chapt 28 female reproductive system Flashcards
1
Q
develops from paramesonephric ducts
A
female reproductive tract
2
Q
almond-shaped and nestled in the ovarian fossa of posterior pelvic wall
A
ovaries
3
Q
tunica albuginea, outer cortex and inner medulla
A
ovaries
4
Q
germ cells develop on __ of ovaries
A
outer cortex
5
Q
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
A
internal genitalia
6
Q
clitoris, labia minora, labia majora, subcutaneous tissue and erectile tissues
A
external genitalia
7
Q
primary sex organ
A
ovaries
8
Q
ovary receives blood from two arteries:
A
ovarian branch of the uterine artery and ovarian artery
9
Q
muscular tube runs from ovary to uterus lined with ciliated cells
A
uterine tubes (fallopian tube)
10
Q
thick muscular chamber that opens into roof of vagina, tilts forward over urinary bladder
A
uterus
11
Q
harbors fetus, provides nutrition and expels the fetus at the end of its development
A
uterus
12
Q
pear shaped organ; fundus, body, and cervix
A
uterus
13
Q
connects lumen of uterus to vagina
A
cervical canal
14
Q
secrete mucus that prevents spread of microorganisms from vagina to uterus
A
cervical glands
15
Q
loose cells from cervix and vagina are removed and microscopically examined
A
pap smear
16
Q
3 layers of uterus
A
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
17
Q
external serosa layer
A
perimetrium
18
Q
middle muscular layer, most of the uterine wall, composed mainly of smooth muscle
A
myometrium
19
Q
inner mucosa; simple columnar epithelium, compound tubular glands, and a stroma populated with leukocytes, macrophages
A
endometrium
20
Q
superficial half, shed each menstrual period
A
functional layer of endometrium
21
Q
deep layer, stays behind and regenerates a new functional layer with each menstrual cycle
A
basal layer (strum basalis) of endometrium
22
Q
site of attachment of embryo during pregnancy and forms the maternal part of the placenta
A
endometrium
23
Q
uterus is supported by __ of pelvic outlet and folds of peritoneum that form ligamnets
A
muscular floor
24
Q
support cervix and superior part of vagina extending to pelvic wall
A
cardinal (lateral cervical) ligaments
25
attach posterior side of uterus to the sacrum
uterosacral ligaments
26
arise from anterior surface of uterus, pass through inguinal canals, and terminate in labia majora
round ligamnets
27
arises from internal iliac artery
uterine artery
28
penetrate through the myometrium into the endometrium
spiral arteries
29
constrict and dilate making mucosa blanch and flush with blood
spiral arteries
30
distensible muscular tube; outer adventita, middle muscularis, inner mucosa
vagina
31
tilted posteriorly between rectum and urethra
vagina
32
blind-ended space at top of vagina that extends slightly beyond the cervix
fornix of vagina
33
muscular folds across vaginal opening
hymen of vagina
34
has no glands
vagina
35
serous fluid through its walls
vagina
36
transformation from one tissue type to another
metaplasia in vagina epithelium
37
simple cuboidal
childhood of vagina epithelium
38
estrogens transform it to stratified squamous
puberty of vagina epithelium
39
inhibits growth of pathogens in vagina
acidic pH
40
has antigen-presenting dendritic cells
vagina
41
called the vulva or pudendum
external genitalia
42
mound of fat over pubic symphysis bearing most of the pubic hair
mons pubis
43
pair of thick folds of skin and adipose tissue inferior to mons
labia majora
44
fissure between labia majora of external genitalia
pudendal cleft
45
thin, hairless folds medial to labia majora
labia minora
46
erectile, sensory organ, primary center for sexual stimulation
clitoris
47
erectile tissue deep to labia majora, bracket the vagina
vestibular bulbs
48
opens into vestibule for lubrication
greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands
49
paraurethral glands
female prostate
50
consists mostly of adipose and collagenous tissue
nonlactating breast
51
determined by amount of adipose tissue
breast size
52
attach breast to dermis of overlying skin and fascia of the pectoralis major
suspensory ligaments
53
develops within breasts during pregnancy
mammary gland
54
nipple surrounded by circular colored zone
areola
55
nerve supply to vagina
autonomic nervous system
56
intermediate between sweat and mammary glands, this protects nipple from chapping
areolar glands
57
triggered by rising levels of GnRH which stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
puberty
58
stimulates ovarian follicles and they begin to secrete estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and a small amount of androgen
FSH hormone
59
feminizing hormones with widespread effects on body
estrogens
60
estradiol (most abundant), estriol, estrone
estrogens
61
earliest noticeable sign of puberty, breast development
thelarche
62
triggers development of ducts and lobules
estrogen, progesterone, prolactin
63
what enlarges breasts
adipose and fibrous tissue
64
appearance of pubic and axillary hair, sebaceous glands, and axillary glands
pubarche
65
stimulates pubarche and libido
androgens
66
first menstrual period, requires at least 17% body fat in teenager
menarche
67
first menstrual cycles are
anovulatory (no egg ovulated)
68
stimulates vaginal metaplasia, growth of ovaries and secondary sex organs, hormone secretion, fat deposition
estradiol
69
primarily acts on the uterus preparing it for possible pregnancy in the second half of the menstrual cycle
progesterone
70
suppress FSH and LH secretion through negative feedback
estrogens and proesterone
71
distinctly cyclic and are secreted in sequence
hormone secretion
72
cholesterol levels rise, bone mass declines, blood vessels constrict
climacteric
73
low doses of estrogen and progesterone
hormone replacement therapy
74
cessation of periods, considered 'complete' when no periods for a year
menopause
75
occurs ages 45-55
menopause
76
sequence of events from fertilization to giving birth and returning to fertility
reproductive cycle
77
events that recur every month when not pregnant
sexual cycle
78
consists of two interrelated cycles controlled by shifting patterns of hormone secretion
sexual cycle
79
events in ovaries
ovarian cycle
80
parallel changes in uterus
menstrual cycle
81
female egg production, produces haploid gametes by MEIOSIS
oogenesis
82
cyclic event that releases one egg each month
oogenesis
83
cyclic changes in hormone secretion and in histological structure of the ovaries and uterus
oogeneis
84
changes result in monthly menstrual cyle
uterine
85
female germ cells arise from `
yolk sac (1 step of embryonic of ovary)
86
colonize gonadal ridges the first 5 to 6 weeks of development
embryonic development of ovary 2nd step
87
differentiate into oogonia and multiply until 5th month (6 to 7 million)
embryonic development of ovary 3rd step
88
transform into primary oocytes
early meiosis 1
89
any stage from the primary oocyte to the time of fertilization
egg or ovum
90
oocytes by time puberty hits
200,000
91
egg development resumes in
aldoescense
92
stimulates monthly cohorts of about 24 oocytes to complete meiosis 1
FSH
93
each oocyte divides into two __ of unequal size and different destinies
haploid daughter cells
94
oocyte produces egg with as much as __ as possible
cytoplasm
95
large daughter cell that is the product of meiosis 1
secondary oocyte
96
smaller one that ultimately disintegrates; way of discarding the extra set of haploid chromosomes
first polar body
97
secondary oocyte proceeds as far as
metaphase 2
98
arrests until after ovulation, dies and doesnt finish meiosis if not fertilized
secondary oocyte
99
if fertilized, it completes meiosis 2 and casts off a second polar body
secondary oocyte
100
__ of the large remaining egg unite with those of the sperm
chromosomes
101
development of follicle around the egg
folliculogenesis
102
primary oocyte in early meiosis is surrounded by single layer of squamous follicular cells
primordial follicles
103
follicular cells connected to the oocyte by fine cytoplasmic processes for passage of nutrients and chemical signals
primordial follicles
104
concentrated in cortex of ovary, adult ovary has 90-95% of these
primordial follicles
105
monthly recruitment of about 24 begins 290 day path to maturity that only one will finish (23 will die)
primordial follicles
106
about 140 days into cycle, recruited primordial follicles become
primary follicles
107
contain larger, secondary oocytes and a surrounding layer of cuboidal follicular cells
primary follicles
108
oocytes are even larger and follicular cells now in two or more layers (granulosa cells)
secondary follicles
109
order in which follicles form
primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, mature follicles
110
appears about 60 days before ovulation when granulosa cells begin secreting follicular fluid into small pools
tertiary follicles
111
as pools enlarge they merge forming a single antrum
tertiary follicles
112
mound of granulosa cells on one side of antrum that covers the oocyte and secures it to follicular wall
cumulus oophorus in tertiary follicle
113
forms a protective barrier around egg similar to blood-testis barrier
corona radiata in tertiary follicle
114
about 20 days before ovulation, one follicle becomes dominant, captures and hold FSH
mature follicle
115
5 days before ovulation, it's large enough to be considered a preovulatory (graafian ) follicle
mature follicle
116
basic hierarchy of hormonal control
hypothalamus to pituitary to ovaries to uterus
117
3 principal steps of ovarian cycle
follicular, ovulation, luteal phase
118
beginning of menstruation until ovulation (days 1 to 14)
follicular phase
119
includes preovulatory phase:from end of menstruation until ovulation
follicular phase of ovarian cycle
120
FSH stimulates follicles to grow and secrete estradiol, dominant follicle becomes sensitive to FSH, LH, and estradiol
follicular phase
121
rupture of the mature follicle and release of egg typically around day 14
ovulation phase of ovarian cycle
122
follicle bursts and remaining fluid gets swept up by ciliary current and taken into uterine tube
ovulation phase of ovarian cycle
123
within 24 hours after the cervical mucus changes and basal temp arises
best time to conception
124
twinges of pain at time of ovulation
mittelschmerz
125
day 15-28 of ovarian cycle- from just after ovulation to onset of menstruation
luteal (postovulatory) phase
126
if pregnancy doesnt occur this happens as follows:
- when follicle ruptures, it collapses and bleeds into antrum
- clotted blood is absorbed
- granulosa and theca interna cells multiply and fill antrum
- bed of capillaries grow
- ovulated follicle is now the corpus luteum
luteal phase of ovarian cycle
127
crucial role in preparing uterus for possibility of pregnancy
progesterone
128
corpus luteum begins process of involution (shrinkage) when
beginning day 22 of ovarian cycle
129
occurs in one ovary per cycle with the two ovaries usually alternating from month to month
ovulation
130
consists of buildup of endometrium during most of the sexual cycle, followed by its breakdown and vaginal discharge
menstrual cycle
131
menstrual cycle has 4 phases:
proliferative phase, secretory phase, premenstrual phase,
| and menstrual phase
132
first day of vaginal discharge is defined as day 1 of
menstrual cycle
133
rebuilding of functional layer of endometrium that was lost in last menstruation
proliferative phase
134
new cohort of follicles develops, they secret more estrogen
proliferative phase of menstrual cycle
135
__ stimulates mitosis in basal layer and regrowth of blood vessels to regenerate the functional layer
estrogen (proliferative phase of menstrual cycle)
136
day 15-26 of menstrual cycle; endometrium thickens more in response to progesterone form __
corpus luteum (secretory phase of menstrual cycle)
137
glands grow wider, longer, and more coiled; thickening, endometrial glands secret glycogen
secretory phase of menstrual cycle
138
soft, wet, nutritious bed available for embryonic development
secretory phase of menstrual cycle
139
period of endometrial degeneration, lasts 2 days of the cycle
premenstrual phase of menstrual cycle
140
- corpus luteum atrophies & progesterone levels fall
| - triggers spasmodic contractions of spiral arteries
premenstrual phase (menstrual cycle)
141
- causes endometrial ischemia (interrupted blood flow)
| - brings ab tissue necrosis and menstrual cramps
premenstrual phase
142
- pools of blood accumulate in the functional layer
| - necrotic endometrium mixes with blood and serous fluid
premenstrual phase
143
discharge of menstrual fluid from vagina, contains fibrinolysin so it doesnt clot
menstrual phase
144
average women expels about 40 mL of blood and
35 mL of serous fluid over a 5 day period
145
the term conceptus refers to
the embryo, fetus, placenta, and associated membranes
146
the developing individual is a hollow ball for the first two weeks
blastocyst
147
from day 16 to week 8
embryo
148
from beginning of week 9 to birth
fetus
149
newborn to 6 weeks
neonate
150
hormones on pregnancy
estrogens, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin
151
important for first several weeks of pregnancy, dies without it
corpus luteum
152
stimulates growth of corpus luteum; secreted by blastocyst gonadotropin
human chorionic gonadotropin
153
secretes progesterone and estrogen
corpus luteum
154
causes tissue growth in fetus and mother causing uterus to enlarge and mammary ducts to grow
estrogens
155
secreted by placenta and corpus luteum; suppresses secretion of FSH and LH, preventing follicular development during pregnancy
progesterone
156
suppresses uterine contractions, prevents premature child birth and menstruation
progesterone
157
promotes proliferation of decidual cells and stimulates development of acini in breats
progesterone
158
reduces mothers insulin sensitivity and glucose usage, leaving more for fetus
human chorionic somatomammotropin
159
woman's __ grows about 50% during pregnancy
pituitary gland
160
produces elevated levels of thyrotropin, prolactin, and ACTH
pituitary gland
161
during pregnancy, __ becomes 50% larger; increasing metabolic rate of mother and fetus
thyroid gland
162
during pregnancy, __ enlarge and increase osteoclast activity
parathyroid gland
163
during pregnancy, __ secretion rises, promoting fluid retention and increasing mothers blood volume
aldosterone
164
morning sickness, nausea, constipation and heartburn in first few months of gestation
adjustments to pregnancy within digestive system
165
basal metabolic rate rises about 15%
in second half of gestation (pregnancy)
166
stores nutrients in early gestation and releases them in the last trimester
nutrition
167
during pregnancy, demand especially high for:
protein, iron, calcium, and phosphates
168
pregnant women need extra __ during late pregnancy or will become anemic
iron
169
given in late pregnancy and to newborns to promote prothrombin synthesis
vitamin K
170
helps ensure adequate calcium absorption to meet fatal demand
vitamin D supplements
171
reduces risk of neurological fetal disorders
folic acid
172
by full term, __ requires 625 mL of blood per minute from the mother
placenta
173
mothers __ rises 30% during pregnancy
blood volume
174
mothers __ rises 30-40% above normal by week 27
cardiac output
175
pregnant uterus puts pressure on __: interferes with venous return from legs
large pelvic blood vessels
176
oxygen demand rises to increase in metabolic rate and the increasing needs of fetus
reason for increased ventilation
177
progesterone increases the sensitivity of the womans chemoreceptors to carbon dioxide
ventilation adjusted to keep carbon dioxide levels lower than normal
178
low carbon dioxide level in mothers blood promotes CO2 diffusion from fetal bloodstream into maternal blood
respiratory adjustments
179
promotes water and salt retention by kidneys during pregnancy
aldosterone and steroids
180
__ increases 50% and urine output is slightly elevated during pregancy
glomerular filtration rate
181
increasing __ during pregnancy enables woman to dispose of both her own and the fetus's metabolic wastes
glomerular filtration rate
182
pregnant __ compresses the bladder and reduces its capacity
uterus
183
skin growth accommodates expansion of abdomen and breasts
integumentary system when prego
184
melanocyte activity increases and temporary blotchy darkening on nose and cheeks
adjustments of integumentary system when prego
185
in the 7th month of gestation, fetus normally
turns head into the head down vertex position
186
weak contractions of uterus over course of gestation
braxton hicks contraction
187
process of giving birth; marked by true labor contractions
parturition
188
inhibits uterine contractions, levels off or declines after 6 months
progesterone
189
stimulates uterine contractions, continues to rise
estradiol
190
directly stimulates muscles of myometrium and stimulates fetal membranes to produce prostaglandins
oxytocin promoting labor
191
fetal cortisol rises and may increase estrogen secretion by placenta
chemical stimuli promoting its own birth
192
fetal pituitary produces oxytocin, which may stimulate fetal membranes to produce prostaglandin
chemical stimuli promoting its own birth
193
contractions strongest in ____; weakest in cervix
fundus and body of uterus
194
begin about 30 minutes apart and occur every 1 to 3 minutes
labor contraction
195
positive feed back theory of labor
- induced by cervix stretching
- contraction of uterine body
- pushes fetus downward
- stretches cervix more
- self amplifying cycle of stretch and contraction
196
cervical stretching- oxytocin secretion-
uterine contraction-cervical stretching
197
induces a neuroendocrine reflex through spinal cord, hypothalamus, and posteriorpituitary
cervical stretching
198
at first, pain of labor mainly due to ischemia of
myometrium
199
stages of labor
dilation, expulsion, placental stage
200
longest stage of labor, lasts 8 to 24 hours
dilation stage
201
dilation of __ and effacement (thinning) of cervix
cervical canal (dilation stage)
202
rupture of fetal membranes and loss of amniotic fluid "breaking of the waters"
dilation stage
203
from entry of head into vagina until baby is expelled (30 to 60 minutes in primipara)
expulsion stage
204
when babys head is visible (delivery of head is most difficult)
crowning
205
after expulsion stage of childbirth:
blood is drained from umbilical cord into baby then umbilical cord is cut
206
uterine contractions cause placental separation
placental stage
207
membranes (afterbirth) inspected to be sure everything is expelled
placental stage
208
first 6 weeks postpartum (after birth)
puerperium
209
period where mothers anatomy and physiology stabilize and reproductive organ's return nearly to pregravid state (condition before prego)
puerperium
210
achieved by self-digestion of uterine cells by their own lysosomal enzymes
involution
211
loses 50% of weight in the first week, shrinkage of uterus
involution
212
produces vaginal discharge for about 10 days after birth
lochia
213
breast-feeding stimulates
involution
214
synthesis and ejection of milk from the mammary glands
lactation
215
can continue for many years as long as the breast is stimulated by a nursing infant or breast pump
lactation
216
women nurse their infants until about
2.8 years
217
__ in pregnancy causes ducts of mammary glands to grow and branch
high estrogen level
218
organized into grape-like clusters (lobules) within each breast lobe
acini
219
similar to breast milk in protein and lactose, but contains less fat; forms in late pregnancy
colostrum
220
sole nutrition source for first 1-3 days after birth
colostrum
221
thin water consistency and cloudy yellow color
colostrum
222
(from anterior pituitary) promotes milk synthesis
prolactin
223
without nursing, milk production stops in
1 week
224
continually secreted into mammary acini but does not easily flow into the ducts
milk
225
controlled by a neuroendocrine reflex
milk ejection
226
infant's suckling stimulates sensory receptors in nipple, signaling hypothalamus and posterior pituitary to release oxytocin
milk ejection
227
process of stimulation of milk ejection reflex
sensory stimulus- genitofemoral nerve-hypothalamus/ pituitary- oxytocin released in blood- pudental artery- contraction of myoepithelial cell
228
changes over the first 2 weeks; less lactose and protein, but 6 times the fat at the end of feeding
breast milk
229
laxative effect that clears intestine of meconium
colostrum and milk
230
supplies antibodies, colonizes intestine with beneficial bacteria
breast milk
231
nursing woman can produce
1.5 L of milk per day
