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endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

the endocrine system uses __; the nervous system uses __

A

hormones; neurotransmitters

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2
Q

pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell

A

gap junctions

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3
Q

released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell

A

neurotransmitters

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4
Q

secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells

A

paracrines

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5
Q

chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs

A

hormones

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6
Q

glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

A

endocrine system

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7
Q

study of this system and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders

A

endocrinology

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8
Q

organs that are traditional sources of hormones

A

endocrine glands

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9
Q

chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ, often distance away

A

hormones

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10
Q

pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, parathyroid gland, trachea, gonads (ovary, testis)

A

organs of endocrine system

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11
Q

exocrine glands have __; endocrine glands do NOT

A

ducts

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12
Q

carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of the digestive tract “external secretions”

A

exocrine glands

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13
Q

extracellular effects (food digestion)

A

exocrine gland

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14
Q

contain dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy uptake of hormones into bloodstream

A

endocrine gland

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15
Q

“internal secretions” intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism

A

endocrine gland

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16
Q

both nervous and endocrine systems serve for

A

internal communiication

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17
Q

nervous system reacts __ and stops __

A

quickly (ms timescale)

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18
Q

endocrine system reacts __, effect may continue for days or longer

A

slowly (seconds or days)

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19
Q

nervous system adaptation to long-term stimuli

A

response declines (adapts quickly)

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20
Q

endocrine system adaptation to long-term stimuli

A

response persists (adapts slowly)

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21
Q

system that is targeted and specific to one organ

A

nervous system

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22
Q

system that has general, widespread effects (many organs)

A

endocrine system

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23
Q

what chemicals function as both hormones and neurotransmitters

A

norepinephrine (NE), dopamine, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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24
Q

both norepinephrine and glucagon cause

A

glycogen hydrolysis in liver

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25
Q

nervous and endocrine systems have similar effects on target cells and can

A

regulate each other

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26
Q

neurotransmitters can affect glands, and hormones can affect

A

neurons

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27
Q

neuroendocrine cells share characteristics with

A

nervous and endocrine systems

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28
Q

neuron-like cells that secrete oxytocin into blood

A

neuroendocrine cells

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29
Q

organs or cells that have receptors for a hormone and can respond to it

A

target organs or cells

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30
Q

some target cells possess __ that convert a circulating hormone to its more active form

A

enzymes

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31
Q

forms floor and walls of third ventricle of brain

A

hypothalamus

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32
Q

regulates primitive functions from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth

A

hypothalamus

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33
Q

functions carried out by pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

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34
Q

__ suspended from hypothalamus by a stalk- infundibulum

A

the pituitary gland

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35
Q

housed in sella turcica of sphenoid bone; size and shape of kidney bean

A

hypothalamus

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36
Q

hypothalamus is composed of 2 structures with independent origins and separate functions

A

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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37
Q

constitutes anterior 3 quarters of pituitary

A

anterior pituitary

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38
Q

linked to hypothalamus by hypophysical portal system

A

anterior pituitary

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39
Q

primary capillaries in hypothalamus connected to secondary capillaries in adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) by

A

portal venules

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40
Q

__ hormones regulate adenohypophysis cells

A

hypothalamic

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41
Q

constitutes the posterior one-quarter of the pituitary

A

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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42
Q

nerve tissue, not a true gland

A

posterior pituitary

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43
Q

thyrotrpoin-releasing hormone produced by hypothalamus

  • corticotropin-releasing produced by hypothalamus
  • gonadotropin-releasing
A

TRH
CRH
(GnRh)

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44
Q

hormones produced by hypothalamus

  • growth-hormone releasing
  • prolactin-inhibiting
  • somastostatin
  • oxytocin
A

GHRH
PIH

OT

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45
Q

__are releasing hormones that promote anterior pituitary secretion of TSH, PRL, ACTH, FSH, LH, and GH

A

TRH, CRH, GnRH, and GHRH

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46
Q

inhibits secretion of prolactin

A

PIH

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47
Q

inhibits secretion of growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone

A

somatostatin

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48
Q

hypothalamic hormones stored and released by posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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49
Q

anterior lobe of the pituitary synthesizes and secretes six principal hormones:

A

FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, GH

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50
Q

stimuates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production (targets gonads)

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) anterior lobe of pituitary

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51
Q

stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone (target gonads)

A

luteinizing hormone (LH) anterior lobe of pituitary

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52
Q

stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) anterior pituitary

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53
Q

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) anterior pituiatry

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54
Q

after birth, stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk

A

prolactin (PRL) anterior pituitary

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55
Q

stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation

A

growth hormone (GH) anterior pituitary

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56
Q

two hormones produced in hypothalamus and transported to the posterior lobe; released when hypothalamic neurons are stimulated

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin (OT)

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57
Q

increases water retention, reducing urine volume and preventing dehydration

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) posterior pituitary

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58
Q

also called vasopressin bc it can cause vasoconstriction

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) posterior pituitary

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59
Q

released during sexual arousal and orgasm, promotes feelings and emotional bonding between partners

A

oxytocin (OT) posterior pituitary

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60
Q

stimulates labor contractions and flow of milk during lactation; may promote emotional bonding between mother and infant

A

oxytocin (OT) posterior pituitary

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61
Q

rates of pituitary secretion are

A

not constant

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62
Q

__ is regulated by hypothalamus, other brain areas, and feedback from target organs

A

pituitary secretion

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63
Q

__ monitors conditions and influences anterior pituitary accordingly (hypotHALAMIC and cerebral control)

A

brain

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64
Q

in time of stress, hypothalamus triggers release of

A

ACTH

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65
Q

during pregnancy, hypothalamus triggers

A

prolactin secretion

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66
Q

controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes

A

posterior pituitary

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67
Q

hypothalamic osmoreceptors triggers release of __ when they detect a rise in blood osmolarity

A

ADH

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68
Q

infant suckling triggers hypothalamic response to release

A

oxytocin

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69
Q

increased target organ hormone levels inhibit release of hypothalamic and/or pituitary hormones

A

negative feedback

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70
Q

stretching of uterus increases OT release, causes contractions, causing more stretching of uterus until delivery

A

positive feedback

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71
Q

growth hormones has many effects on

A

cartilage, bone, muscle, and fat

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72
Q

__ induces liver to produce growth stimulants

A

growth hormone

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73
Q

protein synthesis and lipid metabolism increases, carbohydrate metabolism, electrolyte balance are effects of

A

growth hormones

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74
Q

bone growth, thickening, and remodeling influenced are effects of

A

growth hormone

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75
Q

levels decline gradually with age

A

growth hormone

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76
Q

lack of __ contributes to aging of tissues and wrinkling of the skin

A

protein synthesis

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77
Q

attached to roof of third ventricle beneath the posterior end of corpus callosum

A

pineal gland

78
Q

after age 7, it undergoes involution (shrinkage)

A

pineal gland

79
Q

plays a role ion 3 systems: endocrine, lymphatic, immune

A

thymus

80
Q

bilobed gland in the mediastinum superior to the heart; goes through shrinkage after puberty

A

thymus

81
Q

site of maturation of Tcells important in immune defense

A

thymus

82
Q

secretes hormones that stimulate development of other lymphatic organs and activity of T lymphocytes

A

thymus

83
Q

largest gland that is purely endocrine

A

thyroid gland

84
Q

composes of 2 lobes and an isthmus below the larynx

A

thyroid gland

85
Q

dark reddish brown color due to rich blood supply

A

thyroid gland

86
Q

sacs that make up most of thyroid

A

thyroid follicles

87
Q

thyroid follicles contain

A

protein-rich colloid

88
Q

secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine in response to TSH

A

thyroid gland

89
Q

cells located in thyroid gland that secrete calcitonin with rising blood calcium

A

parafollicular cells

90
Q

stimulates osteoclast activity and bone formation in children

A

parafollicular cells

91
Q

increases metabolic rate, 02, consumption, heat production, appetite, growth hormone secretion, alertness, and reflex speed

A

thyroid gland

92
Q

usually 4 glands partially embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland

A

parathyroid gland

93
Q

can be found from as high as hyoid bone to as low as aortic arch

A

parathyroid glands

94
Q

secretes parathyroid hormone

A

parathyroid glands

95
Q

increases blood calcium levels, promotes synthesis of calcitriol

A

parathyroid gland

96
Q
  • increases absorption of calcium
  • decreases urinary excretion
  • increases bone resorption
A

parathyroid hormone

97
Q

has dual nature acting as an endocrine gland and ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system

A

adrenal medulla

98
Q

innervated by sympathetic preganglionic fibers

A

adrenal medulla

99
Q

the adrenal medulla consists of modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons called

A

chromaffin cells

100
Q

when stimulated, release catecholamines and a trace of dopamine directly into the bloodstream

A

adrenal medulla

101
Q

increases alertness and prepare body for physical activity

A

catecholamines in adrenal medulla

102
Q

increases blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow to muscles, pulmonary airflow, and metabolic rate

A

adrenal medulla

103
Q

decrease digestion and urine production

A

adrenal medulla

104
Q

surrounds medulla and secretes several corticosteroids (hormones) from 3 layers of glandular tissue

A

adrenal cortex

105
Q

layers of glandular tissue in adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa (thin, outer layer)

  • zona fasciculata (thick, middle layer)
  • zona reticularis (narrow, inner layer)
106
Q

cells arranged in rounded clusters, regulates the body’s electrolyte balance

A

zona glomerulosa in adrenal cortex

107
Q

cells arranged in fascicles separated by capillaries

A

zona fasciculata in adrenal cortex

108
Q

cells in branching network, secretes sex steroids

A

zona reticularis in adrenal cortex

109
Q

from zona glomerulosa

A

mineralocorticoids

110
Q

steroid hormones that regulate electrolyte balance

A

mineralocorticoids

111
Q

__ stimulates Na+ retention and K+ excretion

A

aldosterone

112
Q

water is retained with sodium by __, so blood volume and blood pressure are maintained

A

osmosis

113
Q

regulates metabolism of glucose and other fuels, helps body adapt to stress and repair tissues

A

glucocorticoids in adrenal cortex

114
Q

release of fatty acids and glucose into blood

A

glucocorticoids

115
Q

2 sex steroids

A

androgens and estradiol

116
Q

medulla and cortex of adrenal gland are not functionally

A

independent

117
Q

medulla atrophies (waste away) without the stimulation of

A

cortisol

118
Q

zona glomerulosa secretes

A

mineralocorticoids

119
Q

zona fasciculata secretes

A

glucocorticoids and androgens

120
Q

secreted by zona fasciculata and zona reticulata in response to ACTH

A

glucocorticoids

121
Q

secreted by zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

A

sex steroids

122
Q

set libido throughout life; large role in prenatal male development

A

androgens

123
Q

important after menopause for sustaining adult bone mass

A

estradiol

124
Q

secreted by alpha cells or glucagon cells

A

glucagon

125
Q

released between meals when blood glucose concentration is falling

A

glucagon

126
Q

in adipose tissue, stimulates fat catabolism and release of free fatty acids

A

glucagon

127
Q

provides cells with raw material for gluconeogenesis and promotes amino acid absorption

A

glucagon

128
Q

insulin secreted by

A

beta cells

129
Q

stimulates cells to absorb these nutrients and store or metabolize them, lowering blood glucose levels

A

insulin

130
Q

brain, liver, kidneys, and RBCs absorb glucose without

A

insulin

131
Q

somatostatin secreted by

A

delta cells

132
Q

inhibits nutrients digestion and absorption which prolongs absorption of nutrients

A

somatostatin

133
Q

__ hormones raise blood glucose concentration

A

hyperglycemic

134
Q

__ hormones lowers blood glucose

A

hypoglycemic

135
Q

ovaries and testes are both

A

endocrine and exocrine

136
Q

whole cells-eggs and sperm (cytogenic glands)

A

exocrine product

137
Q

gonadal hormones-mostly steroids

A

endocrine product

138
Q

estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin are

A

ovarian hormones

139
Q

testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen, and inhibin are

A

testicular hormones

140
Q

testes are __ tubules that produce sperm

A

seminiferous

141
Q

tubule wall of testes contain sustentacular cells called

A

Sertoli cells

142
Q

Leydig cells lie in clusters between __ of testes

A

tubules

143
Q

testosterone and other steroids from interstitial cells nestled between the tubules

A

testicular hormones

144
Q

stimulates development of male reproductive system in fetus, adolescent, and sex drive

A

testicular hormones

145
Q

keratinocytes convert a cholesterol-like steroid into cholecalciferol using UV from sun

A

skin

146
Q

secretes angiotensinogen (a prohormone) and converts cholecalciferol into calcidiol

A

liver

147
Q

stimulates bone marrow, controls action of growth hormone

A

liver

148
Q

promotes intestinal absorption of iron

A

hepcidin (of liver)

149
Q

convert calcidiol to calcitriol (vitamin D), secretes renin, produces 85% of erythropoietin

A

kidneys

150
Q

atrial muscle secretes 2 natriuretic peptides in response to an increase in blood pressure

A

heart

151
Q

__ peptides of heart decrease blood volume and pressure by increasing Na+ and __ output and oppose action of angiotensin 11

A

natriuretic, H20

152
Q

stomach and small intesine secrete at lease 10 __ hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells

A

enteric

153
Q

coordinates digestive motility and glandular secretion

A

stomach and small intestine

154
Q

adipose tissue secretes at least hormones including __ and slows __

A

leptin, apetite

155
Q

osteocalcin secreted by __

A

osteoblasts

156
Q

secretes estrogen and progesterone

A

placenta

157
Q

regulates pregnancy, stimulates development of fetus and mammary glands

A

placenta

158
Q

__ are synthesized in the same way as any protein

A

peptides

159
Q

gene is transcribed to mRNA; assembled from amino acids at ribosome

A

peptides

160
Q

__ and __ may modify peptide to form mature hormone

A

rough ER and Golgi

161
Q

synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan

A

melatonin (a monoamine)

162
Q

nerve fibers supply some endocrine glands and elicit the release of their hormones

A

neural stimuli

163
Q

the __ nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in situations of stress

A

sympathetic (neural stimuli)

164
Q

in childbirth, nerve signals originate from stretch receptors in the uterus, travel up the spinal cord and brainstem to the hypothalamus, and stimulate the release of __

A

oxytocin (neural stimuli)

165
Q

hormones from the hypothalamus regulate secretion by the anterior pituitary gland

A

hormonal stimuli

166
Q

pituitary hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to release thyroid hormone, sex hormones, and cortisol

A

hormonal stimuli

167
Q

refers to blood-borne stimuli

A

humoral stimuli

168
Q

rising blood glucose concentration stimulates the release of __ in humoral stimuli

A

insulin

169
Q

low blood osmolarity stimulates the secretion of __ in humoral stimuli

A

aldosterone

170
Q

low blood calcium levels stimulates the secretion of __ hormone in humoral stimuli

A

parathyroid

171
Q

stored in secretory vesicles of the endocrine cell until needed and released by exocytosis when the cells receives stimulus to do so

A

peptide hormones and catecholamines

172
Q

are not stored in vesicles or released by exocytosis

A

steroid hromones

173
Q

diffuses freely through plasma membranes

A

thyroid hormone

174
Q

most monoamines and peptides are __, they mix easily with blood plasma

A

hydrophilic

175
Q

steroids and thyroid hormones are __, bind to transport proteins

A

hydrophobic

176
Q

__ proteins protect circulating hormones from being broken down by enzymes in plasma and liver

A

transport

177
Q

thyroid hormone binds to 3 transport proteins in plasma

A

albumin, thyretin, thyroxine-binding globulin

178
Q

steroid hormones bind to

A

globulins

179
Q

hormones stimulate only the cells that have __ for them

A

receptors

180
Q

receptors are __ or __ molecules

A

protein or glycoprotein

181
Q

receptors are on plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm or the

A

nucleus

182
Q

peptides and catecholamines cannot __ target cell

A

penetrate

183
Q

steroids and thyroid hormones penetrate __ and bind to internal receptors

A

plasma membrane

184
Q

estrogen binds to nuclear receptors in cells of

A

uterus

185
Q

___ hormone enters target cell by ATP- dependent transport protein

A

thyroid

186
Q

most hormones are taken up and degraded by liver and kidney

A

excreted in bile or urine

187
Q

excess cortisol secretion

A

cushing syndrome

188
Q

insulin is used to treat

A

type 1 diabetes mellitus

189
Q

treated with weight loss program and exercise

A

type 2 diabetes mellitus

190
Q

cells cannot absorb glucose

A

pathogenesis

A & P (17 decks)

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