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A & P > chapt 27 male reproductive system > Flashcards

chapt 27 male reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

sexual reproduction is __, meaning offspring receives genes form two parents

A

biparental

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2
Q

male and female gametes (sex cells) combine their genes to form a

A

zygote (fertilized egg)

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3
Q

parent with a Y chromosome is a

A

male

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4
Q

males have a __ for introducing their gametes into the female reproductive tract

A

copulatory organ (penis)

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5
Q

produces eggs, receives sperm, provides for gametes’ union, harbors fetus, and nourishes offspring

A

female

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6
Q

primary sex organs (gonads) produces __

A

gametes (testes or ovaries)

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7
Q

organs other than gonads that are necessary for reproduction

A

secondary sex organs

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8
Q

secondary sex organs of male

A

system of ducts, glands;penis delivers sperm cells

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9
Q

secondary sex organs of female

A

uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina receive sperm and harbor developing fetus

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10
Q

secondary sex characteristics (both)

A

develop at puberty and both sexes get pubic and axillary hair, scent glands, and pitch of voice

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11
Q

facial hair, hair on torso and limbs, muscular physique

A

male secondary sex characteristics

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12
Q

distribution of body fat, breast enlargement, hairless appearance of skin

A

female secondary sex characteristics

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13
Q

our cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes:

A

22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XY males; XX females)

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14
Q

males produce half Y carrying sperm and

A

half X carrying sperm

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15
Q

all eggs carry the

A

X chromosome

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16
Q

X carrying sperm fertilizes the egg:

A

female bby

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17
Q

Y carrying sperm fertilizes the egg:

A

male bby

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18
Q

develop high in the abdominal cavity and then migrate into the pelvic cavity (ovaries) or scrotum (testes)

A

gonads

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19
Q

embryonic connective tissue cord extending from gonad to pelvic floor cavity

A

gubernaculum

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20
Q

passes between the internal and external oblique muscles into the scrotal swelling

A

gubernaculum

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21
Q

fold of peritoneum that extends into the scrotum

A

vaginal process

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22
Q

pathway of low resistance through the groin created by gubernaculum and vaginal process

A

inguinal canal

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23
Q

descent of the testes begins as early as

A

6 weeks

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24
Q

accompanied by elongating testicular arteries and veins, lymphatic vessels, nerves, spermatic ducts, and extension of internal abdominal oblique muscle

A

testes

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25
Q

cryptorchidism is

A

undescended testes

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26
Q

external genitalia of the male-

A

scrotum and penis

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27
Q

diamond shaped area between the thighs

A

perineum

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28
Q

pouch of skin, muscle, and fibrous connective tissue containing the testes

A

scrotum

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29
Q

which testicle descends lower

A

left

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30
Q

skin has sebaceous glands, sparse hair, rich sensory innervation, dark pigmentation

A

scrotum

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31
Q

divides scrotum into right and left compartments

A

internal median septum

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32
Q

medial seam on scrotum surface that marks location of median septum

A

perineal raphe

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33
Q

extends anteriorly along ventral side of penis and posteriorly to anus

A

perineal raphe

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34
Q

bundle of fibrous connective tissue containing the ductus deferens, blood and lymphatic vessels, and testicular nerve

A

spermatic cord

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35
Q

inferior entrance to inguinal canal

A

external inguinal ring

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36
Q

superior exit to pelvic cavity

A

internal inguinal ring

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37
Q

human __ reside in the scrotum because of its cooler environment

A

testes

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38
Q

scrotum has 3 mechanisms to regulate the temperature of the testes:

A

cremaster, dartos fascia, pampiniform plexus

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39
Q

strips of the internal abdominal oblique muscle that enmesh the spermatic cord

A

cremaster

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40
Q

contracts and draws testes upward toward body

A

cold temps- cremaster

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41
Q

relaxes suspending testes further from body

A

warm temps- cremaster

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42
Q

subcutaneous layer containing the dartos muscle

A

dartos fascia

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43
Q

smooth muscle contracts when cold, wrinking the scrotum, holding testes against warm body

A

dartos fascia

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44
Q

reduces surface area of the scrotum and heat loss

A

dartos fascia

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45
Q

extensive network of veins from the testes that surrounds the testicular artery and spermatic cord

A

pampiniform plexus

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46
Q

without the pampiniform plexus, warm arterial blood would heat the testis and inhibit sperm production

A

countercurrent heat exchanger

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47
Q

combined endocrine and exocrine glands that produce sex hormones and sperm

A

testes (testicles)

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48
Q

teste shape is

A

oval and slightly flattened

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49
Q

covered anteriorly and laterally by tunica vaginalis

A

testes

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50
Q

white fibrous capsule on testes

A

tunica albuginea

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51
Q

divides testes into 250 to 300 wedge-shaped lobules

A

connective tissue septa

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52
Q

ducts where sperm are produced

A

seminiferous tubules

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53
Q

each tubule lined with a thick germinal epithelium of germ cells and nurse cells

A

seminiferous tubules

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54
Q

germ cells depend on what for nutrients, waste removal, growth factors

A

nurse cells

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55
Q

produces testosterone

A

interstitial endocrine cells

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56
Q

formed by tight junctions between nurse cells

A

blood-testis barrier

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57
Q

separates sperm from immune system, prevents antibodies from getting to sperm cells

A

blood testis barrier (BTB)

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58
Q

network that collects sperm from seminiferous tubules

A

rete testis

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59
Q

supplies each testis

A

testicular artery

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60
Q

low BP of testicular artery results in poor oxygen supply to the

A

testes

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61
Q

sperm develops __ to cope with poor oxygen supply and to help them survive hypoxic enviroment

A

large mitochondria

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62
Q

what leaves the testes through pampiniform plexus of veins which converge to form the testicular veins

A

blood

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63
Q

right testicular vein drains to

A

inferior vena cava

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64
Q

left testicular vein drains to

A

left renal veins

65
Q

carries sensory fibers concerned with pain and sympathetic fibers regulating blood flow

A

testicular nerves

66
Q

12 small ciliated ducts collecting sperm from rete testes and transporting it to epididymis

A

efferent ductules

67
Q

site of sperm maturation and storage, sperm mature as they travel through duct

A

duct of the epididymis

68
Q

passes through prostate to empty into urethra

A

ejaculatory duct

69
Q

serves to deposit semen in the vagina

A

penis

70
Q

leads to development of less sensitive epidermis on glans

A

circumcision

71
Q

waxy secretion produced by the sebaceous glands

A

smegma

72
Q

3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue fill with blood during sexual arousal and account for erection

A

single corpus spongiosum, two corpora cavernosa

73
Q

diverge like arms of Y, each arm is called a ‘crus’

-covered with ischiocavernosus muscle

A

two corpora cavernosa

74
Q

passing up from scrotum through inguinal canal to posterior surface of bladder

A

ductus (vas) deferens

75
Q

pathway taken by sperm cell from its formation to its ejaculation

A

efferent ductules, duct of epididymis(head, body, tail), ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct

76
Q

3 sets of accessory glands in male reproductive system:

A

seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands

77
Q

glands posterior to bladder, empties into ejaculatory duct, forms 60% of semen

A

seminal vesicles

78
Q

surrounds urethra and ejaculatory duct inferior to the bladder, 30 to 50 compound tubuloacinar glands

A

prostate

79
Q

empties through about 20 pores in the prostatic urethra, milky secretions forms 30% of semen

A

prostate

80
Q

near bulb of penis, produces clear slippery fluid (pre-ejaculate)

A

bulbourethral glands

81
Q

protects the sperm by neutralizing the acidity of residual urine in the urethra

A

bulbourethral glands

82
Q

noncancerous enlargement of the prostate

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

83
Q

testes are __ until puberty

A

dormant

84
Q

testes secrete __ in first trimester of fetal development

A

testosterone

85
Q

as hypothalamus matures, it produces __ releasing hormone

A

gonadotropin (GnRH)

86
Q

gonadotropin (GnRH) stimulates

A

anterior pituitary cells

87
Q

stimulates interstitial endocrine cells to produce testosterone

A

luteinizing hormon

88
Q

stimulates generalized body growth

A

testosterone

89
Q

body cell doubles its DNA and then divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells

A

mitosis

90
Q

4 stages of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

91
Q

produces 4 gametes, each with only half the DNA of the diploid body cells

A

meiosis

92
Q

sometimes called reduction division

A

meiosis

93
Q

meiosis:

A

prophase, metaphase, telophase

94
Q

before meiosis begins,

A

DNA is doubled

95
Q

each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up side by side and forms a tetrad

A

prophase 1

96
Q

creates new combination of genes

A

crossing-over in prophase 1

97
Q

after __ each cells has 23 chromosomes, but each chromosomes is double stranded

A

meiosis 1

98
Q

each of double stranded chromosomes divide into two chromatids, and these separate

A

meiosis 11

99
Q

at the end, each cell contains 23 single stranded chromosomes

A

meiosis 11

100
Q

meiosis 11 is much like

A

mitosis

101
Q

random lining up of homologous pairs of each tetrad on either side of the cell’s midline, forming a double line of chromosomes

A

metaphase 1

102
Q

homologous pairs of chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell, each chromosome still with 2 sister chromatids

A

anaphase 1

103
Q

nuclear division finishes and nuclear envelopes re-form, cytoplasm divides, cytokinesis to produce 2 new cells

A

telophase 1

104
Q

breaking of nuclear envelope, chromosomes collecting together, no crossing over

A

prophase 2

105
Q

spindle fibers extending from centrioles to centromeres, single line along midline

A

metaphase 2

106
Q

sister chromatids pulled apart, single stranded chromosomes separated

A

anaphase 2

107
Q

reformation of nuclear membrane, formation of cleavage furrow, mature into sperm and oocytes

A

telophase 2

108
Q

somatic cell division, produces 2 daughter cellsidentical to parent cells, diploid daughter cells, no crossing over

A

mitosis

109
Q

includes crossing over, haploid daughter cells, produces 4 daughter cells different from parent cell, sex cell division

A

meiosis

110
Q

lies ALONG PERIPHERY OF SEMINIFEROUS tubules and divide my mitosis

A

spermatogonia

111
Q

one daughter cells remains in tubule wall as stem cell

A

type A spermatogonium

112
Q

other daughter cell migrates away from wall and is on its way to producing sperm

A

type B spermatogonium

113
Q

enlarges and becomes a primary spermatocyte

A

type B

114
Q

primary spermatocyte undergoes __ which gives rise to two equal size

A

meiosis

115
Q

each secondary spermatocyte undergoes __ dividing into two spermatids- a total of 4 each

A

meiosis 2

116
Q

four spermatids undergo transformation in which they differentiate into a spermatozoa

A

spermiogenesis

117
Q

when a primary spermatocyte undegoes __, it becomes genetically different and needs to be protected from the immune system

A

meiosis

118
Q

the primary spermatocyte moves toward the lumen and a new tight junction between __ forms behind it, protect it from the bodys immune system

A

nurse cells

119
Q

spermatozoon has two parts:

A

head and tail

120
Q

head is pear shaped, nucleus contains haploid set of chromosomes

A

sperm cell

121
Q

structure contains nucleus, acrosome, and basal body of tail flagellum

A

sperm cell

122
Q

enzyme cap over the apical half of the nucleus that contains enzymes that penetrate the egg

A

acrosome of sperm cell

123
Q

indentation in the basal end of the nucleus where flagellum attaches

A

basal body of sperm cell

124
Q

contains mitochondria around axoneme of the flagella, produces ATP for flagellar movement

A

middle piece of tail on sperm cell

125
Q

axoneme surrounded by sheath of supporting fibers

A

principal piece of tail on sperm cell (most of tail)

126
Q

very narrow tip of flagella

A

endpiece of tail on sperm cell

127
Q

composition of semen

A

60% seminal vesicle fluid, 30% prostatic fluid, and 10% sperm and spermatic duct secretions

128
Q

normal sperm count

A

50 to 120 million

129
Q

sperm count for infertility

A

20 to 25 million

130
Q

prostate produces a thin, milky white fluid containing calcium, citrate, and phosphate ions

A

semen

131
Q

stickiness of semen promotes

A

fertilization

132
Q

two requirements for sperm motility

A

elevated pH and an energy source

133
Q

prostatic fluid buffers vaginal acidity from pH of

A

3.5 to 7.5

134
Q

seminal vesicles provide __ to the mitochondria of sperm for ATP production

A

fructose

135
Q

active sperm proceeds up

A

vagina and uterus

136
Q

may thin the mucus of the cervical canal and stimulate waves of contractions in uterus and uterine tubes to spread the semen

A

prostaglandins

137
Q

environmental agents that interfere with hormones

A

endocrine disrupting chemical

138
Q

enters root of the penis and divided in two branches

A

dorsal artery and deep artery

139
Q

travels under skin on dorsal surface, supplies blood to fascia and corpus spongiosum

A

dorsal artery

140
Q

when penis is flaccid, most blood comes from

A

dorsal artery

141
Q

travels through the core of the corpus cavernosa

A

deep artery

142
Q

dilation of deep artery fills cavernous spaces causing an

A

erection

143
Q

deep dorsal vein drains blood

A

from penis

144
Q

richly innervated by sensory and motor nerve fibers, the glans and foreskin have an abundance of tactile, pressure, and temperature receptors

A

penis

145
Q

dorsal nerves of penis and internal pudendal nerves lead to sacral

A

spinal cord

146
Q

carry impulses from spinal integrating center to penis

A

autonomic and somatic motor fibers

147
Q

induce an erection in response to direct stimulation of the penis

A

parasympathetics

148
Q

characterized by vasocongestion (swelling of genitals with blood), myotonia (muscle tension), and increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and pulmonary ventilation

A

excitement [phase

149
Q

primarily due to parasympathetic triggering of nitric oxide (NO) secretion

A

erection

150
Q

variables such as respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure stay increased

A

plateau phase

151
Q

ejaculation occurs in two stages

A

emission and expulsion

152
Q

sympathetic nervous system stimulates peristalsis which propels sperm through ducts as glandular secretions are added

A

emission

153
Q

semen in urethra activates somatic and sympathetic reflexes that stimulate muscular contractions that lead to

A

expulsion

154
Q

constricts internal urethra sphincter so urine cannot enter urethra and semen cannot enter bladder

A

sympathetic reflex

155
Q

body variables return to preexcitement state

A

resolution phase

156
Q

constricts internal pudendal artery and reduce blood flow to penis

A

sympathetic signals

157
Q

sexual stimulation triggers __ secretion, which activates cGMP, then increases blood flow into erectile tissue

A

nitric oxide

158
Q

caused by human papillomavirus

A

genital warts

A & P (17 decks)

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