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A & P > digestive system chapt 25 > Flashcards

digestive system chapt 25 Flashcards

1
Q

organ system that processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates residue

A

digestive system

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2
Q

selective intake of food

A

1- ingestion

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3
Q

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body

A

2- digestion

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4
Q

uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood and lymph

A

3- absorption

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5
Q

absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces

A

4-compaction

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6
Q

elimination of feces

A

5- defecation

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7
Q

five stages of digestion

A 
1-ingestion
2-digestion
3- absorption
4-compaction
5-defecation
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8
Q

the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles

A

mechanical digestion

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9
Q

cutting or grinding teeth, churning action of stomach/intestines, exposes more food surface to digestive enzymes

A

mechanical digestion

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10
Q

series of hydrolysis reactions that break dietary macromolecules into their monomers (residues)

A

chemical digestion

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11
Q

some nutrients are present in a usable form in ingested food and can be directly absorbed

A

chemical digestion - vitamins, amino acids, minerals, cholesterol, and water

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12
Q

carried out by digestive enzymes produced by salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine

A

chemical digestion

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13
Q

results of chemical digestion

A

polysaccharides into monosaccharides, protein into amino acids, fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids, nucleic acids into nucleotides

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14
Q

accessory organs:

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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15
Q

30 ft long muscular tube extending from mouth to anus, gastrointestinal is the stomach and intestines

A

digestive tract (alimentary canal)

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16
Q

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

A

digestive tract (alimentary canal)

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17
Q
  • mucosa: epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa: inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer
  • serosa: areolar tissue, mesothelium
A

digestive tract wall layers

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18
Q

lines the lumen (mucous membrane) (innermost)

A

mucosa

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19
Q

simple columnar in most of digestive tract, stratified squamous from mouth through esophagus, and in lower anal canal

A

inner epithelium of mucosa

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20
Q

loose connective tissue layer

A

lamina propria of mucosa

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21
Q

thin layer of smooth muscle, tenses mucosa creating grooves & ridges that enhance surface area and contact with food

A

muscularis mucosa of mucosa

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22
Q

imrpoves effieciency of digestion and nutrient absorption

A

muscularis mucosa of mucosa (mucous membrane)

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23
Q

the mucosa exhibits an abundance of lymphocytes and lymphatic nodules

A

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)m of mucosa

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24
Q

thicker layer of loose connective tissue; MALT extends into the submucosa in some parts of the GI tract

A

submucosa

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25
Q

contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, a nerve plexus, & in some places mucus-secreting gland that dump lubricating mucus into the lumen

A

submucosa

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26
Q

consists of usually two layers of muscle near the outer surface

A

muscularis extrerna

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27
Q

this layer thickens to form valves (sphincters) that regulate the passage of material through the tract

A

inner circular layer of musclaris externa

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28
Q
  • outer longitudinal layer

- responsible for mobility that propels food and residue through the tract

A

muscularis extera

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29
Q

composed of thin layer of areolar tissue topped by simple squamous mesothelium

A

serosa

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30
Q
  • begin in the lower esophagus

- ends just before the rectum

A

serosa

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31
Q

fibrous connective tissue layer that binds and blends the pharynx, most of the esophagus, & the rectum into adjacent connective tissue of other organs

A

adventitia of serosa

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32
Q

nervous network in esophagus, stomach, & intestines that regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow

A

enteric nervous system

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33
Q

controls secretions of mucosa and movements of muscularis mucosae

A

submucosal plexus; network of enteric nervous system

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34
Q

parasympathetic ganglia and nerve fibers between the two layers of the muscularis externa; controls peristalsis

A

myenteric plexus; network of enteric nervous system

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35
Q

connective tissue sheets that suspend stomach and intestines from abdominal wall

A

mesenteries

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36
Q

serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

A

parietal peritoneum

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37
Q

ventral mesentery that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

A

lesser omentum

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38
Q

hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach (its left margin)

A

greater omentum

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39
Q

extension of the mesentery that anchors the colon to the abdominal wall

A

mesocolon

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40
Q

when an organ is enclosed by mesentery on both sides “within peritoneal cavity”

A

intraperitoneal

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41
Q

organs enclosed by mesentery on both sides:

A

stomach, liver, parts of small and large intestine

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42
Q

“outside peritoneal cavity” when an organ lies against the posterior body wall and is covered by peritoneum on its anterior side only

A

retroperitoneal

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43
Q

organs that lie against posterior body wall and is covered by peritoneum on its anterior side only

A

duodenum, pancreas, and parts of large intestine

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44
Q

loosely suspended from abdominal wall by mesenteries

A

digestive tract

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45
Q

serous membrane that lines wall of abdominal cavity and form mesenteries

A

parietal peritoneum

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46
Q

site for ingestion (food intake), taste, chewing and chemical digestion, swallowing, speech, and respiration

A

mouth (oral, buccal cavity)

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47
Q

anterior opening between lips

A

oral fissure

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48
Q

posterior opening to the throat

A

fauces

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49
Q

what lines the mouth

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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50
Q

the mouth is keratinized in these areas

A

gum and hard palate

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51
Q

mouth is nonkeratinized in these areas

A

floor of mouth, soft palate, and inside of cheeks and lips

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52
Q

median fold that attaches each lip to the gum between the anterior incisors

A

labial frenulum

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53
Q

space between cheeks or lips and the teeth

A

vestibule

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54
Q

retain food and pushes it between teeth, essential for speech, sucking and blowing

A

cheeks and lips

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55
Q

colors like the rest of the face, has hair follicles and sebaceous glands

A

cutaneous area of lip

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56
Q

hairless region where lips meet, redder and more sensitive than cutaneous area

A

red (vermillion) area

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57
Q

inner surface of the lips facing the gums and teeth

A

labial mucosa

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58
Q

muscular, bulky, agile and sensitive organ

A

tongue

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59
Q

manipulates food between teeth, senses taste and texture, covered by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

tongue

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60
Q

bumps and projection that are the sites of most taste buds

A

lingual papillae

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61
Q

anterior two thirds of tongue; it occupies oral cavity

A

body of tongue

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62
Q

posterior one-third of the tongue; occupies the oropharynx

A

ROOT OF TONGUE

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63
Q

a V-shaped row of papillae that marks the boundary between the body and root of tongue

A

vallate papillae

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64
Q

groove behind vallate papillae of tongue

A

terminal sulcus of tongue

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65
Q

median fold that attaches the body of the tongue to the floor of the mouth

A

lingual frenulum of tongue

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66
Q

contained entirely within the tongue; produces subtle tongue movements of speech

A

intrinsic muscles of tongue

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67
Q

with attachments outside in the tongue; produce stronger movements of food manipulation

A

extrinsic muscles of tongue

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68
Q

genioglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, and styloglossus are what

A

extrinsic muscles of tongue

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69
Q

serous and mucous glands amid the extrinsic muscles that secrete a portion of the saliva

A

lingual gland of tongue

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70
Q

contained in the root of the tongue

A

lingual tonsils

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71
Q

separates oral cavity from nasal cavity; makes it possible to breathe while chewing food

A

palate

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72
Q

anterior portion thats supported by the palatine processes of the maxillae and the palatine bones

A

hard (bony) palate

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73
Q

transverse ridges that help the tongue hold and manipulate food

A

palatine rugae of hard palate

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74
Q

posterior to hard palate with more spongy texture

A

soft palate

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75
Q

no bone, composed of skeletal muscle and glandular tissue

A

soft palate

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76
Q

conical medical projection visible at the rear of the mouth; helps retain food in the mouth until ready to swallow

A

uvula in soft palate

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77
Q

where are palatine tonsils located

A

wall between muscular arches on each side of oral cavity

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78
Q

palatoglossal arch (muscular arch)

A

anterior arch of oral cavity

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79
Q

palatopharyngeal arch (muscular arch)

A

posterior arch of oral cavity

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80
Q

the teeth are called what

A

dentition

81
Q

how many adult teeth

A

32 adult teeth

  • 16 in mandible (lower jaw)
  • 16 in maxilla (upper jaw)
82
Q

chisel-like cutting teeth used to bite off a piece of food

A

2 incisors

83
Q

pointed and act to puncture and shred food

A

1 canine

84
Q

broad surface for crushing, shredding, grinding

A

2 premolars

85
Q

even broader surface for crushing, shredding, and grinding

A

3 molars

86
Q

tooth socket in bone

A

alveolus in teeeth

87
Q

joint formed between tooth and bone

A

gomphosis

88
Q

modified periosteum whose collagen fibers penetrate into the bone on one side and into the tooth on the other

A

periodontal ligament

89
Q

covers the whole alveolar bone

A

giniva (gum)

90
Q

portion above the gum in mouth

A

crown

91
Q

portion below the gum, embedded in alveolar bone

A

root

92
Q

point where crown, root, and gum meet

A

neck

93
Q

space between the tooth and the gum

A

gingival sulcus

94
Q

hard yellowish tissue that makes up most of the tooth

A

dentin

95
Q

covers crown and neck; non cellular secretion that cannot regenerate

A

enamel

96
Q

covers root in mouth

A

cement

97
Q

space in a root leading to pulp cavity in the crown

A

root canal

98
Q

pore at the basal end of each root canal

A

apical foramen

99
Q

meeting of the teeth with the mouth closed

A

occlusion

100
Q

develop beneath gums and erupt in a predictable order

A

teeth

101
Q

calcified plaque

A

calculus

102
Q

sticky residue on teeth made up of bacteria and sugars

A

plaque

103
Q

breaks food into smaller pieces to be swallowed and exposes more surface to digestive enzymes

A

mastication (chewing)

104
Q

functions of saliva

A

moistens mouth, begins starch and fat digestion, cleanses teeth, inhibits bacterial growth, dissolves molecules, moistens food

105
Q

hypotonic solution of 97 to 99.5% water and electrolytes, phosphate, and bicarbonate

A

saliva

106
Q

stimulates saliva glands to produce an abundance of thin, enzyme-rich saliva

A

parasympathetic fibers

107
Q

produces less abundant saliva and more mucous

A

sympathetic activity

108
Q

muscular funnel connecting oral cavity to esophagus and nasal cavity to larynx

A

pharynx

109
Q

food pauses here because of constriction

A

lower esophagus sphincter

110
Q

complex action involving over 22 muscles in the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus

A

swallowing

111
Q

pair of nuclei in MEDULLA OBLONGATA that coordinates swallowing

A

swallowing center

112
Q

swallowing under voluntary control

A

oral phase

113
Q

involuntary swallowing

A

pharyngeal phase

114
Q

small area in stomach within 3 cm of the cardial orifice

A

cardial part (cardia)

115
Q

dome-shaped portion superior to esophageal attachment in stomach

A

fundus

116
Q

makes up greatest part of stomach

A

body

117
Q

narrower pouch at the inferior end of stomach

A

pyloric part

118
Q

margins of stomach

A

curvatures

119
Q

lesser omentum connects lesser curvature of stomach to what

A

liver

120
Q

stomach receives what

A
  • parasympathetic fibers from vagus

- sympathetic fibers from celiac ganglia

121
Q

blood drained from stomach and intestines enters ___ circulation and is filtered through livers before returning to heart

A

hepatic portal

122
Q

has a simple columnar epithelium covered by mucous

A

stomach

123
Q

apical region of stomach is filled with

A

mucin

124
Q

swells with water and becomes mucus after it is secreted

A

mucin

125
Q

depressions in gastric mucosa

A

gastric pits

126
Q

found in base of pit and in neck of gland, divide rapidly and produce continual supply of new cells to replace cells that die

A

regenerative (stem) cells

127
Q

found most in the upper half of the stomach gland, secretes hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and ghrelin

A

parietal cells

128
Q

most numerous cells in stomach

A

chief cells

129
Q

2 to 3 L per day produced by the gastric glands, mainly a mixture of water, hydrochloric acid, and pepsin

A

gastric juice

130
Q

produced by chief cells, digests 10 to 15% of dietary fats in stomach

A

gastric lipase

131
Q

a glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells, essential to absorption of vitamin by the smll intestine

A

intrinsic factor

132
Q

needed to synthesize hemoglobin

A

vitamin

133
Q

gastric and pyloric glands have a variety of cells that produce a variety of

A

chemical messengers

134
Q

secreted by parasympathetic nerve fibers of both reflexes

A

acetylcholine

135
Q

paracrine secretion from enteroendocrine cells in the gastric glands

A

histamine

136
Q

hormone produced by enteroendocrine G cells in pyloric gland

A

gastrin

137
Q

reddish-brown gland located immediately inferior to the diaphragm; bodies largest gland

A

liver

138
Q

secretes bile which contributes to digestion

A

liver

139
Q

four lobes of the liver

A

right, left, quadrate, and caudate

140
Q

__ __ separates right and left lobes of liver

A

falciform ligament

141
Q

fibrous remnant of umbilical vein in liver

A

round ligament

142
Q

irregular opening between quadrate and caudate lobes in liver

A

hilum

143
Q

point of entry for hepatic portal vein and exit for bile passages

A

hilum

144
Q

adheres to a depression on the inferior surface of the liver, between right and quadrate lobes

A

gallbladder

145
Q

tiny cylinders that fill the interior of the liver

A

hepatic lobules

146
Q

blood filled channels that fill spaces between the plates, lines by fenestrated endothelium

A

hepatic sinusoids

147
Q

allows plasma into the space between hepatocytes from blood cells

A

hepatic sinusoids

148
Q

__ are separated by a sparse connective tissue called stroma

A

hepatic lobules

149
Q

filtered through sinusoids, then collected into the central vein

A

blood

150
Q

flows into right and left hepatic veins, drains into the inferior vena cava

A

blood

151
Q

narrow channels into which the liver secretes bile

A

bile canaliculi

152
Q

descends through lesser omentum toward the duodenum

A

bile duct

153
Q

pear shaped sac on underside of liver

A

gallbladder

154
Q

serves to store and concentrate bile by absorbing water and electrolytes

A

gallbladder

155
Q

internally lined by highly folded mucosa with simple columnar epithelium

A

gallbladder

156
Q

yellow-green fluid containing minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, bile pigments, and bile acids

A

bile

157
Q

principal pigment derived from the decomposition of hemoglobin

A

bilirubin

158
Q

steroids synthesized from cholesterol

A

bile acids (bile salts)

159
Q

forms if bile becomes excessively concentrated with wastes

A

gallstones

160
Q

hard mases in either the gallbladder or bile ducts

A

gallstones

161
Q

how does bile get to the gallbladder

A

filling the bile duct then overflowing into the gallbladder

162
Q

how much bile does the liver secrete daily

A

500 to 1000 mL

163
Q

80% of bile acids are reabsorbed in the __ and returned to liver

A

ileum

164
Q

20% of the bile acids are excreted in the

A

feces

165
Q

gallstones are composed of

A

cholesterol, calcium carbonate, and bilirubin

166
Q

use of ultrasonic vibration to pulverize gallstones without surgery

A

lithotripsy

167
Q

spongy retroperitoneal gland posterior to greater curvature of stomach

A

pancreas

168
Q

has a head encircled by duodenum, a body, and a tail on the left

A

pancreas

169
Q

pancreatic islets that secrete insulin and glucagon; concentrated in the tail of the gland

A

endocrine portion on pancreas

170
Q

99% of pancreas that secretes 1200 to 1500 mL of pancreatic juice per day

A

exocrine portion of pancreas

171
Q

alkaline mixture of water, enzymes, zymogens, sodium bicarbonate, and other elctrolytes

A

pancreatic juice

172
Q

ducts secrete

A

bicarbonate

173
Q

digests starch

A

pancreatic amylase

174
Q

digests fat

A

pancreatic lipase

175
Q

3 stimuli are responsible for the release of pancreatic juice and bile

A

acetylcholine, cholecystokinin, secretin

176
Q

stimulates pancreatic secretion

A

acetylcholine

177
Q

stimulates pancreas to release enzymes, contracts gallbladder, relaxes ampulla sphincter

A

cholecystokinin

178
Q

stimulates liver and pancreas to secrete sodium bicarbonate

A

secretin

179
Q

longest part of the digestive tract, nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs here

A

small intestine

180
Q

small intestine is divided into 3 regions

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

181
Q

receives stomach contents, pancreatic juice, and bile; stomach acid is neutralized here

A

duodenum

182
Q

thick wall with rich blood supply; most digestion and nutrient absorption occurs here

A

jejunum

183
Q

last 60% of small intestine, thinner wall, less vascular, paler pink color.

A

ileum

184
Q

both __ and __ are intraperitoneal and covered with serosa

A

jejunum and ileum

185
Q

makes mucosa look fuzzy, core filled with areolar tissue of lamina propria

A

villi

186
Q

forms a fuzzy brush border on apical surface of each absorptive cell

A

microvilli

187
Q

numerous pores that open into tubular glands on the floor of the small intestine between bases of the villi

A

intestinal crypts

188
Q

intestinal crypts secretes __ of intestinal juice per day

A

1 to 2 L

189
Q

secretes bicarbonate-rich mucus which neutralizes stomach acid and shield the mucosa from it

A

duodenal gland

190
Q

types of movement that occur in the small intestine

A

segmentation and peristalsis

191
Q

movement where ring-like constrictions appear in several places along the intestine and then relax as new constrictions form elsewhere

A

segmentation movement in small intestine

192
Q

waves of contraction in small intestine that moves chyme toward colon

A

peristalsis movement in small intestine

193
Q

digestion begins in the mouth by salivary amylase, then digestion continues into small intestine with pancreatic amylase and other enzymes

A

carbohydrate digestion

194
Q

broken into smaller peptides in stomach by pepsin, then broken into dipeptides in small intestine via other enzymes, then free amino acids moving into epithelium

A

protein digestion

195
Q

stomach lingual lipase breaks down to free fatty acids, small intestine pancreatic lipase breaks to monoglycerides and free fatty acids, then micelles brought into epithelium to break into triglycerides, to then flow into the lacteal

A

fat digestion

196
Q

fat soluble vitamins absorbed with lipids. water soluble vitamins absorbed by simple diffusion

A

vitamin and mineral digestion

197
Q

small intestine absorbs most water consumed via osmosis

A

water digestion

198
Q

absorbed by carrier-mediated transport across absorptive cell surface

A

how carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed by small intetsine

199
Q

lipids leave micelles at brush border to diffuse into absorptive epithelial cells and ultimately flow into lacteal

A

how fat is absorbed by small intestine

A & P (17 decks)

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