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A & P > urinary system > Flashcards

urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

organs of urinary system

A

kidney, ureters, bladder, uretha

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2
Q

removes wastes

A

kidney

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3
Q

force urine into bladder

A

ureters

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4
Q

stores urine

A

bladder

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5
Q

urine from bladder to outside of body

A

uretha

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6
Q

functions of kidney

A

removes wastes, regulates RBC, blood pressure, calcium absorption, pH of blood

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7
Q

product of nucleic acid catabolism

A

uric acid (nitrogenous waste)

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8
Q

product of creatine phosphate catabolism

A

creatine (nitrogenous waste)

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9
Q

a by product of protein catabolism

A

urea (nitrogenous waste)

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10
Q

separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them

A

excretion

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11
Q

C02, small amounts of other gases and water

A

respiratory system

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12
Q

water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, urea in sweat

A

integumentary system

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13
Q

water, salts, CO2, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol, and other metabolic waste

A

digestive system

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14
Q

many metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, H+, and water

A

urinary system

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15
Q

lie against posterior abdominal wall at level of T12 to L3

A

kidney

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16
Q

which kidney is slightly lower due to large right lobe of liver

A

right kidney

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17
Q

crosses the middle of the left kidney

A

rib 12

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18
Q

kidney, uterus, urinary bladder, renal artery and vein, and adrenal glands are all what

A

retroperitoneal

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19
Q

kidney is the size of what

A

bar of bath soap

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20
Q

lateral surface is convex, and medial is concave with a split (hilum) receives renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and ureter

A

kidney

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21
Q

immediately deep to parietal peritoneum; binds it to abdominal wall, dense; anchors kidney in place

A

renal fascia (protective tissue covering of kidney)

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22
Q

cushions kidney and holds it into place

A

perirenal fat capsule ( protective tissue covering of kidney)

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23
Q

hard; encloses kidney protecting it from trauma and infection

A

fibrous capsule (protective tissue covering of kidney)

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24
Q

glandular tissue that forms urine

A

renal parenchyma

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25
Q

cavity that contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and urine-collecting structures

A

renal sinus

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26
Q

two zones of renal parenchyma

A

outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla

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27
Q

extensions of the cortex that project inward toward sinus

A

renal columns

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28
Q

6 to 10 with broad base facing cortex and renal papilla facing sinus

A

renal pyramids

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29
Q

one pyramid and its overlying cortex

A

lobe of kidney

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30
Q

cup that nestles the papilla of each pyramid; collects its urine

A

minor calyx

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31
Q

formed by convergence of 2 0r 3 more minor calyces

A

major calyces

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32
Q

formed by convergence of 2 or 3 major calyces

A

renal pelvis

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33
Q

tubular continuation of the pelvis that drains urine down to the urinary bladder

A

ureter

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34
Q

kidneys convert blood plasma to urine in 4 stages:

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion, and water conservation

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35
Q

fluid in the capsular space; similar to blood plasma except that it has almost no protein

A

glomerular filtrate

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36
Q

fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule through the distal convoluted tubule; substances have been removed or added by tubular cells

A

tubular fluid

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37
Q

fluid that enters the collecting duct, undergoes little alteration beyond this point except for changes in water content

A

urine

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38
Q

special case of capillary fluid exchange in which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the capillaries of the glomerulus into the capsular space of the nephron

A

glomerular filtration

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39
Q

retroperitoneally; between dorsal body wall and parietal peritoneum

A

location of kidney

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40
Q

convex lateral surface; concave medial surface; renal hilum on concave surface

A

general appearance of kidney

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41
Q

glomerular filtration regulation is achieved by 3 __ mechanisms

A

homeostatic

  1. renal autoregulation
  2. sympathetic control
  3. hormonal control
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42
Q

GFG controlled by adjusting glomerular __ from moment to moment

A

blood pressure

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43
Q

nephron controls itself with myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

A

renal autoregulation

44
Q

nervous system controls nephron

A

sympathetic control

45
Q

system of hormones that helps control blood pressure and GFR; hormones control nephron

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

46
Q

substances pass through cytoplasm of PCT epithelial cells and out their base

A

transcellular route

47
Q

substances pass through PCT cells

A

paracellular route

48
Q

process of reclaiming water and solutes from tubular fluid and returning them to blood

A

tubular reabsorption

49
Q

two routes of reabsorption:

A

transcellular route and paracellular route

50
Q

reabsorbed fluid is ultimately taken up by __

A

peritubular capillaries

51
Q

Na+ is most abundant cation in __

A

filtrate

52
Q

negative chloride ions follow the positive sodium ions by __

A

electrical attraction

53
Q

creatinine isnt __ -it is passed in urine

A

reabsorbed

54
Q

kidneys reduce 180 L of glomerular filtrate to __

A

1 or 2 L of urine

55
Q

In PCT, water is reabsorbed at constant rate called

A

obligatory water reabsorption

56
Q

reabsorbs water and solutes that leave the basal surface of the tubular epithelium

A

peritubular capillaries

57
Q

3 facts promote osmosis into the capillaries

A

high interstitial fluid, low blood hydrostatic pressure, high colloid osmotic pressure

58
Q

renal tubule extracts chemicals from capillary blood and secretes them into tubular fluid

A

tubular secretion

59
Q

secretion of varying proportions of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions helps regulate pH of body fluids

A

acid-base balance

60
Q

urea, uric acid, bile acids, ammonia, and little creatinine are secreted into the tubule

A

waste removal

61
Q

clearance of drugs and contaminants

A

morphine, penicillin, and aspirin

62
Q

primary function is to generate salinity gradient that enables collecting duct to concentrate the urine and conserve water

A

nephron loop

63
Q

two kinds of cells in the DCT and collecting duct:

A

principal cells and intercalated cells

64
Q

most numerous cell, has receptors for hormones, involved in salt and water balance

A

principal cells

65
Q

involved in acid-base balance by secreting H+ into tubule lumen and reabsorbing K+

A

intercalated cells

66
Q

“salt retaining hormone”

A

aldosterone

67
Q

runs through medulla, reabsorbs water, making urine up to four times more concentrated

A

collecting duct

68
Q

as urine passes through the increasingly salty medulla, water leaves by osmosis, concentrating urine

A

collecting duct

69
Q

the ability of kidney to concentrate urine depends on __

A

salinity gradient in renal medulla

70
Q

acts as a countercurrent multiplier

A

nephron loop

71
Q

recaptures salt and returns it to renal medulla which multiplies the osmolarity of adrenal medulla

A

countercurrent multiplier

72
Q

examination of physical and chemical properties of urine

A

urinalysis

73
Q

varies from clear to deep amber depending on state of hydration

A

appearance of urine

74
Q

due to urochrome pigment from breakdown of hemoglobin (RBCs)

A

yellow pee

75
Q

suggests a urinary tract infection, trauma, or stone

A

cloudiness or blood in pee

76
Q

pus in the urine

A

pyuria

77
Q

blood in urine due to urinary tract infection, trauma, or kidney stones

A

hematuria

78
Q

bacteria degrade urea to ammonia, some foods and diseases impart particular aromas in pee

A

odor

79
Q

compares urine samples density to that of distilled water

A

specific gravity

80
Q

density of urine

A

1.001 to 1.028 g/mL

81
Q

urine pH

A

4.5-8.2 , usually 6.0 (mildly acidic)

82
Q

chemical composition of urine

A

95% water, 5% solutes

83
Q

retroperitoneal, muscular tubes that extend from each kidney to the urinary bladder

A

ureters

84
Q

flap of __ at entrance of each ureter acts as a valve into the bladder; keeps urine from backing up

A

mucosa

85
Q

3 layers of ureters

A

adventita
muscularis
mucosa

86
Q

lumen is very low in __, easily obstructed by kidney stones

A

ureters

87
Q

muscular sac located on floor of the pelvic cavity

A

urinary bladder

88
Q

inferior to peritoneum and posterior to pubic symphysis

A

urinary bladder

89
Q

urinary is covered by __ and has muscularis and mucosa layers

A

parietal peritoneum

90
Q

conspicuous wrinkles in empty bladder

A

rugae of urinary bladder

91
Q

smooth-surfaced triangular area on bladder floor that is marked with openings of ureters and urethra

A

trigone

92
Q

moderate fullness of urinary bladder is 500mL, maximum fullness is

A

700 to 800 mL

93
Q

thins from five to six layers to two or three in the urinary bladder

A

epithelium

94
Q

tube that conveys urine out of body

A

urethra

95
Q

3 to 4 cm long, bound to anterior wall of vagina, external urethral orifice is between vaginal orifice and clitoris

A

female urethra

96
Q

where urethra passes through pelvic floor

skeletal muscle- voluntary control

A

external urethral sphincter of female urethra

97
Q

18 cm long, 3 regions of mens urethra:

A

prostatic, membranous, spongy urethra

98
Q

detrusor muscle thickening

A

internal urethral sphincter of male

99
Q

skeletal muscle of pelvic floor

A

external urethra sphincter of male

100
Q

passes through muscular floor of pelvic cavity

A

membranous urethra of male

101
Q

passes through muscular floor of pelvic cavity

A

membranous urethra of male

102
Q

__ activity stimulates postganglionic fibers to the detrusor muscle (relax it) and internal urethral sphincter (excite it)

A

sympathetic

103
Q

___ travels through pudendal nerve to supply the external sphincter to allow voluntary control

A

somatic motor fibers

104
Q

act of urinating

A

micturution

105
Q

involuntary spinal reflex that partly controls urination

A

micturition reflex

106
Q

can survive with __ of a kidney

A

one third

A & P (17 decks)

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