Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A & P > chapt 28 female reproductive system > Flashcards

chapt 28 female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

develops from paramesonephric ducts

A

female reproductive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

almond-shaped and nestled in the ovarian fossa of posterior pelvic wall

A

ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

tunica albuginea, outer cortex and inner medulla

A

ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

germ cells develop on __ of ovaries

A

outer cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

A

internal genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

clitoris, labia minora, labia majora, subcutaneous tissue and erectile tissues

A

external genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

primary sex organ

A

ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ovary receives blood from two arteries:

A

ovarian branch of the uterine artery and ovarian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

muscular tube runs from ovary to uterus lined with ciliated cells

A

uterine tubes (fallopian tube)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

thick muscular chamber that opens into roof of vagina, tilts forward over urinary bladder

A

uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

harbors fetus, provides nutrition and expels the fetus at the end of its development

A

uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pear shaped organ; fundus, body, and cervix

A

uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

connects lumen of uterus to vagina

A

cervical canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

secrete mucus that prevents spread of microorganisms from vagina to uterus

A

cervical glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

loose cells from cervix and vagina are removed and microscopically examined

A

pap smear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 layers of uterus

A

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

external serosa layer

A

perimetrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

middle muscular layer, most of the uterine wall, composed mainly of smooth muscle

A

myometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

inner mucosa; simple columnar epithelium, compound tubular glands, and a stroma populated with leukocytes, macrophages

A

endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

superficial half, shed each menstrual period

A

functional layer of endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

deep layer, stays behind and regenerates a new functional layer with each menstrual cycle

A

basal layer (strum basalis) of endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

site of attachment of embryo during pregnancy and forms the maternal part of the placenta

A

endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

uterus is supported by __ of pelvic outlet and folds of peritoneum that form ligamnets

A

muscular floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

support cervix and superior part of vagina extending to pelvic wall

A

cardinal (lateral cervical) ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

attach posterior side of uterus to the sacrum

A

uterosacral ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

arise from anterior surface of uterus, pass through inguinal canals, and terminate in labia majora

A

round ligamnets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

arises from internal iliac artery

A

uterine artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

penetrate through the myometrium into the endometrium

A

spiral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

constrict and dilate making mucosa blanch and flush with blood

A

spiral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

distensible muscular tube; outer adventita, middle muscularis, inner mucosa

A

vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

tilted posteriorly between rectum and urethra

A

vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

blind-ended space at top of vagina that extends slightly beyond the cervix

A

fornix of vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

muscular folds across vaginal opening

A

hymen of vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

has no glands

A

vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

serous fluid through its walls

A

vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

transformation from one tissue type to another

A

metaplasia in vagina epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

simple cuboidal

A

childhood of vagina epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

estrogens transform it to stratified squamous

A

puberty of vagina epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

inhibits growth of pathogens in vagina

A

acidic pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

has antigen-presenting dendritic cells

A

vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

called the vulva or pudendum

A

external genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

mound of fat over pubic symphysis bearing most of the pubic hair

A

mons pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

pair of thick folds of skin and adipose tissue inferior to mons

A

labia majora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

fissure between labia majora of external genitalia

A

pudendal cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

thin, hairless folds medial to labia majora

A

labia minora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

erectile, sensory organ, primary center for sexual stimulation

A

clitoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

erectile tissue deep to labia majora, bracket the vagina

A

vestibular bulbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

opens into vestibule for lubrication

A

greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

paraurethral glands

A

female prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

consists mostly of adipose and collagenous tissue

A

nonlactating breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

determined by amount of adipose tissue

A

breast size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

attach breast to dermis of overlying skin and fascia of the pectoralis major

A

suspensory ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

develops within breasts during pregnancy

A

mammary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

nipple surrounded by circular colored zone

A

areola

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

nerve supply to vagina

A

autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

intermediate between sweat and mammary glands, this protects nipple from chapping

A

areolar glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

triggered by rising levels of GnRH which stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

A

puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

stimulates ovarian follicles and they begin to secrete estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and a small amount of androgen

A

FSH hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

feminizing hormones with widespread effects on body

A

estrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

estradiol (most abundant), estriol, estrone

A

estrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

earliest noticeable sign of puberty, breast development

A

thelarche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

triggers development of ducts and lobules

A

estrogen, progesterone, prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what enlarges breasts

A

adipose and fibrous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

appearance of pubic and axillary hair, sebaceous glands, and axillary glands

A

pubarche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

stimulates pubarche and libido

A

androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

first menstrual period, requires at least 17% body fat in teenager

A

menarche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

first menstrual cycles are

A

anovulatory (no egg ovulated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

stimulates vaginal metaplasia, growth of ovaries and secondary sex organs, hormone secretion, fat deposition

A

estradiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

primarily acts on the uterus preparing it for possible pregnancy in the second half of the menstrual cycle

A

progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

suppress FSH and LH secretion through negative feedback

A

estrogens and proesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

distinctly cyclic and are secreted in sequence

A

hormone secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

cholesterol levels rise, bone mass declines, blood vessels constrict

A

climacteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

low doses of estrogen and progesterone

A

hormone replacement therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

cessation of periods, considered ‘complete’ when no periods for a year

A

menopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

occurs ages 45-55

A

menopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

sequence of events from fertilization to giving birth and returning to fertility

A

reproductive cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

events that recur every month when not pregnant

A

sexual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

consists of two interrelated cycles controlled by shifting patterns of hormone secretion

A

sexual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

events in ovaries

A

ovarian cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

parallel changes in uterus

A

menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

female egg production, produces haploid gametes by MEIOSIS

A

oogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

cyclic event that releases one egg each month

A

oogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

cyclic changes in hormone secretion and in histological structure of the ovaries and uterus

A

oogeneis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

changes result in monthly menstrual cyle

A

uterine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

female germ cells arise from `

A

yolk sac (1 step of embryonic of ovary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

colonize gonadal ridges the first 5 to 6 weeks of development

A

embryonic development of ovary 2nd step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

differentiate into oogonia and multiply until 5th month (6 to 7 million)

A

embryonic development of ovary 3rd step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

transform into primary oocytes

A

early meiosis 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

any stage from the primary oocyte to the time of fertilization

A

egg or ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

oocytes by time puberty hits

A

200,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

egg development resumes in

A

aldoescense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

stimulates monthly cohorts of about 24 oocytes to complete meiosis 1

A

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

each oocyte divides into two __ of unequal size and different destinies

A

haploid daughter cells

94
Q

oocyte produces egg with as much as __ as possible

A

cytoplasm

95
Q

large daughter cell that is the product of meiosis 1

A

secondary oocyte

96
Q

smaller one that ultimately disintegrates; way of discarding the extra set of haploid chromosomes

A

first polar body

97
Q

secondary oocyte proceeds as far as

A

metaphase 2

98
Q

arrests until after ovulation, dies and doesnt finish meiosis if not fertilized

A

secondary oocyte

99
Q

if fertilized, it completes meiosis 2 and casts off a second polar body

A

secondary oocyte

100
Q

__ of the large remaining egg unite with those of the sperm

A

chromosomes

101
Q

development of follicle around the egg

A

folliculogenesis

102
Q

primary oocyte in early meiosis is surrounded by single layer of squamous follicular cells

A

primordial follicles

103
Q

follicular cells connected to the oocyte by fine cytoplasmic processes for passage of nutrients and chemical signals

A

primordial follicles

104
Q

concentrated in cortex of ovary, adult ovary has 90-95% of these

A

primordial follicles

105
Q

monthly recruitment of about 24 begins 290 day path to maturity that only one will finish (23 will die)

A

primordial follicles

106
Q

about 140 days into cycle, recruited primordial follicles become

A

primary follicles

107
Q

contain larger, secondary oocytes and a surrounding layer of cuboidal follicular cells

A

primary follicles

108
Q

oocytes are even larger and follicular cells now in two or more layers (granulosa cells)

A

secondary follicles

109
Q

order in which follicles form

A

primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, mature follicles

110
Q

appears about 60 days before ovulation when granulosa cells begin secreting follicular fluid into small pools

A

tertiary follicles

111
Q

as pools enlarge they merge forming a single antrum

A

tertiary follicles

112
Q

mound of granulosa cells on one side of antrum that covers the oocyte and secures it to follicular wall

A

cumulus oophorus in tertiary follicle

113
Q

forms a protective barrier around egg similar to blood-testis barrier

A

corona radiata in tertiary follicle

114
Q

about 20 days before ovulation, one follicle becomes dominant, captures and hold FSH

A

mature follicle

115
Q

5 days before ovulation, it’s large enough to be considered a preovulatory (graafian ) follicle

A

mature follicle

116
Q

basic hierarchy of hormonal control

A

hypothalamus to pituitary to ovaries to uterus

117
Q

3 principal steps of ovarian cycle

A

follicular, ovulation, luteal phase

118
Q

beginning of menstruation until ovulation (days 1 to 14)

A

follicular phase

119
Q

includes preovulatory phase:from end of menstruation until ovulation

A

follicular phase of ovarian cycle

120
Q

FSH stimulates follicles to grow and secrete estradiol, dominant follicle becomes sensitive to FSH, LH, and estradiol

A

follicular phase

121
Q

rupture of the mature follicle and release of egg typically around day 14

A

ovulation phase of ovarian cycle

122
Q

follicle bursts and remaining fluid gets swept up by ciliary current and taken into uterine tube

A

ovulation phase of ovarian cycle

123
Q

within 24 hours after the cervical mucus changes and basal temp arises

A

best time to conception

124
Q

twinges of pain at time of ovulation

A

mittelschmerz

125
Q

day 15-28 of ovarian cycle- from just after ovulation to onset of menstruation

A

luteal (postovulatory) phase

126
Q

if pregnancy doesnt occur this happens as follows:

  • when follicle ruptures, it collapses and bleeds into antrum
  • clotted blood is absorbed
  • granulosa and theca interna cells multiply and fill antrum
  • bed of capillaries grow
  • ovulated follicle is now the corpus luteum
A

luteal phase of ovarian cycle

127
Q

crucial role in preparing uterus for possibility of pregnancy

A

progesterone

128
Q

corpus luteum begins process of involution (shrinkage) when

A

beginning day 22 of ovarian cycle

129
Q

occurs in one ovary per cycle with the two ovaries usually alternating from month to month

A

ovulation

130
Q

consists of buildup of endometrium during most of the sexual cycle, followed by its breakdown and vaginal discharge

A

menstrual cycle

131
Q

menstrual cycle has 4 phases:

A

proliferative phase, secretory phase, premenstrual phase,

and menstrual phase

132
Q

first day of vaginal discharge is defined as day 1 of

A

menstrual cycle

133
Q

rebuilding of functional layer of endometrium that was lost in last menstruation

A

proliferative phase

134
Q

new cohort of follicles develops, they secret more estrogen

A

proliferative phase of menstrual cycle

135
Q

__ stimulates mitosis in basal layer and regrowth of blood vessels to regenerate the functional layer

A

estrogen (proliferative phase of menstrual cycle)

136
Q

day 15-26 of menstrual cycle; endometrium thickens more in response to progesterone form __

A

corpus luteum (secretory phase of menstrual cycle)

137
Q

glands grow wider, longer, and more coiled; thickening, endometrial glands secret glycogen

A

secretory phase of menstrual cycle

138
Q

soft, wet, nutritious bed available for embryonic development

A

secretory phase of menstrual cycle

139
Q

period of endometrial degeneration, lasts 2 days of the cycle

A

premenstrual phase of menstrual cycle

140
Q
  • corpus luteum atrophies & progesterone levels fall

- triggers spasmodic contractions of spiral arteries

A

premenstrual phase (menstrual cycle)

141
Q
  • causes endometrial ischemia (interrupted blood flow)

- brings ab tissue necrosis and menstrual cramps

A

premenstrual phase

142
Q
  • pools of blood accumulate in the functional layer

- necrotic endometrium mixes with blood and serous fluid

A

premenstrual phase

143
Q

discharge of menstrual fluid from vagina, contains fibrinolysin so it doesnt clot

A

menstrual phase

144
Q

average women expels about 40 mL of blood and

A

35 mL of serous fluid over a 5 day period

145
Q

the term conceptus refers to

A

the embryo, fetus, placenta, and associated membranes

146
Q

the developing individual is a hollow ball for the first two weeks

A

blastocyst

147
Q

from day 16 to week 8

A

embryo

148
Q

from beginning of week 9 to birth

A

fetus

149
Q

newborn to 6 weeks

A

neonate

150
Q

hormones on pregnancy

A

estrogens, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin

151
Q

important for first several weeks of pregnancy, dies without it

A

corpus luteum

152
Q

stimulates growth of corpus luteum; secreted by blastocyst gonadotropin

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

153
Q

secretes progesterone and estrogen

A

corpus luteum

154
Q

causes tissue growth in fetus and mother causing uterus to enlarge and mammary ducts to grow

A

estrogens

155
Q

secreted by placenta and corpus luteum; suppresses secretion of FSH and LH, preventing follicular development during pregnancy

A

progesterone

156
Q

suppresses uterine contractions, prevents premature child birth and menstruation

A

progesterone

157
Q

promotes proliferation of decidual cells and stimulates development of acini in breats

A

progesterone

158
Q

reduces mothers insulin sensitivity and glucose usage, leaving more for fetus

A

human chorionic somatomammotropin

159
Q

woman’s __ grows about 50% during pregnancy

A

pituitary gland

160
Q

produces elevated levels of thyrotropin, prolactin, and ACTH

A

pituitary gland

161
Q

during pregnancy, __ becomes 50% larger; increasing metabolic rate of mother and fetus

A

thyroid gland

162
Q

during pregnancy, __ enlarge and increase osteoclast activity

A

parathyroid gland

163
Q

during pregnancy, __ secretion rises, promoting fluid retention and increasing mothers blood volume

A

aldosterone

164
Q

morning sickness, nausea, constipation and heartburn in first few months of gestation

A

adjustments to pregnancy within digestive system

165
Q

basal metabolic rate rises about 15%

A

in second half of gestation (pregnancy)

166
Q

stores nutrients in early gestation and releases them in the last trimester

A

nutrition

167
Q

during pregnancy, demand especially high for:

A

protein, iron, calcium, and phosphates

168
Q

pregnant women need extra __ during late pregnancy or will become anemic

A

iron

169
Q

given in late pregnancy and to newborns to promote prothrombin synthesis

A

vitamin K

170
Q

helps ensure adequate calcium absorption to meet fatal demand

A

vitamin D supplements

171
Q

reduces risk of neurological fetal disorders

A

folic acid

172
Q

by full term, __ requires 625 mL of blood per minute from the mother

A

placenta

173
Q

mothers __ rises 30% during pregnancy

A

blood volume

174
Q

mothers __ rises 30-40% above normal by week 27

A

cardiac output

175
Q

pregnant uterus puts pressure on __: interferes with venous return from legs

A

large pelvic blood vessels

176
Q

oxygen demand rises to increase in metabolic rate and the increasing needs of fetus

A

reason for increased ventilation

177
Q

progesterone increases the sensitivity of the womans chemoreceptors to carbon dioxide

A

ventilation adjusted to keep carbon dioxide levels lower than normal

178
Q

low carbon dioxide level in mothers blood promotes CO2 diffusion from fetal bloodstream into maternal blood

A

respiratory adjustments

179
Q

promotes water and salt retention by kidneys during pregnancy

A

aldosterone and steroids

180
Q

__ increases 50% and urine output is slightly elevated during pregancy

A

glomerular filtration rate

181
Q

increasing __ during pregnancy enables woman to dispose of both her own and the fetus’s metabolic wastes

A

glomerular filtration rate

182
Q

pregnant __ compresses the bladder and reduces its capacity

A

uterus

183
Q

skin growth accommodates expansion of abdomen and breasts

A

integumentary system when prego

184
Q

melanocyte activity increases and temporary blotchy darkening on nose and cheeks

A

adjustments of integumentary system when prego

185
Q

in the 7th month of gestation, fetus normally

A

turns head into the head down vertex position

186
Q

weak contractions of uterus over course of gestation

A

braxton hicks contraction

187
Q

process of giving birth; marked by true labor contractions

A

parturition

188
Q

inhibits uterine contractions, levels off or declines after 6 months

A

progesterone

189
Q

stimulates uterine contractions, continues to rise

A

estradiol

190
Q

directly stimulates muscles of myometrium and stimulates fetal membranes to produce prostaglandins

A

oxytocin promoting labor

191
Q

fetal cortisol rises and may increase estrogen secretion by placenta

A

chemical stimuli promoting its own birth

192
Q

fetal pituitary produces oxytocin, which may stimulate fetal membranes to produce prostaglandin

A

chemical stimuli promoting its own birth

193
Q

contractions strongest in ____; weakest in cervix

A

fundus and body of uterus

194
Q

begin about 30 minutes apart and occur every 1 to 3 minutes

A

labor contraction

195
Q

positive feed back theory of labor

A
  • induced by cervix stretching
  • contraction of uterine body
  • pushes fetus downward
  • stretches cervix more
  • self amplifying cycle of stretch and contraction
196
Q

cervical stretching- oxytocin secretion-

A

uterine contraction-cervical stretching

197
Q

induces a neuroendocrine reflex through spinal cord, hypothalamus, and posteriorpituitary

A

cervical stretching

198
Q

at first, pain of labor mainly due to ischemia of

A

myometrium

199
Q

stages of labor

A

dilation, expulsion, placental stage

200
Q

longest stage of labor, lasts 8 to 24 hours

A

dilation stage

201
Q

dilation of __ and effacement (thinning) of cervix

A

cervical canal (dilation stage)

202
Q

rupture of fetal membranes and loss of amniotic fluid “breaking of the waters”

A

dilation stage

203
Q

from entry of head into vagina until baby is expelled (30 to 60 minutes in primipara)

A

expulsion stage

204
Q

when babys head is visible (delivery of head is most difficult)

A

crowning

205
Q

after expulsion stage of childbirth:

A

blood is drained from umbilical cord into baby then umbilical cord is cut

206
Q

uterine contractions cause placental separation

A

placental stage

207
Q

membranes (afterbirth) inspected to be sure everything is expelled

A

placental stage

208
Q

first 6 weeks postpartum (after birth)

A

puerperium

209
Q

period where mothers anatomy and physiology stabilize and reproductive organ’s return nearly to pregravid state (condition before prego)

A

puerperium

210
Q

achieved by self-digestion of uterine cells by their own lysosomal enzymes

A

involution

211
Q

loses 50% of weight in the first week, shrinkage of uterus

A

involution

212
Q

produces vaginal discharge for about 10 days after birth

A

lochia

213
Q

breast-feeding stimulates

A

involution

214
Q

synthesis and ejection of milk from the mammary glands

A

lactation

215
Q

can continue for many years as long as the breast is stimulated by a nursing infant or breast pump

A

lactation

216
Q

women nurse their infants until about

A

2.8 years

217
Q

__ in pregnancy causes ducts of mammary glands to grow and branch

A

high estrogen level

218
Q

organized into grape-like clusters (lobules) within each breast lobe

A

acini

219
Q

similar to breast milk in protein and lactose, but contains less fat; forms in late pregnancy

A

colostrum

220
Q

sole nutrition source for first 1-3 days after birth

A

colostrum

221
Q

thin water consistency and cloudy yellow color

A

colostrum

222
Q

(from anterior pituitary) promotes milk synthesis

A

prolactin

223
Q

without nursing, milk production stops in

A

1 week

224
Q

continually secreted into mammary acini but does not easily flow into the ducts

A

milk

225
Q

controlled by a neuroendocrine reflex

A

milk ejection

226
Q

infant’s suckling stimulates sensory receptors in nipple, signaling hypothalamus and posterior pituitary to release oxytocin

A

milk ejection

227
Q

process of stimulation of milk ejection reflex

A

sensory stimulus- genitofemoral nerve-hypothalamus/ pituitary- oxytocin released in blood- pudental artery- contraction of myoepithelial cell

228
Q

changes over the first 2 weeks; less lactose and protein, but 6 times the fat at the end of feeding

A

breast milk

229
Q

laxative effect that clears intestine of meconium

A

colostrum and milk

230
Q

supplies antibodies, colonizes intestine with beneficial bacteria

A

breast milk

231
Q

nursing woman can produce

A

1.5 L of milk per day

A & P (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions