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A & P > fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance > Flashcards

fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of homeostatic balance:

A

fluid balance, electrolyte and acid-base balance

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2
Q

major fluid compartments of the body

A

65% intracellular fluid

35% extracellular fluid

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3
Q

water moves easily through __, osmotic gradients never last long

A

membranes

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4
Q

if __ of the tissue fluid rises, water moves out of the cell

A

osmolarity

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5
Q

if osmolarity of the tissue fluid falls, __

A

water moves in the cell

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6
Q

sodium salts in

A

ECF

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7
Q

potassium salts in

A

ICF

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8
Q

plays the role of governing the bodys water distribution and total water content

A

electrolytes

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9
Q

bodys two sources of water

A

preformed and metabolic water

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10
Q

water ingested in food and drink

A

preformed water (2,300 mL/day)

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11
Q

water formed by aerobic metabolism and dehydration synthesis

A

metabolic water (200 mL/day)

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12
Q

sensible water loss is observable:

A

urine, feces, sweat

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13
Q

insensible water loss is unnoticed:

A

expired breath, cutaneous transportation

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14
Q

water output that is unavoidable

A

obligatory water loss:

expired air, cutaneous transportation, sweat, fecal moisture, and minimum urine output

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15
Q

hypothalamic osmoreceptors produce signals in response to increased ECF osmolarity, antidiuretic hormone is produced

A

regulating water intake

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16
Q

only way to control water output is through variation in __

A

urine volume

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17
Q

cannot replace water or electrolytes

A

kidneys

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18
Q

water output is slowed through action of

A

ADH

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19
Q

ADH secretion is triggered by hypothalamic osmoreceptors in response to

A

dehydration (water output)

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20
Q

in water output, __ are synthesized in response to ADH

A

aquaporins

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21
Q

important for electrical signaling in nerve and muscle cells, sodium ions bound to the proteoglycans of cartilage retain water

A

sodium

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22
Q

principal cation in ECF

A

sodium (Na+)

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23
Q

source of energy for cotransport of other solutes

A

sodium

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24
Q

generates body heat, major role of buffering pH in ECF

A

sodium

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25
Q

adult needs how much sodium per day

A

0.5 g

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26
Q

typical american diet contains how much sodium per day

A

3 to 7 g

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27
Q

kidneys reabsorb almost

A

no sodium

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28
Q

urine contains up to

A

30 g of sodium per day

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29
Q

natriuretic peptides inhibit

A

sodium reabsorption

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30
Q

plasma sodium concentration greater than 145 mEq/L, causes water retension, hypertension, and edema

A

hypernatremia

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31
Q

plasma sodium concentration less than 130 mEq/L, person loses large volumes of sweat or urine, replacing it with drinking water

A

hyponatremia

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32
Q

electrical signaling in nerve and muscle cells, responsible for resting membrane potential and repolarization and hyperpolarization of the action potential

A

potassium

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33
Q

most abundant cation of ICF

A

potassium

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34
Q

greatest determinant of intracellular osmolarity and cells volume

A

potassium

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35
Q

important for thermogenesis

A

Na+-K+ pump

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36
Q

90% of potassium in glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by PCT, rest is excreted in

A

urine

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37
Q

stimulates renal secretion of K+

A

aldosterone

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38
Q

most dangerous types of electrolyte imbalances

A

potassium imbalances

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39
Q

plasma potassium concentration above 5.5 mEq/L, can produve cardiac arrest, nerve and muscle cells become less excitable

A

hyperkalemia

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40
Q

plasma potassium concentration less than 3.5 mEq/L, loss of muscle tone, decreased reflexes, and arrhythmias

A

hypokalemia

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41
Q

most abundant anion in ECF, major contribution to ECF osmolarity

A

chloride, CL-

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42
Q

required for the formation of stomach acid, accompanies C)2 loading and unloading in RBCs

A

chloride

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43
Q

major role in regulating body pH

A

chloride

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44
Q

as sodium is retained, __ ions follow

A

chloride

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45
Q

chloride imbalances disturb

A

acid base balance

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46
Q

result of dietary excess or administration of IV saline

A

hyperchloremia of chloride

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47
Q

lends strength to skeleton, activates sliding filament mechanisms of muscle contraction

A

calcium (Ca2+)

48
Q

second messenger for some hormones and neurotransmitters, essential factor in blood clotting

A

calcium

49
Q

activates exocytosis of neurotransmitters

A

calcium

50
Q

cells maintain very low intracellular Ca2+ levels to prevent calcium phosphate

A

crystal precipitation

51
Q

__ levels are high in the ICF

A

phosphate

52
Q

cells must pump what out

A

calcium

53
Q

protein that binds calcium and keeps it unreactive

A

calsequestrin

54
Q

chiefly regulated by PTH, calcitriol (vitamin D), and calcitonin

A

calcium homeostasis

55
Q

plasma calcium greater than 5.8 mEq/L, inhibits depolarization of nerve and muscle cells, reduces membrane Na+ permeability

A

hypercalcemia (calcium imbalance)

56
Q

less than 4.5mEq/L calcium, increases membrane Na+ permeability

A

hypocalcemia

57
Q

about 54% is in bone, and 45% in intracellular fluid

A

magnesium (Mg2+)

58
Q

most intracellular Mg2+ is complexed with

A

ATP

59
Q

serves as a cofactor for enzymes, transporters, and nucleic acids

A

magnesium

60
Q

blood levels of magnesium

A

1.5 to 2.0 mEq/L

61
Q

magnesium is lost in

A

feces and urine

62
Q

plasma deficiency of magnesium

A

hypomagnesium

63
Q

excess of magnesium in blood

A

hypermagnesium

64
Q

relatively concentrated in ICF due to hydrolysis of ATP and other phosphate compounds

A

phosphate (Pi)

65
Q

equilibrium mixture of phosphate, monohydrogen phosphate, and dihydrogen phosphate

A

inorganic phosphates

66
Q

activates many metabolic pathways by phosphorylating enzymes and substrates such as glucose

A

phosphates

67
Q

acts as a buffer that helps stabalize the pH of body fluids

A

phosphates

68
Q

continually lost by glomerular filtrartion

A

phosphate

69
Q

if plasma concentration drops, __ reabsorbs all filtered phosphate

A

renal tubules

70
Q

increases excretion of phosphate which increases concentration of free calcium in the ECF

A

parathyroid hormone of phosphate

71
Q

body can tolerate broad variations in

A

phosphate levels

72
Q

what raises both Na+ and Cl-

A

blood plasma and ECF

73
Q

aldosterone, ADH, ANP can all regulate what

A

sodium concentration

74
Q

mostly reabsorbed by nephron, can secrete into nephron to lower blood levels, aldosterone can trigger this

A

potassium

75
Q

passively follows anions

A

chloride

76
Q

hormones affect bone deposition, maintains very low ICF levels

A

calcium

77
Q

average diet provides enough of this, kidney can reabsorb __ if it gets low

A

phosphate

78
Q

__ depends on enzymes, and enzymes are sensitive to pH

A

metabolism

79
Q

slight deviation from __ can shut down entire metabolic pathways, alter structure and function of macromolecules

A

normal pH

80
Q

pH of a solution is determined by its

A

hydrogen ions (H+)

81
Q

any chemical that releases H+ in solution

A

acids

82
Q

any chemical that accepts H+

A

bases

83
Q

normal pH of blood and tissue fluid

A

7.35 to 7.45

84
Q

any mechanism that resists changes in pH, converts strong acids or bases to weak ones

A

buffer

85
Q

system that controls output of acids, bases, or CO2

A

physiological buffer

86
Q

substance that binds H+ and removes it from solution as its concentration begins to rise or releases H+ into solution as its concentration falls

A

chemical buffer

87
Q

3 major chemical buffers

A

bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein systems

88
Q

buffer systems are mixtures composed of

A

weak acids and bases

89
Q

coordinates with the lungs and kidneys to help control pH and CO2

A

bicarbonate buffer system

90
Q

important buffering in the ICF and renal tubules

A

phosphate buffer system

91
Q

more concentrated than bicarbonate or phosphate systems, especially in the ICF

A

proteins

92
Q

the addition of C02 to the body fluids raises the H+ concentration and

A

lowers pH

93
Q

increased pH inhibits

A

pulmonary ventilation

94
Q

increased CO2 and decreased pH stimulates

A

pulmonary ventilation

95
Q

respiratory system neutralizes two or three times as much __ as chemical buffers

A

acid

96
Q

the addition of CO2 to the body fluids raises H+concentration and

A

lowers pH

97
Q

renal tubules secrete H+ into the

A

tubular fluid

98
Q

less CO2 =

A

high pH, more alkaline

99
Q

more C02=

A

low pH, more acidic

100
Q

blood pH below 7 or above 7.7 person will

A

die

101
Q

__ can neutralize more acid or base than either the respiratory system or chemical buffers

A

kidneys

102
Q

H+ binds to

A

bicarbonate, ammonia, and phosphate buffers

103
Q

free H+ are excreted in the __

A

urine

104
Q

membrane hyperpolarization, nerve and muscle cells are hard to stimulate

A

acidosis- pH of ECF below 7.35

105
Q

membranes depolarized, nerves overstimulated, muscles causing spasms, tetany, convulsion, respiratory paralysis

A

alkalosis- pH abover 7.45

106
Q

occurs when rate of alveolar ventilation fails to keep pace with the body’s rate of CO2 production

A

respiratory acidosis

107
Q

results from hyperventilation, CO2 eliminated faster than its produced

A

respiratory alkalosis

108
Q

increased production of organic acids in anaerobic fermentation, and ketone bodies seen in alcoholism, ingestion of acidic drugs

A

metabolic acidosis

109
Q

rare, but can result from overuse of bicarbonates, loss of stomach acid (chronic vomiting)

A

metabolic alkalosis

110
Q

either the __ compensate for pH imbalances of respiratory origin, or the __ compensates for pH imbalances of metabolic origin

A

kidneys, respiratory system (compensated acidosis or alkalosis)

111
Q

a pH imbalance that the body cannot correct without clinical intervention

A

uncompensated acidosis or alkalosis

112
Q

changes in pulmonary ventilation to correct changes in pH of body fluids by expelling or retaining CO2

A

respiratory compensation

113
Q

(excess CO2) stimulates pulmonary ventilation, alimating co2 and allowing pH to rise

A

hypercapnia

114
Q

(deficiency of co2) reduces pulmonary ventilation to allow co2 to accumulate, which lowers pH

A

hypocapnia

115
Q

slow, but better than restoring a normal pH, adjusted by changing rate of H+ secretion in kidneys

A

renal compensation

116
Q

cannot act quickly enough to compensate for short term pH imbalances

A

kidneys

A & P (17 decks)

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