

A

Drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia

152
Q

Anticoagulant

A

Drug that prevents clotting of the blood; commonly used in the treatment of thrombophlebitis and myocardial infarction

153
Q

Antihypertensive

A

Drug that lowers blood pressure

154
Q

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents, beta blockers

A

Agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity, causing a slowing of electrical conduction and heart rate and a lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels; used to treat angina pectoris and hypertension

155
Q

Calcium- channel blockers

A

Agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the broken vessels to cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension

156
Q

Cardiotonic

A

Drug that increases the force of myocardial contractions in the heart; commonly used to treat congestive heart failure (CHD)

157
Q

Diuretic

A

Drug that increases the secretion of urine; commonly prescribed in treating hypertension

158
Q

Hypolipidemic

A

Drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol

159
Q

Thrombolytic agents

A

Drugs used to dissolve blood clots; used in acute management of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke

160
Q

Vasoconstrictor

A

Drug that causes a narrowing of the blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow

161
Q

Vasodilator

A

Drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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