chapt 28 female reproductive system Flashcards
develops from paramesonephric ducts
female reproductive tract
almond-shaped and nestled in the ovarian fossa of posterior pelvic wall
ovaries
tunica albuginea, outer cortex and inner medulla
ovaries
germ cells develop on __ of ovaries
outer cortex
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
internal genitalia
clitoris, labia minora, labia majora, subcutaneous tissue and erectile tissues
external genitalia
primary sex organ
ovaries
ovary receives blood from two arteries:
ovarian branch of the uterine artery and ovarian artery
muscular tube runs from ovary to uterus lined with ciliated cells
uterine tubes (fallopian tube)
thick muscular chamber that opens into roof of vagina, tilts forward over urinary bladder
uterus
harbors fetus, provides nutrition and expels the fetus at the end of its development
uterus
pear shaped organ; fundus, body, and cervix
uterus
connects lumen of uterus to vagina
cervical canal
secrete mucus that prevents spread of microorganisms from vagina to uterus
cervical glands
loose cells from cervix and vagina are removed and microscopically examined
pap smear
3 layers of uterus
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
external serosa layer
perimetrium
middle muscular layer, most of the uterine wall, composed mainly of smooth muscle
myometrium
inner mucosa; simple columnar epithelium, compound tubular glands, and a stroma populated with leukocytes, macrophages
endometrium
superficial half, shed each menstrual period
functional layer of endometrium
deep layer, stays behind and regenerates a new functional layer with each menstrual cycle
basal layer (strum basalis) of endometrium
site of attachment of embryo during pregnancy and forms the maternal part of the placenta
endometrium
uterus is supported by __ of pelvic outlet and folds of peritoneum that form ligamnets
muscular floor
support cervix and superior part of vagina extending to pelvic wall
cardinal (lateral cervical) ligaments
attach posterior side of uterus to the sacrum
uterosacral ligaments
arise from anterior surface of uterus, pass through inguinal canals, and terminate in labia majora
round ligamnets
arises from internal iliac artery
uterine artery
penetrate through the myometrium into the endometrium
spiral arteries
constrict and dilate making mucosa blanch and flush with blood
spiral arteries
distensible muscular tube; outer adventita, middle muscularis, inner mucosa
vagina
tilted posteriorly between rectum and urethra
vagina
blind-ended space at top of vagina that extends slightly beyond the cervix
fornix of vagina
muscular folds across vaginal opening
hymen of vagina
has no glands
vagina
serous fluid through its walls
vagina
transformation from one tissue type to another
metaplasia in vagina epithelium
simple cuboidal
childhood of vagina epithelium
estrogens transform it to stratified squamous
puberty of vagina epithelium
inhibits growth of pathogens in vagina
acidic pH
has antigen-presenting dendritic cells
vagina
called the vulva or pudendum
external genitalia
mound of fat over pubic symphysis bearing most of the pubic hair
mons pubis
pair of thick folds of skin and adipose tissue inferior to mons
labia majora
fissure between labia majora of external genitalia
pudendal cleft
thin, hairless folds medial to labia majora
labia minora
erectile, sensory organ, primary center for sexual stimulation
clitoris
erectile tissue deep to labia majora, bracket the vagina
vestibular bulbs
opens into vestibule for lubrication
greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands
paraurethral glands
female prostate
consists mostly of adipose and collagenous tissue
nonlactating breast
determined by amount of adipose tissue
breast size
attach breast to dermis of overlying skin and fascia of the pectoralis major
suspensory ligaments
develops within breasts during pregnancy
mammary gland
nipple surrounded by circular colored zone
areola
nerve supply to vagina
autonomic nervous system
intermediate between sweat and mammary glands, this protects nipple from chapping
areolar glands
triggered by rising levels of GnRH which stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
puberty
stimulates ovarian follicles and they begin to secrete estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and a small amount of androgen
FSH hormone
feminizing hormones with widespread effects on body
estrogens
estradiol (most abundant), estriol, estrone
estrogens
earliest noticeable sign of puberty, breast development
thelarche
triggers development of ducts and lobules
estrogen, progesterone, prolactin
what enlarges breasts
adipose and fibrous tissue
appearance of pubic and axillary hair, sebaceous glands, and axillary glands
pubarche
stimulates pubarche and libido
androgens
first menstrual period, requires at least 17% body fat in teenager
menarche
first menstrual cycles are
anovulatory (no egg ovulated)
stimulates vaginal metaplasia, growth of ovaries and secondary sex organs, hormone secretion, fat deposition
estradiol
primarily acts on the uterus preparing it for possible pregnancy in the second half of the menstrual cycle
progesterone
suppress FSH and LH secretion through negative feedback
estrogens and proesterone
distinctly cyclic and are secreted in sequence
hormone secretion
cholesterol levels rise, bone mass declines, blood vessels constrict
climacteric
low doses of estrogen and progesterone
hormone replacement therapy
cessation of periods, considered ‘complete’ when no periods for a year
menopause
occurs ages 45-55
menopause
sequence of events from fertilization to giving birth and returning to fertility
reproductive cycle
events that recur every month when not pregnant
sexual cycle
consists of two interrelated cycles controlled by shifting patterns of hormone secretion
sexual cycle
events in ovaries
ovarian cycle
parallel changes in uterus
menstrual cycle
female egg production, produces haploid gametes by MEIOSIS
oogenesis
cyclic event that releases one egg each month
oogenesis
cyclic changes in hormone secretion and in histological structure of the ovaries and uterus
oogeneis
changes result in monthly menstrual cyle
uterine
female germ cells arise from `
yolk sac (1 step of embryonic of ovary)
colonize gonadal ridges the first 5 to 6 weeks of development
embryonic development of ovary 2nd step
differentiate into oogonia and multiply until 5th month (6 to 7 million)
embryonic development of ovary 3rd step
transform into primary oocytes
early meiosis 1
any stage from the primary oocyte to the time of fertilization
egg or ovum
oocytes by time puberty hits
200,000
egg development resumes in
aldoescense
stimulates monthly cohorts of about 24 oocytes to complete meiosis 1
FSH
each oocyte divides into two __ of unequal size and different destinies
haploid daughter cells
oocyte produces egg with as much as __ as possible
cytoplasm
large daughter cell that is the product of meiosis 1
secondary oocyte
smaller one that ultimately disintegrates; way of discarding the extra set of haploid chromosomes
first polar body
secondary oocyte proceeds as far as
metaphase 2
arrests until after ovulation, dies and doesnt finish meiosis if not fertilized
secondary oocyte
if fertilized, it completes meiosis 2 and casts off a second polar body
secondary oocyte
__ of the large remaining egg unite with those of the sperm
chromosomes
development of follicle around the egg
folliculogenesis
primary oocyte in early meiosis is surrounded by single layer of squamous follicular cells
primordial follicles
follicular cells connected to the oocyte by fine cytoplasmic processes for passage of nutrients and chemical signals
primordial follicles
concentrated in cortex of ovary, adult ovary has 90-95% of these
primordial follicles
monthly recruitment of about 24 begins 290 day path to maturity that only one will finish (23 will die)
primordial follicles
about 140 days into cycle, recruited primordial follicles become
primary follicles
contain larger, secondary oocytes and a surrounding layer of cuboidal follicular cells
primary follicles
oocytes are even larger and follicular cells now in two or more layers (granulosa cells)
secondary follicles
order in which follicles form
primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, mature follicles
appears about 60 days before ovulation when granulosa cells begin secreting follicular fluid into small pools
tertiary follicles
as pools enlarge they merge forming a single antrum
tertiary follicles
mound of granulosa cells on one side of antrum that covers the oocyte and secures it to follicular wall
cumulus oophorus in tertiary follicle
forms a protective barrier around egg similar to blood-testis barrier
corona radiata in tertiary follicle
about 20 days before ovulation, one follicle becomes dominant, captures and hold FSH
mature follicle
5 days before ovulation, it’s large enough to be considered a preovulatory (graafian ) follicle
mature follicle
basic hierarchy of hormonal control
hypothalamus to pituitary to ovaries to uterus
3 principal steps of ovarian cycle
follicular, ovulation, luteal phase
beginning of menstruation until ovulation (days 1 to 14)
follicular phase
includes preovulatory phase:from end of menstruation until ovulation
follicular phase of ovarian cycle
FSH stimulates follicles to grow and secrete estradiol, dominant follicle becomes sensitive to FSH, LH, and estradiol
follicular phase
rupture of the mature follicle and release of egg typically around day 14
ovulation phase of ovarian cycle
follicle bursts and remaining fluid gets swept up by ciliary current and taken into uterine tube
ovulation phase of ovarian cycle
within 24 hours after the cervical mucus changes and basal temp arises
best time to conception
twinges of pain at time of ovulation
mittelschmerz
day 15-28 of ovarian cycle- from just after ovulation to onset of menstruation
luteal (postovulatory) phase
if pregnancy doesnt occur this happens as follows:
- when follicle ruptures, it collapses and bleeds into antrum
- clotted blood is absorbed
- granulosa and theca interna cells multiply and fill antrum
- bed of capillaries grow
- ovulated follicle is now the corpus luteum
luteal phase of ovarian cycle
crucial role in preparing uterus for possibility of pregnancy
progesterone
corpus luteum begins process of involution (shrinkage) when
beginning day 22 of ovarian cycle
occurs in one ovary per cycle with the two ovaries usually alternating from month to month
ovulation
consists of buildup of endometrium during most of the sexual cycle, followed by its breakdown and vaginal discharge
menstrual cycle
menstrual cycle has 4 phases:
proliferative phase, secretory phase, premenstrual phase,
and menstrual phase
first day of vaginal discharge is defined as day 1 of
menstrual cycle
rebuilding of functional layer of endometrium that was lost in last menstruation
proliferative phase
new cohort of follicles develops, they secret more estrogen
proliferative phase of menstrual cycle
__ stimulates mitosis in basal layer and regrowth of blood vessels to regenerate the functional layer
estrogen (proliferative phase of menstrual cycle)
day 15-26 of menstrual cycle; endometrium thickens more in response to progesterone form __
corpus luteum (secretory phase of menstrual cycle)
glands grow wider, longer, and more coiled; thickening, endometrial glands secret glycogen
secretory phase of menstrual cycle
soft, wet, nutritious bed available for embryonic development
secretory phase of menstrual cycle
period of endometrial degeneration, lasts 2 days of the cycle
premenstrual phase of menstrual cycle
- corpus luteum atrophies & progesterone levels fall
- triggers spasmodic contractions of spiral arteries
premenstrual phase (menstrual cycle)
- causes endometrial ischemia (interrupted blood flow)
- brings ab tissue necrosis and menstrual cramps
premenstrual phase
- pools of blood accumulate in the functional layer
- necrotic endometrium mixes with blood and serous fluid
premenstrual phase
discharge of menstrual fluid from vagina, contains fibrinolysin so it doesnt clot
menstrual phase
average women expels about 40 mL of blood and
35 mL of serous fluid over a 5 day period
the term conceptus refers to
the embryo, fetus, placenta, and associated membranes
the developing individual is a hollow ball for the first two weeks
blastocyst
from day 16 to week 8
embryo
from beginning of week 9 to birth
fetus
newborn to 6 weeks
neonate
hormones on pregnancy
estrogens, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin
important for first several weeks of pregnancy, dies without it
corpus luteum
stimulates growth of corpus luteum; secreted by blastocyst gonadotropin
human chorionic gonadotropin
secretes progesterone and estrogen
corpus luteum
causes tissue growth in fetus and mother causing uterus to enlarge and mammary ducts to grow
estrogens
secreted by placenta and corpus luteum; suppresses secretion of FSH and LH, preventing follicular development during pregnancy
progesterone
suppresses uterine contractions, prevents premature child birth and menstruation
progesterone
promotes proliferation of decidual cells and stimulates development of acini in breats
progesterone
reduces mothers insulin sensitivity and glucose usage, leaving more for fetus
human chorionic somatomammotropin
woman’s __ grows about 50% during pregnancy
pituitary gland
produces elevated levels of thyrotropin, prolactin, and ACTH
pituitary gland
during pregnancy, __ becomes 50% larger; increasing metabolic rate of mother and fetus
thyroid gland
during pregnancy, __ enlarge and increase osteoclast activity
parathyroid gland
during pregnancy, __ secretion rises, promoting fluid retention and increasing mothers blood volume
aldosterone
morning sickness, nausea, constipation and heartburn in first few months of gestation
adjustments to pregnancy within digestive system
basal metabolic rate rises about 15%
in second half of gestation (pregnancy)
stores nutrients in early gestation and releases them in the last trimester
nutrition
during pregnancy, demand especially high for:
protein, iron, calcium, and phosphates
pregnant women need extra __ during late pregnancy or will become anemic
iron
given in late pregnancy and to newborns to promote prothrombin synthesis
vitamin K
helps ensure adequate calcium absorption to meet fatal demand
vitamin D supplements
reduces risk of neurological fetal disorders
folic acid
by full term, __ requires 625 mL of blood per minute from the mother
placenta
mothers __ rises 30% during pregnancy
blood volume
mothers __ rises 30-40% above normal by week 27
cardiac output
pregnant uterus puts pressure on __: interferes with venous return from legs
large pelvic blood vessels
oxygen demand rises to increase in metabolic rate and the increasing needs of fetus
reason for increased ventilation
progesterone increases the sensitivity of the womans chemoreceptors to carbon dioxide
ventilation adjusted to keep carbon dioxide levels lower than normal
low carbon dioxide level in mothers blood promotes CO2 diffusion from fetal bloodstream into maternal blood
respiratory adjustments
promotes water and salt retention by kidneys during pregnancy
aldosterone and steroids
__ increases 50% and urine output is slightly elevated during pregancy
glomerular filtration rate
increasing __ during pregnancy enables woman to dispose of both her own and the fetus’s metabolic wastes
glomerular filtration rate
pregnant __ compresses the bladder and reduces its capacity
uterus
skin growth accommodates expansion of abdomen and breasts
integumentary system when prego
melanocyte activity increases and temporary blotchy darkening on nose and cheeks
adjustments of integumentary system when prego
in the 7th month of gestation, fetus normally
turns head into the head down vertex position
weak contractions of uterus over course of gestation
braxton hicks contraction
process of giving birth; marked by true labor contractions
parturition
inhibits uterine contractions, levels off or declines after 6 months
progesterone
stimulates uterine contractions, continues to rise
estradiol
directly stimulates muscles of myometrium and stimulates fetal membranes to produce prostaglandins
oxytocin promoting labor
fetal cortisol rises and may increase estrogen secretion by placenta
chemical stimuli promoting its own birth
fetal pituitary produces oxytocin, which may stimulate fetal membranes to produce prostaglandin
chemical stimuli promoting its own birth
contractions strongest in ____; weakest in cervix
fundus and body of uterus
begin about 30 minutes apart and occur every 1 to 3 minutes
labor contraction
positive feed back theory of labor
- induced by cervix stretching
- contraction of uterine body
- pushes fetus downward
- stretches cervix more
- self amplifying cycle of stretch and contraction
cervical stretching- oxytocin secretion-
uterine contraction-cervical stretching
induces a neuroendocrine reflex through spinal cord, hypothalamus, and posteriorpituitary
cervical stretching
at first, pain of labor mainly due to ischemia of
myometrium
stages of labor
dilation, expulsion, placental stage
longest stage of labor, lasts 8 to 24 hours
dilation stage
dilation of __ and effacement (thinning) of cervix
cervical canal (dilation stage)
rupture of fetal membranes and loss of amniotic fluid “breaking of the waters”
dilation stage
from entry of head into vagina until baby is expelled (30 to 60 minutes in primipara)
expulsion stage
when babys head is visible (delivery of head is most difficult)
crowning
after expulsion stage of childbirth:
blood is drained from umbilical cord into baby then umbilical cord is cut
uterine contractions cause placental separation
placental stage
membranes (afterbirth) inspected to be sure everything is expelled
placental stage
first 6 weeks postpartum (after birth)
puerperium
period where mothers anatomy and physiology stabilize and reproductive organ’s return nearly to pregravid state (condition before prego)
puerperium
achieved by self-digestion of uterine cells by their own lysosomal enzymes
involution
loses 50% of weight in the first week, shrinkage of uterus
involution
produces vaginal discharge for about 10 days after birth
lochia
breast-feeding stimulates
involution
synthesis and ejection of milk from the mammary glands
lactation
can continue for many years as long as the breast is stimulated by a nursing infant or breast pump
lactation
women nurse their infants until about
2.8 years
__ in pregnancy causes ducts of mammary glands to grow and branch
high estrogen level
organized into grape-like clusters (lobules) within each breast lobe
acini
similar to breast milk in protein and lactose, but contains less fat; forms in late pregnancy
colostrum
sole nutrition source for first 1-3 days after birth
colostrum
thin water consistency and cloudy yellow color
colostrum
(from anterior pituitary) promotes milk synthesis
prolactin
without nursing, milk production stops in
1 week
continually secreted into mammary acini but does not easily flow into the ducts
milk
controlled by a neuroendocrine reflex
milk ejection
infant’s suckling stimulates sensory receptors in nipple, signaling hypothalamus and posterior pituitary to release oxytocin
milk ejection
process of stimulation of milk ejection reflex
sensory stimulus- genitofemoral nerve-hypothalamus/ pituitary- oxytocin released in blood- pudental artery- contraction of myoepithelial cell
changes over the first 2 weeks; less lactose and protein, but 6 times the fat at the end of feeding
breast milk
laxative effect that clears intestine of meconium
colostrum and milk
supplies antibodies, colonizes intestine with beneficial bacteria
breast milk
nursing woman can produce
1.5 L of milk per day
